Thor Development and Application
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Briefing Agenda • • • • • • •
Motivating Factors in Thor Development Pre Thor Development Efforts Thor Design & