Tindouf Basin Geology Map

Groundwater Resources of the World 160° w. G.

140°

120°

100°

80°

60°

40°

20°

0°

20°

40°

60°

80°

100°

120°

160° e. G.

140°

180°

80°

80° Thule

Barents

Lapt ev S ea

Kara Sea

Sea

Lake Taymyr

Pyasin

Baffin

East

a

Siberian

Sea

Bay Yenis ey

Murmansk

Norilsk

Tu lom a

Vol ga

Riga

Eup

la ba m

i

A

ss ip p

Damascus

Benghazi

Tel Aviv-Yafo

z os

Alexandria

Baghdad Ti

Amman

Peshawar

Kar k

Esfahan

New Orleans Tampa

Chen a

b

Tindouf

Br av o Nile

D allol B os s o

W hi te Nil e

Ot

o

a nc Br

Co ng o

a mi

re

Cuanz a

R at

Bandung

Surabaya Dili

I N D I A N

Lake Mweru

Lake Malawi

Lusaka

ire Mit ch ell

V ic

zi

Harare

Lake Kariba

Ok av a ng o

Cairns

to r ia

be

O C E A N

ba

Za mbez i

m

Cunen

e

anai P ar

Darwin

a

Za

Goiania

Livingstone

Antananarivo

Suva F li nd

yo ma co Pil

er

Belo Horizonte

Pa ra guay

20°

s

Vitoria Fo r tes cu e

Windhoek

Noumea

Li

Alice Springs to n

Maputo

ia

m

tin an

a

D

l aa

k

Maseru

Tropic of Capricorn

ne lon Ba

ero ad gu sa De

O C E A N

Durban Cordoba

Lake Eyre

Perth

Da r l

ing

Rosario

Santiago

Para na

Cape Town L

O C E A N

Ora nge

Ur

Orange

Porto Alegre

oy

Brisbane

ug

V

ua y

M

Par ana

r tz

G eo

ch i

ur

ado Sal

Dulce

Johannesburg

so n

Curitiba

e

Pretoria

Fi

Cop p

Asuncion

y Gasc o ne

go

hb ur

Gaborone

Wa rre

As

r g i na

Rio de Janeiro

er Cr e

Sao Paulo

Antofagasta

o po mp

Tropic of Capricorn

Honiara

Port Moresby

ue

Sh

Brasilia

K af

do an Cu

Cuiaba

Lu g en d

Lilongwe

F r an

mor e Ma

c is c o

J ur uenda

e

Salvador

Santa Cruz de La Sierra

ik

Digul

Dar es Salaam

a

Maceio

Sa o

B en i

h ua

G

Co ng o

Ar ag ua ia

To can tin s

Xing

o sc ci

ga

K a s ai

Luanda

Campinas

Gua p or

20°

Am ur

Sep

Makassar Jakarta

ng o

Sao F ran

Equator

Mah ak am

Palembang

a Kw

i

Recife

La Paz

Lake Titicaca

Su n

u

H ari

Lake Tanganyika

Lubumbashi Lima

i K ap

Lake Victoria

L om

Par naiba

Nairobi

Kananga

aj Ta p

M

Toc an ti n s

A

u

n

us ur P

u

Ba tan g

Kinshasa Natal

P ir es

Singapore n ga Su

Kigali

Lake Kivu

Brazzaville

os

Te le s

Kuala Lumpur

Mogadishu

i ga

Kampala

Iri ri

a

a eir ad

Medan

Lake Edward

Kas ai

Fortaleza

Jubba

Kisangani

Libreville

Xing

Manaus

Lake Albert

ngo Co

o

l aya Uc a lla Hu

ano

M ar

J ur u

Lake Turkana

as

a

Com o e

Bandam

Car o ni

Ess equibo

M

en a

d al

Ue le

Webi

Ma g

Bangui

elle

Yaounde

Belem

a n on

ng eko M

Douala

of G ui n e a

Iquitos M ar

Davao

Colombo

Ou ba ng ui

ga na Sa

O gooue

Guayaquil

Ho Chi Minh City

be Sha

Accra Abidjan

zonas ma

O C E A N

China

Phnom Penh

Sea

Benin City

Gu lf

P utum a yo

Manila

Addis Ababa

Neg r

Ca qu e ta

South

Bangkok

i eb W

Quito

Bengal

Chennai

v ery

Coimbatore

W

o oc

Equator

C au

Madurai

Orin

G uav iar e

of Bangalore

Vientiane

e nu Be

Lomé Lagos

Monrovia Cayenne

Yangon

Vijayawada

Ni le

Bogota

Kumasi Paramaribo

20°

te hi

Georgetown eta

Lake Tana

Blu e

Vishakhapatnam Kr is hna

