Thp Practice 2.docx

ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS Adjectives are words that are used to modify (identify, describe or limit) a noun. Adverbs are words that are used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. 1) ADJECTIVES - used to describe the condition of subjects. Examples:  The time they had together was short.  He took all reasonable measures to mitigate the loss. a) Comparison Adjectives – Though there are some unmodified adjectives that are used for comparisons (i.e. best, better) many adjectives form the comparative of persons or things by adding er or estto the word or by prefixing the adjective with words such as: more, most, less, or least. Comparison Adjective examples: John is the best athlete on the team.  Last year’s crop grew higher than this year’s.  Her new car is better than that old one she drove.  He was the greatest boss I ever had.  My utilities are less expensive than yours.  By far, he is the most successful salesperson in the company. b)

Proper Adjectives – are descriptive adjectives derived from proper nouns. Capitalize proper adjectives. Examples: American history French cuisine

c)

‘Senses’ verbs need adjectives: (look, smell, taste, feel, sound) - these adjectives indicate the quality or condition of the subject through the senses. Examples: His eyes always look cheerful.  This food tastes delicious.  The flowers smell nice.

2)

ADVERBS– are used to explain the actions of verbs. Examples: The siren sounded loudly, waking the troops.  She waited by the telephone patiently. a) Placement of Adverbs – An adverb should be placed as near as possible to the word it modifies as the position of it affects the meaning of the sentence. Examples: John only nominated Bates for chairman. (...meaning he didn’t vote for him)  John nominated only Bates for chairman (...meaning he didn’t nominate anyone else) b) Unnecessary Adverbs – should be avoided. Examples: He asked her to repeat it. (not ‘repeat it again’)  They returned home. (not ‘returned back home’)  We will divide the proceeds at the end. (not ‘divide up the proceeds’)

Some words have the same form whether they are used as adjectives or adverbs. Examples:  (Adjective) - That is a fast speedboat.  (Adverb) - He stood up so fast he knocked his chair over.  (Adjective) - The ground was hard like a rock.  (Adverb) - They all worked hard to meet the project deadline. Some words have two forms and can be used as adjectives or adverbs. Examples:  (Adjective) - His instructions were clear to us all.  (Adverb) - She clearly understood the instructions.  (Adjective) - She is a slow driver.  (Adverb) - Please go slowly around that curve.  (Adverb) - He drove slowly up the hill.

Preposition Prepositionis aword thatshows the connection between noun and pronoun with another word in one sentence. The word could be adjective, noun, and verb. The following are frequently used preposition in English: about above across after against along among around at before behind below beside besides between by despite down during for from in into like near next to of off on out over since through till to toward(s) under until up upon with within without Here are some examples of prepositions in sentences: About (tentang, kira-kira) Examples: I tell him about my secret She has gone about two years For (untuk) Examples: This book is for you Maybe the present is for him After (setelah,seperti) Examples: I will come back after finishing this job She is named after her grandmother From (dari, mulai, sejak) Examples: I come from Surabaya He has built his house from April 7th To (untuk, ke, kurang, hingga) Examples: Happy birthday to you I will go to market It is seven to ten We leave t six to six Our room is from the right to the left corner Into (kedalam, menjadi, sampai) Examples: He translates English into Indonesia I divide my rooms into five rooms My father will go into town

With (dengan, serta, pakai, bersama) Examples: I will shot the snake with my gun I always go to school with Ani By (oleh, dengan, dari) Examples: The book is bought by Ali I go to Surabaya by bus Of (dari, kurang, akan, karena, untuk, tentang) Examples: I leave the airport at a quarter to six I have special hour of prayer

Article An article is a word that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and (in certain contexts) some. "An" and "a" are modern forms of the Old English "an", which in Anglian dialects was the number "one"as an indefinite article. Article is divided into two; definite and indefinite articles: Definite Article: A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one which is identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the. Example: The children know the fastest way home. The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it contrasts with the much more general observation that: Example: Children know the fastest ways home. The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home. Likewise, Example: Give me the book. refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as such it has a markedly different meaning from Example: Give me a book. which uses an indefinite article, which does not specify what book is to be given. The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes: Example: The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus. Indefinite Article: An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing. English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of the number "one", as its primary indefinite article. The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a European). Example: She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.

