Topicality Toolbox

MSDI Topicality – V. 1.0

Ermo/Kearney Lab 2008

Index Substantially Definitions...............................................................................................................................................................................................1 “Substantially” increased incentives means more....................................................................................................................................................1 Increase Definitions.......................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Definition of increase...............................................................................................................................................................................................1 Wordnet.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Definition of increase...............................................................................................................................................................................................1 Extending something means increasing it................................................................................................................................................................1 Increase does not require pre-existence....................................................................................................................................................................1 Increase Definitions: What pre-exists now....................................................................................................................................................................1 U.S. Doesn’t have locations for solar panels............................................................................................................................................................1 U.S does not have nuclear power.............................................................................................................................................................................1 U.S does not have wind energy................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentives exist for wind/biomass but NOT solar....................................................................................................................................................1 Alternative Energy Definitions: Sources.......................................................................................................................................................................1 List of several...........................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Alternative Energy News Source..............................................................................................................................................................................1 Alt Energy means not oil or nuclear.........................................................................................................................................................................1 The University of Utah (an accredited state university, No date given, “Alternative Energy Sources”, online: http://home.utah.edu/~ptt25660/tran.html, acc: 06/30/08).......................................................................................................................................1 Alternative energy is non-fossil fuel.........................................................................................................................................................................1 DOE 2008.................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 alternative energy......................................................................................................................................................................................................1 fossil fuels.................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Alternative Energy excludes nuclear, coal, natural gas, and coal.............................................................................................................................1 Alternative Energy excludes nuclear, coal, natural gas and nuclear power..............................................................................................................1 Alternative energy means not fossil fuel or fission (fusion is topical).....................................................................................................................1 Alternative Energy Definitions: Conservation..............................................................................................................................................................1 Conservation is a form of alternative energy............................................................................................................................................................1 Conservation is an alternative energy.......................................................................................................................................................................1 Peak Oil News..........................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Conservation, while being a potential precursor, is distinctly different then an alternative energy.........................................................................1 Conservation is NOT alternative energy..................................................................................................................................................................1 Alternative Energy Definitions: Green..........................................................................................................................................................................1 Alternative energy means no environmental harm...................................................................................................................................................1 Webster's...................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Alt Energy Means not electricity..............................................................................................................................................................................1 Alternative energy means clean energy....................................................................................................................................................................1 Alt Energy is cleaner than oil...................................................................................................................................................................................1 New Alternatives Fund.............................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentives Definitions....................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentives include the fear of punishment................................................................................................................................................................1 American Heritage....................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentive means positive, not deterrence..................................................................................................................................................................1 WordNet....................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentives are not Voluntary.....................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentive = must lead to action.................................................................................................................................................................................1 Purpose is increasing output.....................................................................................................................................................................................1 Must expect the outcome..........................................................................................................................................................................................1 Purpose is investment and output: must target producers........................................................................................................................................1 Oxford.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Includes carbon tax and tradeable permits...............................................................................................................................................................1 Dictionary of Energy, 2006.......................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentives diff. from regulations – freedom of choice - Incentives mean having the freedom to chose while regulations result in penalties........1 Incentives Definitions....................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentive means tax credit........................................................................................................................................................................................1 Incentives means grants, R&D, and voluntary.........................................................................................................................................................1 Incentive means taxes/trading/subsidies but not regulations or voluntary...............................................................................................................1 Incentive excludes command and control regulations..............................................................................................................................................1 Incentive means something otherwise prescribed by legislation..............................................................................................................................1 In Definitions.................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 In...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Random House.........................................................................................................................................................................................................1 In...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 American Heritage....................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Incentive vs. Motive Topicality.....................................................................................................................................................................................2

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Substantially Definitions Substantial is situational Words and Phrases, Vol. 40, 1995, p. 458 (State v. Rose) The term 'substantially' is relative and must be considered within the context of the particular fact situation; in essence, it means less than totally or the whole, but more than imaginary.

No fixed substantial numbers Words and Phrases, Vol. 40, 1964, p. 821, (Burnet v Bank ). 'Substantially all' within statute permitting consolidated income return by affiliated corporations does not mean a fixed percentage, and must be construed according to particular facts.

“Substantially” increased incentives means a full shift from fossil fuels Michael Hoexter, renewable energy and energy efficiency advocate, 05/28/08, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/author?id=40, 6/30/08 Despite renewable energy's overall favorable image in the mind of the public, these current policy instruments consider substantially increasing incentives is by a cut in usage. A tax credit, especially one that is applicable largely to corporate entities, or another cut usage, is not substantially at all. Basically, it is not enough to be substantial. Is a "backdoor" way to get government assistance; tax credits are government expenses without a specific budget line or earmark. The average voter, even if he or she understands something about the issue, is going to have limited sympathy for the recipients of institutional tax credits. What would be substantial is to completely obliterate the consumption of oil and switch to renewables.

Substantial means without material qualification http://www.aoc.state.nc.us/www/public/coa/opinions/1999/980989-1.htm NO. COA98-989 NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS Filed: 5 October 1999 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. MICHAEL SCOTT

PARISI 1999 For the New York offense of driving while ability impaired to qualify as "substantially equivalent" to the North Carolina offense of driving while under the influence of an impairing substance, the respective statutes need not be identical in each and every respect. Substantially is defined as "[e]ssentially; without material qualification[.]" Black's Law Dictionary 1428 (6th ed. 1990). Equivalent is defined as "[e]qual in value, force, measure[.]" Black's Law Dictionary 541 (6th ed. 1990). Other jurisdictions have discussed what constitutes a "substantially equivalent" offense. See State v. Oliver, 720 A.2d 1001, 1004 (N.J. Super. A.D. 1998) (criminal conduct underlying prior conviction "qualitatively similar to defendant's conduct in the instant case and, therefore, [the prior conviction] was 'substantially equivalent[]'"); O'Neill v. State, 661 So.2d 1265, 1268 (Fla. App. 5 Dist. 1995) (in order to qualify as substantially similar, the South Carolina statute need not "mirror" the Florida statute; "[t]he out-of-state convictionneed only be 'substantially similar' . . . in elements and penalties[]").

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Increase Definitions Definition of increase Wordnet http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:increase&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title Definitions of increase on the Web: addition: a quantity that is added

Definition of increase http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/increase 2008 1: to become progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity) 2: to multiply by the production of young

Extending something means increasing it 2007 Words & Phrases Cumulative. Supplementary Pamphlet (Vol. 20A, 2007, p. 76). A durational modification of child support is as much an 'increase' as a monetary modification.

Increase does not require pre-existence Corpus Juris Secundum, 1944, p. 546 Increase: It is derived from 'cresco,' to grow and implies the existence of something made, or to be made, the subject of the increase.

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Increase Definitions: What pre-exists now U.S. Doesn’t have locations for solar panels ecotality.com 2007 “Why The U.S. Does Not Have More Wind Farms” http://ecotality.com/life/2007/09/05/blownaway/ Our cooling systems are built by Freus, Inc and are energy star compliant. Because AISO is located in a desert area to maximize our solar panels' electricity production, we have very hot days. We also chose this location due to the great amounts of solar energy radiation the area can receive, which most of the US does not. To counter-act this heat and conserve energy while maintaining cooling, we have chosen a water cooled A/C system. We have 2 different cooling systems, which are redundant and are serviced monthly. The cooling systems monitor outside air temperature and when it gets 50°F or below, they suck the outside air in, filter it and direct it into the data center thus saving electricity when its cool outside

U.S does not have nuclear power Jack Spencer June 2008 “Nuclear Power Needed to Minimize Lieberman-Warner's Economic Impact” http://www.heritage.org/research/energyandenvironment/wm1944.cfm The United States does not need the government to dictate how it produces energy. The federal government is making the same mistakes that it has made in the past. It is responding to volatility in the energy industry by consolidating power over its operations through mandates, tax policy, and other control mechanisms. Federal intervention has caused much of the volatility that consumers currently face. The vehicle and appliance efficiency standards, renewable portfolio standards, and increased ethanol mandate put in place by the Energy Independence and Security Act last December are recent examples. Instead of telling consumers and producers how to generate energy and what sorts of energy to consume, the federal government should step aside and allow energy producers to get to the business of meeting America's energy demands. Limit government support to that provided by EPACT 2005. EPACT 2005 provides loan guarantees, production tax credits, and risk insurance to the first few nuclear reactors built. Given that the greatest risk to the nuclear industry is government itself, the burden of proof remains with the federal government to demonstrate that it will allow the nuclear industry to mature. Its support through EPACT 2005 should be adequate to achieve this goal so long as it is combined with commitments by Congress and future Administrations to assure political and regulatory stability for the nuclear industry.