A r ab i a n

Aden

Nig er

Ibadan

Lake Volta

i

o

Hong Kong

Haiphong

P hr ay a

Conakry

Medellin

Cali

Kaduna

di

Chao

Valencia i noc Or

P A C I F I C

i

ana

Tropic of Cancer Kaoshsiung

Shantou Nanning Hanoi

Bay

Nile

Barquisimeto

Bucaramanga

Bhi ma

S ea

N'Djamena

Kano

Ouagadougou

T'aichung Guangzhou

Chittagong Kolkata

i

Kr ish na

Sana

ri ha C

Panama City

San Jose

B lac k Vo lta

Maracaibo Maracay Caracas

Asmara

Lake Chad

Niamey

Volta

Barranquilla

Whi te

Bamako

Dhaka

Asansol Khulna

Taipei Putian

sh u ng

Jamshedpur

Sea Kunming

Ho

Jabalpur

Ga n ge s

g on ek

a

Managua

b ia

Aurangabad

Ma h

av a r

Pune

Wenzhou

Fuzhou

M

G

er Ni g m

Khartoum

ea

Dakar

San Salvador

P A C I F I C

East

Hyderabad ra ba At

A T L A N T I C

Caribbean Sea

Timbuktu

l

o Coc

Seneg a

S

Gris

Allahabad

dy

Santo Domingo

Tokyo

Chin a

Nanchang Changsha

Wu

Guiyang

arwa

Nouakchott

Jiang

g

ada rm Na

G od

Mumbai

ed

a alv

Belmopan

Buenos Aires

n hla ac

Sydney

Adelaide Montevideo

Mur ray

Canberra Auckland

Melbourne C ol

o ra

Tasman Sea

do

Ne gr o

40°

40°

Ch u ub

Christchurch

t

Hobart

C lu t ha

0°

Patna

Nagpur

R

San Juan

Tone

Changzhou

Shanghai Wuxi Suzhou Ningbo

Hangzhou

Thimphu ra

Surat

Port-au-Prince

Tegucigalpa

Bhopal Indore

Mecca

Merida Puebla

Mexico City

Guatemala

g ha

Ay ey

Guadalajara Toluca

Lucknow G

Kanpur

Dhanbad Ahmadabad

Vadodara

Jeddah

Leon

l

Karachi Muscat

Chengdu

Kathmandu

Agra ba

Varanasi

Lake Nasser

20°

Ga n ga

Jaipur

Tamanrasset

Huainan Nanjing

g

Chongqing

Hyderabad

Aswan Havana

Ji an

Meerut

s

Dubai

Abu Dhabi

hu i

ng

n Ho

Nile

Tropic of Cancer

Riyadh

40°

Sendai

B r ahm ap utr a

Ch am

Doha

Miami

Gulf of Mexico

Xian

e

Wuhan

ha

Monterrey

an gH

Lhasa

ej utl

Delhi Faridabad

Murzuq

Honolulu

Ya lo

Lahore Multan Ludhiana

Kuwait Indu

o Ri

Torreon

Rawalpindi Gujranwala Amritsar

S

Cairo

o

Conch

Shiraz

ra d

Ya qu i

Houston

lo Co

os

u

Hu J ia ng

Faisalabad

Jerusalem

Austin San Antonio

In d

s

Mis si

Srinagar h he

Sea

Tripoli

Ch an g

Kabul

g He

Tehran

Beirut

Casablanca Atlanta

Lanzhou

Karaj

Eup hr

Sea of

Tangshan Pyongyang Japan Dalian Dongguan Seoul Yantai Linyi Shijiazhuang Inch'on Zibo Taejon Jinan Taegu Qingdao Taian Ulsan Nagoya Kyoto Yel l o w Zhengzhou Pusan Hiroshima Kwangju Zaozhuang Sea Xuzhou Osaka Fukuoka Suzhou Fuyang Han S

Taiyuan

Mashhad

Al Mawsil Aleppo

Huludao

Tianjin

ng

Athens

Me d i t e rr a n e a n

Beijing

t

Huan

Tunis

Algiers

Adana

is gr

B ra

Ciudad Juarez

Ashgabat

Tigr is

ee

an

A

arya

Dallas

Tijuana

k Yar

Dushanbe Tabriz

Lisbon

a

Baotou

Baku

uD m

San Diego

Kur a r az

es at

Re d

Yerevan

hra tes

Jia

ak ilim

ng

Ankara Bursa Smyrana

g

Naples

Vladivostok Shenyang

an

Rh one

Barcelona

T aj o

na G uad ia

Sapporo

Jilin

Issyk Kul

Tashkent

Ch

Re d

s

Mi

Istanbul

Rome

Changchun Xiliao He

Almaty Bishkek

n

ab a Ath

S Frase r

Gr e

to

o

Memphis

Phoenix

Urumqi

T'bilisi

Madrid New York Philadelphia

Washington D.C.

