Traffic Nd Traspo

NEED FOR COMMUNICATION AND FACILITIES • • • • •

RAPID GROWTH OF CITY ,SUITABLE ROAD NETWORK IS ESSENTIAL. IMPORTANCE OF CITY DEPENDS MAINLY ON METHODS OF COMMUNICATION. PARKS, GARDENS AND OPEN SPACES ARE THE LUNGS, SO ROADS ARE THE ARTERIES OF THE CITY. LOCAL OR MINOR ROADS DETERMINE THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF HOUSING PLOTS. STREET PLAN IS CONSIDERED AS THE FOUNDATION OF TOWN PLAN.

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IN OLD DAYS TRANSPORT WAS ON HEAD-LOAD AND ANIMALS LIKE HORSES, BULLOCKS CAMELS ETC. BUT IN THIS ,SPEED OF COMMUNICATION WAS LIMITED. LATER ON DUE TO INVENTION OF STEAM ENGINE LOCAL ENGINE CAME INTO EXISTENCE. THEN AFTER THAT INTERNAL CUMBUSTION ENGINE, AUTOMOBILES LIKE MOTOR CARS,BUSES, AND TRUCKS BECAME POPULAR MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION. DUE TO THEIR HIGH SPEED AUTOMOBILES BECOME VERY POPULAR. LATER ON FURTHER NEW DEVELOPMENTS TAKES PLACE. IN ALL THESE DEVELOPMENTS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD SYSTEM ALWAYS LAGGED BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM. THUS THERE IS GREAT NEED OF COMMUNICATION AND TRAFFIC CONTROL.

FUNCTIONS OF ROAD MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ROADS ARE:• PROVIDE A CHANNEL FOR MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND GOODS BETWEEN VARIOUS CENTRES OF TOWN. • PROVIDE MEANS OF APPROACH TO ALL RESIDENTIAL PLACES. • PROVIDE AIR AND LIGHT TO THE BUILDINGS ABUTTING ON THEIR EDGES. • PROVIDE SPACE FOR LAYING THEPUBLIC UTILITY SERVICES SUCH AS WATER MAINS, DRAINAGE PIPES, TELEPHONE LINES, CABLES, BOTH OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND.

REQUIREMENTS OF IDEAL CITY ROAD REQUIREMENTS ARE:• SHOULD HAVE SUFFICIENT WIDTH TO ACCOMMODATE GOOD TRAFFIC WITHOUT CONGESTION OF TRAFFIC. • SHOULD HAVE IMPERVIOUS WEARING SURFACE WITH REQUIRED CHAMBER TO KEEP THE BASE COARSE DRY WHICH FURTHER INCREASES THE LIFE OF THE ROAD. • SHOULD REST ON UNYIELDING OF SOIL. • SHOULD HAVE STRAIGHT ALIGNMENT, EASY GRADIENT. • SHOULD HAVE SMOOTH CURVES, GOOD VISIBILITY AND PROPERLY DESIGNED JUNCTIONS. • SHOULD HAVE GOOD PLANTATIONS ON EITHER SIDE, PARKING SPACES, TRAFFIC SIGNS AND PROPER LIGHTING ETC. SO AS TO MAKE THE JOURNEY ENJOYABLE. • SHOULD AFFORD MAX. SAFETY TO THE PEDESTRAINS AND VEHICLES WITH THE PROVISION OF FOOTPATH, SIGN BOARDS ETC.

AESTHETICS OF ROAD TO MAKE THE JOURNEY ENJOYABLE AESTHETICS OF ROADS IS VERY IMPORTANT. • THE SURFACE OF THE ROAD MUST BE MAINTAINED CLEAN AND TIDY. • THE FOOTPATHS SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH NICELY DRESSED CURB STONES TO REPRESENT A NEAT ALIGNMENT. • THE TRAFFIC ISLANDS AT THE ROAD CROSSING SHOULD BE BEAUTIFIED WITH STATUE,FOUNTAIN,MONUMENT ETC. • BEAUTIFUL TREES AND GREENERY SHOULD BE PLANTED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE ROADWAY. • ORNAMENTAL LIGHTINGS WITH PROPER SPACING SHOULD BE INSTALLED. • THE CURVES ALONG THE ROAD SHOULD BE SMOOTH AND GRACEFUL. • THE VISTAS THROUGH WHICH THE ROAD PASSES SHOULD BE PLEASING.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF TOWN ROAD  NATURE OF TRAFFIC :THIS IS THE MOST IMP. POINT TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF TOWN ROAD. • TYPE OF VEHICLES. • INTENSITY. • PEAK HOURS. • PARKING FACILITIES.  UTILITY SERVICES :HERE THE UTILITY OF THE ROAD THAT SERVES THE NEIGHBOURING AREAS IS CONSIDERED AND ACCORDINGLY DIMENSIONS AND FACILITIES ARE DETERMINED.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS •

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ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF CONTRUCTION

ON THE BASIS OF JURISDICTION

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ON THE BASIS OF GEOMETRIC SHAPE

• ON THE BASIS OF DOMINANT FUNCTION

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS

ARTERIAL ROADS:• CONNECT THE TOWN TO A STATE OR NATIONAL HIGHWAY. • PASS THROUGH THE CITY LIMITS AND CARRY A LARGE AMOUNT OF TRAFFIC FROM ONE PART TO THE OTHER PART OF THE TOWN. • WIDTH OF THESE ROADS SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 25 TO 30 M. • SHOULD BE PLANNED AS STRAIGHT AS POSSIBLE, AVOIDING SHARP CURVES. • CHANGE IN DIRECTION SHOULD BE ACCOMPAINED BY SMOOTH CURVES.

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SHOULD NOT ENTER INTO THE HEART OF THE CITY AT ANY COST. HAVE NO OBSTRUCTIONS SUCH AS, FRONTAGE OF BUILDINGS, LOADING OR UNLOADING AREAS, PARKING PLACES AND PEDESTRIANS ON THE CARRIAGE AWAY. SUB- ARTERIAL ROADS :• ALSO KNOWN AS MAJOR ROADS THEY RUN WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE TOWN CONNECTING THE IMP. CENTRES. • DESIGNED FOR SLOW MOVING TRAFFIC OVER A SHORT DISTANCE. • ACT AS A LINK BETWEEN THE ARTERIAL ROADS AND LOCAL ROADS. LOCAL ROADS :• ALSO KNOWN AS MINOR ROADS, ARE MEANT TO PROVIDE APPROACH TO THE BUILDINGS, OFFICES, SHOPS, SCHOOLS,COLLEGES ETC. • SHOULD BE NO THROUGH TRAFFIC HERE AND SO THE LOCAL ROADS ARE NOT LINKED WITH THE ARTERIAL ROADS. • ROAD NEED NOT THE STRAIGHT BUT CAN FOLLOW THE COUNTOURS OF THE LAND.

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FORM THE POCKET OR PRECINCT ROADS MAINLY TO SERVE THE NON-VEHICULAR TRAFFIC. WIDTH NOT BE LESS THAN 7-10M.

BY-PASS ROADS :• WHEN THE MAIN OR THROUGH ROADS PASS THROUGH THE CONGESTED AREAS OF THE TOWNS ,THERE WILL BE CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION IN THE SPEED OF THE VEHICLES AND THE SMOOTH FLOW OF THE TRAFFIC IS LARGELY AFFECTED RESULTING LOSS OF TIME AND FUEL.

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SO TO MAINTAIN THE SMOOTH AND SPEEDY FLOW OF TRAFFIC, BYE-PASS ROADS ARE CONSTRUCTED. ALSO CALLED AS LOOP- ROADS THROUGH WHICH THE MAIN TRAFFIC CAN PASS FROM ONE SIDE AND AGAIN JOIN ON THE MAIN ROAD ON THE OTHER SIDE. THIS AVOIDS THE CONGESTED AREA OR RIBBON DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOWN.

BYE-PASS ROAD

OUTER AND INNER RING ROADS :• ROADS ARE IN THE FORM OF CIRCLES OR RINGS. • OUTER RING ROAD IS MEANT TO DIVERT THE THROUGH TRAFFIC FROM THE TOWN. • THEREFORE ACTS AS A BY-PASS ROAD FOR THE THROUGH TRAFFIC APPROACHING THE TOWN. • INNER ROAD IS MEANT TO DIVERT THE LOCAL FROM THE THROUGH TRAFFIC. • RING ROADS ARE HELP TO REDUCE THE TRAFFIC CONGESTION OF THE LARGE TOWNS.