U.S does not have wind energy www.eia.doe.gov May 2007 “Wind Energy -- Energy from Moving Air” http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.html In 2005, wind machines in the United States generated a total of 17.8 billion kWh per year of electricity, enough to serve more than 1.6 million households. This is enough electricity to power a city the size of Chicago, but it is only a small fraction of the nation's total electricity production, about 0.4 percent. The amount of electricity generated from wind has been growing fast in recent years, tripling since 1998. New technologies have decreased the cost of producing electricity from wind, and growth in wind power has been encouraged by tax breaks for renewable energy and green pricing programs. Many utilities around the country offer green pricing options that allow customers the choice to pay more for electricity that comes from renewable sources. Wind machines generate electricity in 25 different states in 2005. The states with the most wind production are California, Texas, Iowa, Minnesota, and Oklahoma. The United States ranks third in the world in wind power capacity, behind Germany and Spain and before India. Denmark ranks number five in the world in wind power capacity but generates 20 percent of its electricity from wind. Most of the wind power plants in the world are located in Europe and in the United States where government programs have helped support wind power development.

Incentives exist for wind/biomass but NOT solar Larry Kreiser, professor of accounting at Cleveland State University, 2006, Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation, Vol III, p. 465 An example of a production tax incentive would be a two cents per kilowatt hour tax credit for each. kilowatt hour of electricity produced from solar power property. At the present time, production tax incentives are available in the United States Internal Revenue Code for wind power and biomass power hut are not available for solar power.

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Alternative Energy Definitions: Sources List of several Alternative Energy News Source, June 2008 http://www.altenews.com/ Renewable energy sources including solar, wind, geothermal, biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, biomass, wave and tidal power and hydroelectric are going to replace traditional oil, natural gas, and coal, and it is going to be possible for entrepreneurs to take advantage of these opportunities.

Alt Energy means not oil or nuclear The University of Utah (an accredited state university, No date given, “Alternative Energy Sources”, online: http://home.utah.edu/~ptt25660/tran.html, acc: 06/30/08) Energy is the ability to do work. While energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, the ability to harness it and use it for constructive ends as enconomically as possible is the challenge before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution (as witnessed today) both from burning fossil fuels and from nuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately there are many means of harnessing energy which have less damaging impacts on our environment. Here are some possible alternatives: Solar, Wind Power, Geothermal, Tides, and Hydroelectric

Alternative energy is non-fossil fuel. DOE 2008, Natural Resources Defense Council, www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/f.asp alternative energy - energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossil fuels). fossil fuels - a fuel, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, produced by the decomposition of ancient (fossilized) plants and animals; compare to alternative energy.

Alternative Energy excludes nuclear, coal, natural gas, and coal Christopher Simon, professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic and Social Feasibility, p39-40 The federal definition of alternative energy is best summarized by Title 26, chapter 79, §7701 of the revised U.S. Code: "the term 'alternative energy facility' means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal or nuclear power." The primary purpose of this definition relates to the issuance of tax credits to "alternative energy facilities," which meet certain standards as defined in Title 26, chapter 1, §48 "Energy Credit." Tax credits are one method by which the federal government encourages the private sector' to make certain economic choices; in the case of energy policy, this definition of alternative energy will have a definitive impact on how alternative energy will be defined by those individuals and corporate bodies seeking federal recognition (and benefit) by adopting a particular definition of alternative energy.

Alternative Energy excludes nuclear, coal, natural gas and nuclear power Definition of Alternative Under the US Code Title 26, #7701 (6/30/08) Energy http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscode26/usc_sec_26_00007701----000-.html United States Code (D) Alternative energy facility For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "alternative energy facility" means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power.