Demonstratives Demonstratives, such as this, that, these and those, require a frame of reference in which an individual can point out the entities referred to by a speaker or a writer. Do you want this piece of chicken? I don't want to go to that movie.

Quantifiers Quantifiers, such as all, few, and many, point out how much or how little of something is being indicated. He took all the books. Few of the children wanted to go to the zoo.

Possessives When referring to an entity that belongs to another, you can use possessives. My, your, their, and its are a few examples. Is this your car? The dog growled and showed its teeth.

Transitive and Intransitive Transitive and Intransitive Verbs—what’s the Difference? A verb can be described as transitive or intransitive based on whether it requires an object to express a complete thought or not. A transitive verb is one that only makes sense if it exerts its action on an object. An intransitive verb will make sense without one. Some verbs may be used both ways. The word transitive often makes people think of transit, which leads to the mistaken assumption that the terms transitive and intransitive are just fancy ways of describing action and non-action. But these terms have nothing to do with whether a verb is active or not. A better word to associate when you see transitive is transfer. A transitive verb needs to transfer its action to something or someone—an object. In essence, transitive means “to affect something else.” Once you have this concept committed to memory, spotting the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs is quite easy. How to Identify a Transitive Verb Transitive verbs are not just verbs that can take an object; they demand objects. Without an object to affect, the sentence that a transitive verb inhabits will not seem complete. Please bring coffee. In this sentence, the verb bring is transitive; its object is coffee, the thing that is being brought. Without an object of some kind, this verb cannot function. Please bring. Bring what, or who? The question begs itself because the meaning of bring demands it. Here are some more examples of transitive verbs and their objects. The girls carry water to their village. Juan threw the ball. Could you phone the neighbors? I caught a cold. She loves rainbows. Lila conveyed the message. Each of the verbs in these sentences have objects that complete the verbs’ actions. If the objects were taken out, the results would be illogical and questions would be raised in the mind of the reader; for example, Lila conveyed. Conveyed what? How to Identify an Intransitive Verb An intransitive verb is the opposite of a transitive verb: it does not require an object to act upon. They jumped. The dog ran. She sang.

A light was shining. None of these verbs require an object for the sentence to make sense, and all of them can end a sentence. Some imperative forms of verbs can even make comprehensible one-word sentences. Run! Sing! A number of English verbs can only be intransitive; that is, they will never make sense paired with an object. Two examples of intransitive-only verbs are arrive and die. You can’t arrive something, and you certainly can’t die something; it is impossible for an object to follow these verbs. Transitive or Intransitive? Some Verbs Can Be Both Many verbs can be classified as both transitive and intransitive depending on how they are used in a sentence. Urged by the others, she sang. (I) She sang the national anthem at the hockey game. (T) After he cleaned up, he left. (I) He left the gift on the table. (T) To decide whether the verb is being used transitively or intransitively, all you need to do is determine whether the verb has an object. Does she sing something? Does he leave something? The verb is only transitive when the answer is yes. When in doubt, look it up. In the dictionary, verbs will be listed as transitive, intransitive, or both right under the pronunciation key, and any possible differences in meaning between the two uses will be given as well.

Phrasal Verbs and Transitivity Phrasal verbs can also be classified as transitive or intransitive. Cindy has decided to give up sweets while she diets. I hope Cindy doesn’t give up. Give up is just one of many phrasal verbs that can be transitive or intransitive. Whether give up has an object or not will alter the meaning it conveys. The first sense of give up means “to forgo something,” whereas the second sense means “to stop trying.” If we refuse to learn about transitivity, the Grammar Police will blow up our building. When the Grammar Police confronted her about her verbs, she blew up. The first sense of to blow up means to explode, whereas the second sense means “to express rage.” Transitive or intransitive is just one of the many classifications a verb can have. Perhaps you will be inspired to read about more about the fascinating qualities of verbs.

Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are formed with a verb plus a preposition or adverb and function as a single unit. They can be either transitive or intransitive and either idiomatic or non-idiomatic. One test you can use to determine if you are using an idiomatic or non-idiomatic phrasal verb is to see if you can move the preposition to the start of a sentence and form a grammatical and logical question. If the resulting question is grammatical and logical, you have a non-idiomatic phrasal verb. Here’s an example of a phrasal verb that is non-idiomatic adhering to the movement test because moving the preposition creates a grammatically and logically correct question: It might make them think about using a lot of water. About what might people think? Here’s an example of an idiomatic phrasal verb that violates the movement test because it transforms into an ungrammatical and illogical question: I took out an unnecessary and confusing sentence. Out what did I take? What follows are general rules for using phrasal verbs; however, check a more comprehensive guide for any exceptions. Idiomatic

Can be transitive

Yes

# Example: I think that the new one is better because I took out an unnecessary and confusing sentence.

# Example: The governor is using these water restrictions to make people and their communities think about how much they are going to have to pay if they pass the water limit. No

Yes

Can be intransitive

# Example: I grew up learning history from giant, old textbooks from high school that often only shared the American perspective of how the United States came to be. Only transitive forms

Can be separated by an object

No

# Example: I think that the new one is better because I took an unnecessary and confusing sentence out. No

Can be separated by an adverb

Non-idiomatic

Yes

Yes # Example: The governor is using these water restrictions to make people and their communities think twice about how much they are going to have to pay if they pass the water limit.

Some Examples of Phrasal Verbs Phrasal Verb

Meaning

Example

Abide by

Accept or follow a decision or rule To explain

We have to ABIDE BY what the court says

Account for Act on Act on Act out Act up Act upon

To take action because of something like information received Affect Perform something with actions and gestures Behave badly or strangely

Add on

To take action because of something like information received Include in a calculation

Add up

To make a mathematical total

Add up to

Have a certain result

Add up to

Come to a certain amount or figure Affect- usually used in the negative to show that something has had a negative effect, especially is it makes you feel bad Intend to achieve

Agree with

Aim at Allow for Ask for Auction off Back out

Include something in a plan or calculation To provoke a negative reaction Sell something in an auction

Back up

Fail to keep an arrangement or promise Make a copy of computer data

Bank on

Count or rely on

Bargain on

Expect something to happen (usually negative) Be suitable, have the necessary qualities Be a member Be connected to a time, place, belief, thing, etc. Be in the correct or appropriate location with other items

Be cut out for Belong to Belong to Belong with

They had to ACCOUNT FOR all the money that had gone missing The police were ACTING ON a tip from an informer and caught the gang red-handed The medicine only ACTS ON infected tissue They ACTED OUT the story on stage My computer's ACTING UP; I think I might have a virus The police were ACTING UPON a tipoff You have to ADD the VAT ON to the price they give We ADDED UP the bill to check it was correct Trains delays are getting worse and with the high fares, it all ADDS UP TO misery for the commuters The total costs ADD UP TO several million euros I feel terrible- that food didn't AGREE WITH my stomach

They're AIMING AT reducing costs by ten percent You should ALLOW FOR delays when planning a journey You're ASKING FOR trouble They AUCTIONED OFF their property as they were heavily in debt He BACKED OUT two days before the holiday so we gave the ticket to his sister You should always BACK UP important files and documents so that you won't lose all your work if something goes wrong with the hardware I'm BANKING ON your help; I can't do it alone I hadn't BARGAINED ON him coming She's not CUT OUT FOR this kind of work He BELONGS TO a secret society Their ideas BELONG TO the nineteenth century and seem old-fashioned now Does this disc BELONG WITH those on the shelf?

Black out

Lose light

Block out

Bring back

Stop light from entering or leaving When the wind moves something from a place When the wind forces something to fall Return

Brush up

Improve a skill quickly

Call in

Stop and visit

Call on

Ask for help

Carry out

Perform a task

Clear up Close up

Cure or recover from an infection Completely close something

Come off

Be successful

Come round

Change your opinion

Come through

Arrive (messages and information)

Dig out

Find something you haven't used, seen, etc, for a long time Start doing something, usually without planning Start a project or venture

Blow away Blow down

Dive in Embark on End up with Fall over Fall into

Get as a result of something. poor grade Fall on the ground Start doing something unplanned