EXPRESS-WAYS ROADS :• MEANT TO FUNCTION AS ARTERIAL ROAD FOR THE MOVEMENT OF FAST MOVING TRAFFIC IN THE BIG METROPOLITAN CITIES LIKE BOMBAY,CALCUTTA, DELHI ETC. • 2 OR 3 SUCH EXPRESS WAYS ARE NECESSARILY TO BE PROVIDED AROUND BIG CITIES OF MODERN DAYS TO FACE THE TREMENDOUS GROWTH OF THE TRAFFIC. • HOWEVER SHOULD NOT FORM A PART OF THE REGULAR STREET SYSTEM, ALTHOUGH THEY SHOULD BE SUITABLY JOINED AND LINKED WITH THEM. • DESIGNED WITH EASY GRADIENTS AND SMOOTH CURVES SO AS TO CARRY THE TRAFFIC SPEEDILY AND SAFELY.

PUNE-MUMBAI EXPRESSWAY

FREE- WAYS :• SPECIAL ROUTES MEANT TO CARRY FAST MOVING TRAFFIC. • DESIGNED WITH HIGH STANDARD OF ALIGNMENT, CLEAR VISIBILITY, WIDE CARRIAGE WAY, EASY GRADIENT AND SMOOTH CURVES ETC. • NO ACCESS FROM ADJACENT PROPERTIES AS A RESULT FULL WIDTH OF FREE-WAY IS MADE AVAILABLE FOR THE FAST MOVING VEHICLES WITHOUT ANY OBSTRUCTION. • ACT AS A MAIN ENTRANCE AND EXISTS AS SUCH THEY FORM A PART OF MAJOR ROAD SYSTEM.

FREE- WAYS ROAD

TYPES OF ROAD SYSTEMS FOLLOWING ARE THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF STREETS :2. REACTANGULAR OR GRID IRON STREET SYSTEM. 3. REACTANGULAR COMBINED WITH DIAGONAL STREET SYSTEM. 4. CONCENTRIC AND RADIAL STREET SYSTEM. 5. REACTANGULAR COMBINED WITH RADIAL STREET SYSTEM. 6. ORGANIC STREET SYSTEM. 7. IRREGULAR MEDIVIAL STREET SYSTEM. 8. COMBINATION OF REACTANGULAR AND IRREGULAR STREET SYSTEM. REACTANGULAR OR GRID IRON STREET SYSTEM :• SUITABLE FOR A FAIRLY PLAN CITY. • HAVE EQUAL WIDTHS AND CROSS EACH OTHER AT RIGHT ANGLES. ADVANTAGES :• CONVENIENT TO TRAFFIC AND SO A SPEEDY AND FREE TRAFFIC CAN BE MAINTAINED. • NO WASTAGE OF LAND SINCE NO IRREGULAR PORTIONS ARE LEFT OUT. • HOUSES CONSTRUCTED IN REACT. BLOCKS SO CONVENIENT, ECONOMICAL AND MOST SUITED FOR BLDG. CONST. • MAX. AREA IS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION. ( BENEFICIAL FOR PRIVATE LAND OWNERS).

GRID IRON SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES :• DOES NOT PROVIDE SHORT CUTS. • IN UNEVEN COUNTRIES THIS SYSTEM LAEDS TO IN CONVENIENCE, DISCOMFORT MOREOVER EXPENSIVE. • TO MANY JUNCTIONS AND CROSSINGS. SO MORE CHANCES OF ACCIDENTS. • TOO MATHEMATICAL AND PRODUCES MONOTONOUS EFFECT.

REACTANGULAR COMBINED WITH DIAGONAL STREET SYSTEM :• IMPROVED TYPE OF REACTANGULAR SYSTEM. • ENFANT WAS THE FIRST TOWN PLANNER WHO DESIGNED IT. ADVANTAGES :• PROVIDES DIRECT COMMUNICATION FROM DISTANT PARTS OF THE TOWN. • AT THE PLACE WHERE THE DIAGONALS MEET , A PARK,GARDEN,FOUNTAIN OR MEMORIAL CAN BE SET UP TO ADD AESTHETICS TO THE TOWN. • MOST PRACTICABLE AS THERE ARE VERY FEW OBSTACLES.