Alternative energy means not fossil fuel or fission (fusion is topical) Neil Schlager, 2006, Alternative Energy, p380 Most sources of 'alternative' energy – which usually means energy from any source other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission – depend on obvious, natural sources of energy. The sun.bathes Earth with light, which can either be turned into electricity or used directly for light or heat. The wind and rivers are loaded with kinetic energy (the energy of matter in motion). Tides raise and lower the sea, and hold a potentially useable source of energy. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Alternative Energy Definitions: Conservation Conservation is a form of alternative energy Darrin Gunkel, 2006, Alternative Energy, p.18 In exploring the question of whether or not alternative energy sources should replace conventional energy, many experts are now stressing that such a transition would not be required if Americans learned to conserve the energy they have. Or, to look at it another way, if Americans could capture the energy lost in production and consumption which some refer to as alternative energy – they would not need new energy sources. Indeed, many energy experts consider energy efficiency a kind of vast alternative energy supply, waiting to be tapped.

Conservation is an alternative energy Peak Oil News, January 12, 2006, ‘Chevron Finds Huge Source of Alternative Energy – Conservation’ June 30th, 2008 http://peakoil.blogspot.com/2006/01/chevron-finds-huge-source-of.html Because of surging economies in the developing world and continued growth among the industrialized nations, global energy use is soaring. As a result, supplies are tight. Prices are rising. And energy users are calling for viable alternatives. The good news is we’ve got a huge source of alternative energy all around us. It’s called conservation, and it’s the lowest cost new source of energy we have at hand. Since 1973 alone, improvements in energy efficiency have resulted in a 50% reduction of our daily energy use, which is the same as discovering 25 extra million barrels of oil equivalent every single day. Clearly, saving energy is like finding it. But we all need to do more.

Conservation, while being a potential precursor, is distinctly different then an alternative energy David Houle, author, May 18, 2008, ‘Cost Saving Equals Conservation Equals Being Green’ June 30th, 2008http://www.scientificblogging.com/a_future_look_at_today/cost_savings_equals_conservation_equals_being_g reen Energy scientists suggest that conservation is the single most important thing to do until we can replace fossil fuels with renewable, alternative forms of energy. It is projected that energy consumption, and therefore costs, can be cut by 20% through aggressive efforts at conservation. There is no reason to wait.

Conservation is NOT alternative energy Hermann Scheer, a member of the Gentian Bundestag, 2007, Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social and Technological Case for Renewable Energy, p197 The oft-cited statement, 'the greatest energy source -is energy conservation,' is wrong on two counts: first, energy conservation is not an energy source but instead simply reduces the demand for energy; and second, with nonrenewable energy the potential for energy conservation is always smaller than the amount of nonrenewable energy's total consumption.

Alternative energy is not a precise term of exclusion; it is value based Christopher Simon, professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic and Social Feasibility, p39 In this chapter, the book focuses on the scope of alternative energy, a concept that is often discussed but rarely defined. It is difficult to define because the term is value laden. The term "alternative enemy” was the subject of a recent gathering of scientists in Canada, but by the end of the conference, the definition remained a work in progress: no definitive meaning was assigned.

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Alternative Energy Definitions: Green Alternative energy means no environmental harm Webster's New Millennium Dictionary, 2008 alternative energy; energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment; also called [renewable energy]

Alt Energy Means not electricity The DME (Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa’s committee for energy efficiency, June 2001, online: http://www.dme.gov.za/pdfs/energy/electricity/Free%20basic%20alternative%20energy.pdf, acc: 06/30/08) "Free Basic Alternative Energy" means any other form of basic energy excluding electricity (including solar home system) deemed necessary to support basic energy needs of an indigent household as determined from time to time and funded by the government;

Alternative energy means clean energy Darrin Gunkel, 2006, Alternative Energy, p.72 The unfortunate fact is that fossil-fuel use creates greenhouse gases that many scientists believe cause global warming. To address the problem, many experts argue that nations should transition to clean, renewable energy. Indeed, many consider alternative energy synonymous with clean energy.