Ili

S

rya Da

Do ur o

Pittsburgh Baltimore

ss ne Te n

Eb r

Bl ac k Se a

yr

Providence

Boston

nu be

Sofiya

Rabat Los Angeles

Da

S hu

Aral Sea

Bucharest

Belgrade

a

Sacr am en

Milan

Turin

Se

Cleveland Columbus

Cincinnati

o O hi

Las Vegas

Lake Erie

Chicago

St. Louis

A r kan sa s

Lyon

Marseille

Khabarovsk

Harbin

n

Kansas City

Halifax

A

Astrakhan

an Kub

ia

Denver

do lora Co

San Jose

Detroit

Indianapolis

en

Sacramento

Montreal

nc e

Rostov-na-Donu

Odesa

Lake Ontario

Argu n

on

A

San Francisco

P la

Great Salt Lake

pi sip si s

re aw .L

On

Ulaanbaatar

Lake Balqash

sp

40°

tt e

St

Toronto

D r av a

K iz

sc

a

Lake Michigan

Milwaukee

Dni

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy

a ng

ri

Minneapolis Mis sour i

Okhotsk

Ze y

ur

su Us

e ak

i lka Sh

Volgograd

Ca

Sn

Am Lake Baikal

ur m

Portland

Po

Irkutsk

Ok a Yenise y

Vo lga

S e a

Sea of

Dnipropetrovs'k Chisinau

Sava

Ottawa

s

Astana

le Se

Dnis t er

Tisza

Budapest

Quebec Lake Huron

Ob

Is h im

U ra l

Don

Kharkiv Vienna

Munich

m

Kyiv

ut Pr

lum bia Co

ne

be

Novosibirsk Irty

lga Vo

Prague nu Da

e

to ws llo Ye

Bug

Warsaw

o

Paris

Loir

Omsk

B er i n g

K am ch atk a

A

Chelyabinsk

Lake Kuybyshev

pr

as Ma

ur i

Kama

Ufa ka

a

a

Lille Sei n

s so Mi

Berlin Od

Lake Superior

Seattle

be

Brussels

e

Colum

Wis la El

Rh in

Lake Nipigon

Winnipeg

Kazan

O

Samara

Amsterdam

London Rotterdam

60° Magadan m

Chuly m

h

A

wan

nt Tre

Birmingham

ra

Sa

bia

he a tc sk

Dnipr o

Hamburg

Dublin Goose Bay

Yekaterinburg

Nizhniy Novgorod Moscow

av a

Minsk

Grande Riviere

Ea stm ain

y l ban

e

Calgary

Vancouver

S

Lake Winnipeg

Vilnius

Anadyr

r

ti

Edmonton ewan tch ka as

Dau g Neman

Perm

ga Vol

Sea

Copenhagen

Sea rn e ve

ad y

an

Vi

Nor th

on ls

L ena

ara

Ne

uska

Angar a

ng

hil l Chur c

Tung

Lena

ce Pe a

Rh in e

Gu lf

ya

Lake Rybinsk

Vättern

of Ala ska

nn a

Yen ise Ob

Lake Peipus

An

Om olo n

ly m a

Yakutsk

k le

Baltic

Ko

Ald

y

Tallinn

am e

igi rka

na

uy Vily

O

I

Saint Petersburg

Stockholm

Tung us k a

Podk

Lake Ladoga Vänern

y ay a

Ob

sh r ty

a

Lake Althabasca

vin a

va Ne

Helsinki

Oslo

Bay

Churchill

Juneau

Ya

Sal wee

ie

Hudson

Thl ewi az a

Lia r d

na

yk a l La k e

z Great Slave Lake

60°

v. D

Ba

ke n

Anchorage

Lake Onega

om Gl

Yukon

Se

Niz hn

Ta z

in

O

n za Ka M ac

Beri n g Sea

Reykjavik

Arkangelsk

nd w

Godthab

kw i m

Ind

Le

a P ec ho r

e rm an

Tobo l

o Ku sk

elon Th

Great Bear Lake

S tewa rt

Nome

A ng

sa elfu

O l enek

tu y

C hi

B ac k

Ko

mijoki Ke

Ch a

Arctic Circle

Yukon

Yu kon

Ka lix ae l ve n Lu l

e

r cu Po

pi ne

Ushuaia

S c o t ia

S e a

60°

60°

Antarctic Circle

Antarctic Circle

We d de l l

S ea

80°

80°

Scale 1 : 25 000 000

© BGR Hannover / UNESCO Paris 2008. All rights reserved. Printed by: Oeding Druck GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany

Population Density (2000)

Mean Annual Precipitation (1961 - 1990) 150° w.G.