Everything BLACKED OUT when the power supply failed The trees BLOCK the sun OUT most of the day The flag BLEW AWAY in the storm; we'll have to buy a new one A tree was BLOWN DOWN in the storm He took the calculator home yesterday and hasn't BROUGHT it BACK yet She took a two-week course to BRUSH UP her Spanish before she went travelling around South and Central America I CALLED IN on Jenny on my way home because she's not very well at the moment and I wanted to see if she needed anything. The President CALLED ON the wealthy countries for financial aid after the floods. destroyed much of the country's agriculture The government is CARRYING OUT test on growing genetically modified crops I took the antihistamines and the rash CLEARED UP right away They CLOSE UP the building after everyone has left I was surprised when the plan CAME OFF so easily At first she didn't like the idea, but she CAME ROUND to our way of thinking in the end News is COMING THROUGH of a major accident on the M25, where freezing fog has been making driving conditions extremely dangerous I DUG OUT my old university essays When we saw what was happening, we all DIVED IN to help Pierre EMBARKED ON an MBA at Insead last autumn He tried hard but ENDED UP WITH a championship but weren't good enough I slipped on the ice and FELL OVER I just FELL INTO my job when an opportunity came up

Kinds of Sentences 1. ASimple sentence is a sentence consists of a group of words that forms a complete thought. A simple sentence is different from other sentence types because it contains only one independent clause and has no dependent clauses. Simple sentences are called 'simple' because they contain only one subject and one verb, or predicate. What's a predicate? A predicate is the main verb in a sentence and any additional components related to the subject's actions. For example: I will shop at the store this weekend. In this sentence 'I' is the subject, and 'will shop' is the predicate. The verb 'shop' is helped by the auxiliary verb 'will,' and together they form the predicate. Compound Subject, Compound Predicate, Simple Sentence Understand that 'simple' doesn't always mean short, or even uncomplicated for that matter, when it comes to simple sentences and their subjects and verbs. A simple sentence can be long and have compound subjects and compound verbs or predicates. A compound subject has more than one noun performing the action of the predicate. In contrast, a simple subject has only one noun performing the action. A compound predicate has more than one verb using the same subject. In contrast, a simple predicate has only one verb using a subject. Compound subjects and predicates are joined by conjunctions like 'and' and 'or.' So, the subject and verb/predicate of a simple sentence can be compound and still be considered a sentence with one subject and one verb. See the following examples, which may offer some clarity on the subject: Mary chuckled. This is a simple sentence with a simple subject, 'Mary,' and a simple predicate, 'chuckled.' America's greatest actors, actresses, directors, and screenwriters will appear on the awards show tonight. This is a simple sentence with a compound subject, 'actors, actresses, directors, and screenwriters,' and a simple predicate, 'will appear.' David seasoned and roasted the turkey with the skill, flair, and passion of a true chef. This is a simple sentence with a simple subject, 'David,' followed by a compound predicate, 'seasoned and roasted.' 2. A compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by a comma, semicolon or conjunction. An independent clause is a clause that has a subject and verb and forms a complete thought. An example of a compound sentence is, 'This house is too expensive, and that house is too small.' This sentence is a compound sentence because it has two independent clauses, 'This house is too expensive' and 'that house is too small' separated by a comma and the conjunction 'and.' is a sentence that has at least 2 independent sentences.

3.A complex sentenceis a sentence that combines one independent clause with at least one dependent clause. A clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb. An independent clause forms a complete thought. A dependent clause, also called a subordinating clause, does not form a complete thought and is dependent upon an independent clause for meaning. Here are some examples of complex sentences: Although Denise had some doubts, she found the courses very useful. The above example is a complex sentence: it has a dependent clause (a subject 'Denise' and a verb 'had'), followed by an independent clause (subject 'she' and a verb 'found') and forms a complete thought. Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market. This example begins with an independent clause (subject 'computers' and verb 'have come') that forms a complete thought, followed by a dependent clause (subject 'they' and a verb 'came'). 4.A Compound complex sentenceis made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Compound-complex sentences are very common in English, but one mistake that students often make is to try to write them without having mastered the simple sentences, compound sentences, and complex sentences first. Examples of compound complex sentence Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with. Independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately" Independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with" Dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

Writing Practicebased on Grammar Rules Make a short essay (5 to 10 sentences in length) using some grammatical rules above based on the following topics (choose one); 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

The effects of pesticides on Agriculture Energy and Industrialized Agriculture Government Intervention in Agriculture Industry in Indonesia Jember’s Agriculture Sector Sustainability of Agriculture Soundness of Biotechnology Advancements in Agriculture Water Conservation Agriculture in Developing Countries The Technology of Agriculture in Indonesia Agriculture and Food Production in Indonesia Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Indonesia The Effect of Corn Monoculture on Soils Organic Agriculture Food and Agriculture: Root Crops