Alt Energy is cleaner than oil New Alternatives Fund (and organization researching alternative fuels, 2004, “Alternative Energy, Our Definition”, online: http://www.newalternativesfund.com/invest/invest_alternative.html, acc: 06/30/08) Alternative Energy does not include: Coal, Oil, Atomic energy, Coal and oil are fossil fuels that cause environmental damage when mined and release pollution when combusted. Alternative energy is cleaner. There may be future technologies for the transformation of coal to a clean source of energy.

Several tiers of alternative energy are possible Christopher Simon, professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic and Social Feasibility, p40-41 Perhaps the most well-known recent example of very broadly defined and apparently “relaxed” standards for the concept, “alterative energy" comes from the state of Pennsylvania, which has effectively moved away from more narrowly defined federal definitions. Adopted into law in November 2004. Pennsylvania Senate Bill 1030 identities energy sources and relates these sources to relative greenness." which is by implication measured by the level of environmental emissions or potential environmental harm. The alternative energy greenness divides types into Tier I and Tier II alternative energy sources. Tier I alternative energy sources are: (1) solar PV energy, (2) wind power; (3) low impact hydropower, (4) geothermal energy,(5) biologically derived methane gas, (6) fuel cells, (7) biomass energy: and (8) coal mine methane. In scrutinizing these Tier I sources and the related definitions in the footnotes, the reader might dispute their categorization as relatively low impact forms of energy. Coal mine methane and biomass derived energy, for instance, produce greenhcvse gases. Pennsylvania's Tier II alternative energy resources provide an even broader view when it comes to common associations with "green" energy. The second-tier sources are as follows: (1) waste coal; distributed generation systems; (3) demand-side management; (4) large-scale hydropower; (5) municipal solid waste, (6) generation of electricity utilizing byproducts of the pulping process and wood-manufacturing process, including bark, wood chips, sawdust,and lignin in spent pulping liquors, and (7) integrated combined coal gasification technology. The Pennsylvania statute illustrates the capacity of government to narrowly or broadly define alternative energy.

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Alternative Energy Definitions: Fuel Alternative fuel is distinct from alternative energy Christopher Simon, professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic and Social Feasibility, p39 The concept is necessary to better understand the energy future in relation to technological, economic, and policy feasibility of energy sources. Understanding the difference between alternative energy and alternative fuels is an important distinction that must be made at this point.

Fuel is not actual but potential energy – energy should be defined synonymous with power Christopher Simon, professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic and Social Feasibility, p40 Energy vs Power. These terms are often used interchangeably and are thought to be the same concept. Energy is defined as "the capacity to do work. Forms of energy include thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical. Energy may be transferred from one form to another" (EERE 2005a). Energy can be measured in a variety of ways, such as joules and British Thermal Units (BTUs). Power is "the rate of expenditure of energy" (Physics Forum 2005) or the rate at which energy is used. Power is simply expenditure of energy per unit of time (e.g. BTU/hr or BTU/sec). In everyday life, one comes across measurements of power in the form of watts or horsepower. Fuel is potential energy that can be burned to produce power.

Alternative energy should be defined by process, not type, and excludes alternative fuel Christopher Simon, professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic and Social Feasibility, p39 In this chapter, the book focuses on the scope of alternative energy, a concept that is often discussed but rarely defined. It is difficult to define because the term is value laden. The term "alternative enemy” was the subject of a recent gathering of scientists in Canada, but by the end of the conference, the definition remained a work in progress: no definitive meaning was assigned. By defining the term it is notmy purpose to intentionally exclude or include any particular form of energy. An understanding of the concept is necessary to better understand the energy future in relation to technological. economic and policy feasibility of energy sources. Understanding the difference between alternative energy and alternative fuels is an important distinction that must be made at this point.

Alternative fuel means ethanol and several fossil fuel derivatives Christopher Simon, professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic and Social Feasibility, p39 Federal law is fairly definitive when it comes to alternative fuels. Alternative fuel issues are often tied directly to their primary use, transportation, Federal fuels policies bring together issues related to stored energy sources and management, transportation infrastructure, and environmental quality regulations as well as federal monies to state and local governments. The federal definition of alternative fuel is found in Title 42, chapter 77, 6374 of the U.S. Code: "The term 'alternative fuel' means methanol, denatural ethanol, and other alcohols; mixtures containing 85 percent or more (or such other percentage, but not less than 70 percent, as determined by the Secretary, by rule, to provide for requirements relating to cold start, safety, or vehicle functions) by volume of methanol , denatured ethanol, and other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels; natural gas; liquified petroleum gas; hydrogen; coal-derived liquid fuels; fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials; electricity (including electricity from solar energy); and any other fuel the Secretary determines, by rule, is substantially not petroleum and would yield substantial energy security benefits and substantial environmental benefits.