120°

90°

60°

30°

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30°

60°

90°

120°

150° e.G.

150° w.G.

180°

60°

30°

0°

30°

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WHYMAP and the Groundwater Resources Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000 120°

150° e.G.

Legend

180°

60°

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Scale 1 : 120 000 000 Population in persons/km2

Precipitation in mm/year

0

10

50

Scale 1 : 120 000 000

100

200

500

1000

2500

Source: Gridded Precipitation Normals Data Set, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), Offenbach 2007

no data

0

5

25

250

1000

no data

120°

90°

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

60°

90°

120°

150°

150°

180°

60°

30°

0°

30°

0°

60°

90°

120°

150° e.G.

180°

60°

30°

30°

30°

0°

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30°

90°

60°

60°

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120°

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30°

30°

This Groundwater Resources Map of the World at the scale of 1 : 25 000 000 is a result of WHYMAP and combines the related data known or published so far. It shows various characteristic groundwater environments in their areal extent: blue colour is used for large and rather uniform groundwater basins (aquifers and aquifer systems usually in large sedimentary basins that may offer good conditions for groundwater exploitation), green colour areas have complex hydrogeological structure (with highly productive aquifers in heterogeneous folded or faulted regions in close vicinity to non-aquifers), and brown colour symbolises regions with limited groundwater resources in local and shallow aquifers. Within the three main hydrogeological units up to five different categories are defined according to their modelled recharge rates from over 300 mm to less than 2 mm per year. Dark colours (dark blue, green and brown) represent areas with very high recharge rates while light blue, green and brown colours outline regions with very low recharge potential. The latter category is vulnerable to groundwater mining. Groundwater recharge rates refer to the period 1961 - 1990 and are derived from simulations with the global hydrological model WaterGAP, version 2.1f, provided by the University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany (Doell et al., 2006). Aspects of hydrodynamic conditions are addressed by outlining areas of groundwater discharge in arid zones (e.g. endorheic basins or "chotts" and "sebkhas").

30°

60°

60°

Prepared by

Topographic base map

Wilhelm Struckmeier and Andrea Richts (Chief Editors), Ian Acworth, Giuseppe Arduino, Emilia Bocanegra, Philip Commander, William Cunningham, Petra Döll, Abdallah Droubi, Nelson da Franca, Wilfried Gilbrich, Jan Girman, Jac van der Gun, Jean Margat, Dominique Poitrinal, Shaminder Puri, Alfonso Rivera, Mohamed Safar-Zitoun, Slavek Vasak, Jaroslav Vrba, Peter Winter, Markus Zaepke, Han Zaisheng and Igor Zektser

CGMW / UNESCO (2000): UN (2006): ESRI (2006): NASA / USGS (2006): GRDC (2007):

Under the auspices of

Map projection

UNESCO / IHP UNESCO / IGCP BGR CGMW IAEA IAH

Robinson projection, longitude of central meridian 11°E, spheroid WGS84, geographic coordinates

Andras Szöllösi-Nagy and Alice Aureli Robert Missotten Hans-Joachim Kümpel and Wilhelm Struckmeier Jean-Paul Cadet and Philippe Rossi Pradeep Aggarwal and Andy Garner Stephen Foster and Jiri Krasny

60°

3

Mean river discharge in km /year 0-5

500 - 800

5 - 10

800 - 1200

10 - 50

1200 - 2000

50 - 100

2000 - 3000

100 - 500

> 3000

Scale 1 : 120 000 000

major river basin

land area with minor or inactive river basins

Sources: Basins selected, derived and adjusted by Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), Koblenz 2007, based on HYDRO1K by USGS; Mean river discharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1, Universities of Frankfurt/Main and Kassel 2007; Rivers and lakes by GRDC & WHYMAP 2007

Scale 1 : 120 000 000

Cartographical editing / GIS

Groundwater recharge in m3/person/year (aggregated for countries or subnational units) country boundary 0