REACTANGULAR COMBINED WITH DIAGONAL STREET SYSTEM

DISADVANTAGES :• GIVE RISE TO MANY DANGEROUS INTERSECTIONS AT THE JUNCTIONS OF DIAGONAL STREETS AND REACTANGULAR STREETS SO MOST UNSATISFACTORY FOR THE TRAFFIC POINT OF VIEW. EXAMPLE :- WASHINGTON, THE CAPITAL OF USA.

REACTANGULAR COMBINED WITH DIAGONAL STREET SYSTEM

CONCENTRIC AND RADIAL STREET SYSTEM :• CIRCULAR OR RING ROADS ARE CONNECTED TO RADIAL ROADS. • ALSO CALLED ‘SPIDER’S WEB SYSTEM’. • REPRESENTS THE MOST NATURAL GROWTH. • THE TOWN GROWS IN THE FORM OF CONCENTRIC RING ROADS ROUND THE HUB OF THE TOWN SO THAT EACH GROWTH OR PART, IS NEAR TO THE TOWN CENTRE. E.G. VIENNA, AUSTRIA.

CONCENTRIC AND RADIAL STREET SYSTEM

DISADVANTAGES :• PLOTS ARE FORMED TRAPEZOIDAL IN SHAPE. SO LOT OF SPACE IS WASTED DUE TO IRREGULAR PORTIONS LEFT OUT. • NOT ECONOMICAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES, SINCE MAX. AREA IS NOT UTILIZED.

SPIDER’S WEB SYSTEM

REACTANGULAR COMBINED WITH RADIAL STREET SYSTEM :• IN PRACTISE A COMBINATION OF REACTANGULAR AND RADIAL SYSTEM CAN BE ADOPTED IF THE TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES ARE FAVOURABLE TO SUIT THE LOCAL REQUIREMENTS OF EACH PLACE IT HAS BOTH THE ADVANTAGES OF REACTANGULAR RADS AND RADIAL ROADS. Eg.

REACTANGULAR COMBINED WITH RADIAL STREET SYSTEM

NEW DELHI

ORGANIC STREET SYSTEM :• ALSO CALLED AS TOPOGRAPHICAL AND INFORMAL STREET SYSTEM. • NAME ‘ORGANIC’ IS APPLIED BECAUSE THE PLAN RESEMBLES TO A MICROSCOPE SLIDE,PRESENTING THE CELL STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE TISSUES. • STREETS ARE CURVING, SOMETIMES DISCONTINOUS,WITH VARIABLE WIDTH AND IRREGULAR OPEN SPACES AT SOME INTERVALS. • TO MAKE SYSTEM ATTRACTIVE AND PLEASING WITH GOOD SCENIC EFFECTS, THE STREET ARE PLANNED IN CONFIRMITY WITH NATURAL SURROUNDINGS, SUCH AS RIVER, LAKE, HILLOCK, SEASHORE ETC. E.G. CARCASSONNE FRANCE

CARCASSONNE FRANCE

MAP OF CARCASSONNE FRANCE

ORGANIC PATTERN CARCASSONNE FRANCE

IRREGULAR MEDIVIAL STREET SYSTEM :• MANY OF THE OLD CITIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES HAVE GROWN IN THIS IRREGULAR WAY WITHOUT ANY PLANNING. • HAVE DEVELOPED UNMETHODICALLY AND ILLOGICALLY BEYOND CONTROL. E.G NASIK, VARANASI, INDIA.

VARANASI

STREET SYSTEM OF NASIK

COMBINATION OF REACTANGULAR AND IRREGULAR STREET SYSTEM:• THE IRREGULAR TYPE IS OF EARLIER DEVELOPMENT WHEREAS REACTANGULAR TYPE IS OF RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOWN. •

WHEN THE OLD SYSTEM IS FOUND TO DIFFICULT TO RECTIFY TO SUIT THE MODERN NEEDS, THE COMBINATION IS ADOPTED. E.G. EDINBURGH U.K.

EDINBURGH U.K