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Incentives Definitions Incentives include the fear of punishment. American Heritage Dictionary 2006 n. Something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort.

Incentive means positive, not deterrence WordNet, Princeton University, 2006 noun 1. a positive motivational influence [ant: deterrence]

Incentives are not Voluntary http://www.answers.com/topic/incentive?cat=biz-fin Answers.com May 16, 2000 accessed June 30, 2008 Something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort.

Incentive = must lead to action http://www.yourdictionary.com/incentive Yourdictionary.com 2005 accessed June 30, 2008 something that stimulates one to take action, work harder, etc.; stimulus; encouragement

Purpose is increasing output http://www.thefreedictionary.com/incentive Collins Dictionary 2006 accessed June 30, 2008 an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output

Must expect the outcome http://www.12manage.com/description_incentives.html 12manage.com 2006 Accessed June 30, 2008 Where failure to behave in a certain way or to achieve results can be expected to result in force being used

Purpose is investment and output: must target producers Oxford College Dictionary 2007, p685 Incentive: a payment or concession to stimulate greater output or investment.

Includes carbon tax and tradeable permits Dictionary of Energy, 2006, p.224 Incentive: A regulation that uses the economic behavior of firms and households to attain desired environmental goals. Incentive-based programs involve taxes on emissions or tradable emission permits.

Incentives diff. from regulations – freedom of choice - Incentives mean having the freedom to chose while regulations result in penalties Tony Isaacs, natural health researcher and advocate, “Incentives are a bit different than regulations”2/6/2008,(http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:WeVHXQqxWq4J:www.curezone.com/forums/fm.as p%3Fi%3D1104166+Incentives+are+different+than+regulations&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us date accessed 6/30/08) Granted, providing incentives (or disincentives) smacks of social engineering, but I think the benefits to society as a whole, as well as the individual, are worth pointing everyone in a healthy direction. With incentives, you still have a freedom of choice to do as you please - a big difference from mandatory restrictions - but there would be consequences of making decisions that not only is a burden to yourself but may also be a burden to others.

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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Incentives Definitions Incentive means tax credit Larry Kreiser, professor of accounting at Cleveland State University, 2006, Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation, Vol III, p. 463 There are three tax incentives inn the IRC [Internal. Revenue Code] for solar power development. These three tax incentives a:re: (1) Taxpayers are allowed a 10 percent energy credit for investments in solar power property which are placed in service during the year. (Sec. 48) The energy credit is equivalent to a 10 percent reduction in the purchase price of solar power property. (2) Taxpayers need only reduce the basis of the solar power property by 50 percent of the energy credit thereby allowing a larger basis for depreciation purposes. (3) Taxpayers are allowed to depreciate solar power property over five years for tax purposes even though the property's economic life could be 20 years or more.

Incentives means grants, R&D, and voluntary Larry Kreiser, professor of accounting at Cleveland State University, 2006, Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation, Vol III, p. 466 Besides tax incentives, governmental authorities can also use non-tax incentives to foster solar power development. Some non-tax incentives include: Direct Investment Incentives (Grants) governmental authorities provide grants where cost sharing with investors facilitates the early development of . solar power. Research and Development Programs – governmental authorities support R&D programs involving solar power which engage in basic research, applied research and cooperative research and testing. Green Marketing/Pricing – governmental authorities support voluntary programs where customers pay a premium price to purchase solar power.