250

500

1000

1500

3000

10000

no data

The global Groundwater Resources Map contains only selected information related to groundwater. For reasons of clarity and readability important complementary information has been deferred to a set of four insert maps at the scale of 1 : 120 000 000 (see left). These thematic maps highlight the issues of "Mean Annual Precipitation", "River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge", "Population Density" and "Groundwater Recharge per Capita". Comparison between the main Groundwater Resources Map and the four thematic small-scale maps should help to understand the global picture of groundwater and surface water resources and provide insight into their pressures, in particular the priority use for drinking purposes. Essential geographic differences are revealed over the globe in the distribution and amount of rainfall, the most important input factor for both, surface water flow and groundwater replenishment. The latter is mirrored in the main map by various colour shades. The rainfall map is based on data from the Global Precipitation and Climate Centre (GPCC) in Offenbach, Germany. To highlight the surface water situation, a map of major active water basins (surface water catchment areas) has been provided by the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) in Koblenz, Germany. In addition, the surface water courses and lakes have been classified according to their mean annual discharge. This picture complements with the main map, particularly in the dry regions of the world, where no surface water is available but luckily some of the biggest aquifer systems are located. Population density also varies largely on earth and is a key factor for the broad variation of water demand on the continents. This information combined with the amount of groundwater recharge modelled by Doell et al. (2006) provides categories of mean annual groundwater recharge per capita. On this map, large countries have been subdivided into individual sub-regions or states, if this was appropriate or known, to highlight the regional variation. Further information will be provided in a corresponding explanatory booklet to be published soon. See also: www.whymap.org

Groundwater resources and recharge (mm/year) very high

medium

high 300

100

very low

low 20

2

0

in major groundwater basins in areas with complex hydrogeological structure in areas with local and shallow aquifers

Special groundwater features

area of saline groundwater (> 5 g/l total dissolved solids (TDS))

natural groundwater discharge area in arid regions

area of heavy groundwater abstraction with over-exploitation

area of groundwater mining

The WHYMAP initiative has been supported by the IHP Council within the framework of the IHP VI programme (2002-2007). 60°

Groundwater resources frequently sustain important wetland ecosystems. Therefore, wetlands with a surface larger than 500 hectares which are supposed to be groundwater related have been abstracted from the existing data base listing wetlands according to the RAMSAR convention (www.wetlands.org/rsis). Rising demands from population growth and food production are calling for a closer look at the use of groundwater. Therefore, known areas of heavy groundwater abstraction prone to over-exploitation and areas of groundwater mining are mapped. Cities shown on the map (mostly those with a population estimated at more than 1 million inhabitants in 2005 according to the United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs) known to have at least 25 % of the total water consumption supplied by groundwater have been identified by a special symbol. Groundwater quality is an important issue for the use of groundwater such as drinking water supply and irrigated food production. Areas where salinity of groundwater regionally exceeds 5 g/l are highlighted by orange hatching.

selected wetland, mostly groundwater related

Groundwater Recharge (1961 - 1990) per Capita (2000)

River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge (1961 - 1990) 150°

Sources: Gridded Population of the World (GPW), Version 3 Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO) & Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) 2005

Within the past decades the interest in groundwater has increased considerably due to water shortage problems on local, regional and even global levels. In order to support the sustainable management of groundwater resources, it is necessary to map, model and quantify the stored volume and the average annual replenishment, and to determine the chemical quality of groundwater. Therefore, the World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP) was created in 1999 as a contribution to the world-wide efforts to improve the management of the earth's water resources including groundwater. WHYMAP is a joint programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR). It aims at collecting, compiling and visualising hydrogeological information at a global scale, to convey groundwater related information in an appropriate way for the global discussion on water issues and to give recognition to invisible underground water resources. WHYMAP brings together the huge efforts in hydrogeological mapping, at regional, national and continental levels. BGR, together with the partners above, is gradually building up a geographic information system (WHYMAP GIS) in which the groundwater data are managed and visualised.

Sources: Mean groundwater recharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1, Universities of Frankfurt/Main & Kassel 2007; Population data based on GPW - Version 3, Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) 2005

BGR

Uta Philipp, Andrea Richts

Geological Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000, 2nd edition Cartographic Data Data & Maps Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM30) Rivers & Lakes

Surface water

modified by BGR (2007/2008)

Geography and Climate

major river

selected city

large freshwater lake

selected city, partly dependent on groundwater

large saltwater lake

country boundary

continuous ice sheet

boundary of continuous permafrost

Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or the WHYMAP Consortium concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map was derived and compiled from disparate sources of information. The WHYMAP Consortium gives no warranty, expressed or implied, to the quality or accuracy of the information supplied and accepts no liability whatsoever in respect of loss, damage, injury or other occurrences however caused. The data and information on this map are protected under the copyright of Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) and UNESCO. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever or stored in a retrieval system of any nature without the prior written permission of BGR and UNESCO.

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE WORLD

1 : 25 000 000

extracted from:

World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP)

www.whymap.org

0°