Incentive means taxes/trading/subsidies but not regulations or voluntary Rinaldo Brau, professor of economics, University of Cagliari, 2006, Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation, Vol III, p593 Environmental policy instruments are usually 'classified into three broad categories. The first category, which . includes environmental taxes, subsidies and emission trading schemes, is that of economic instruments that provide economic agents with financial incentives to reduce environmental damage. The second category is that of regulatory instruments, which embraces traditional command-and-control policies such as emission standards, whereby public authorities directly establish the environmental performance to be achieved, or the technologies to be used. The third category, which constitutes the subject of this paper, is that of voluntary approaches (henceforth VA.․), whereby firms make commitments to improve their environmental performance beyond what is required by the law.

Incentive excludes command and control regulations Winston Harrington, professor at the Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University, The RFF Reader in Environmental and Resource Policy, 2nd Ed, 2006, p66 Environmental policies can rely more on direct regulation (the command-andcontrol or CAC approach) or, alternatively, on economic incentives for environmental protection.

Incentive means something otherwise prescribed by legislation Chris Park, 2007, A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation, p224 Incentive-based regulation: A government regulation (such as a tradable emissions allowance) that is designed to induce changes in the behaviour of individuals or firms, in order to produce environmental, social or economic benefits that would otherwise be prescribed by legislation.

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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In Definitions In Unabridged Random House Dictionary 2006 –preposition 1. (used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or limits): walking in the park.

In Dictionary: American Heritage Dictionary 2006 prep. Within the limits, bounds, or area of: was hit in the face; born in the spring; a chair in the garden.

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MSDI Topicality – V. 1.0

Ermo/Kearney Lab 2008

Incentive vs. Motive Topicality A. Interpretation. An incentive is –“noun 1. something that incites or tends to incite to action or greater effort, as a reward offered for increased productivity.” According to Random House Unabridged Dictionary in 2006. Therefore, the plan itself must directly change the affective state of alternate energy. B. Violation. The plan does not incite greater productivity of alternate energy it only deters productivity of fossil fuels. The plan itself does not alter the state of alternative energy –the plan is, at best, a motive. Dwight Lee, Ramsey Professor at the Terry College of Business, University of Georgia, and an adjunct fellow at the Center for the Study of American Business at Washington University in St. Louis, “The Power of Incentives” 1998 Incentive motivation theories state that approach behavior will be activated by appropriate incentives (Agmo, 1999; Bindra, 1974; Singer & Toates, 1987). Bindra (1974) introduced the concept of a central motive state, "a hypothetical set of neural processes that promote goal directed actions in relation to particular classes of incentive stimuli, for example, it promotes food seeking and eating in relation to food, or defensive fighting and escape in relation to a predator" (p. 201). An incentive, it is supposed, guides u uhuygttgtresponse selection through the excitatory or priming influence of the central motive state on somato-visceral reactions, consummatory acts, and locomotor and skilled actions. Frijda (1986), in line with Bindra, defines motivation as the elicitation of behavior systems by appropriate external stimuli or thoughts thereof. A behavior system is described as a potential action (a program) or a sequence of potential actions. With respect to sexual responses, this means that sexual motivation and the accompanying feeling of sexual desire arise when an individual interacts with appropriate sexual stimuli or thoughts thereof. Thus, in contrast to the layman's belief that sexual desire is spontaneous and arises "out of the blue," sexual desire is the outcome of the processing of sexual stimuli, although it may be felt and perceived as spontaneous (Basson, 2002; Everaerd et al., 2001). Interaction with an incentive changes the affective state of an organism. Bindra (1974) already pointed to the similarity of motivational and emotional states. Action tendencies manifest themselves in various emotional response systems, including physiological change, emotional expression, and motivated behavior (Frijda, 1986; Lang, 1993). In addition, incentive motivation models state that motivation is the result of the interaction of the internal state of the organism and relevant stimuli in the environment. The internal state of the organism, like hormonal or other somatic factors and past experience, modulates the responsiveness to external cues. It may be expected that exposure to sexual stimuli can enhance responsiveness to subsequent sexual cues by modulating the internal state. Confrontation with a positive incentive results in activation of reward circuitry in the brain (Aharon et al., 2001; Kampe, Frith, Dolan, & Frith, 2001; Schultz, 1998, 2001). Activation of reward circuitry may result in an increase of attention for incentive stimuli and in an increase of subjective and physiological responses to these stimuli, which may result in a self-amplifying motivational process.

C. Standards. <Write your own>

D. Voters. <Write your own>

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States.

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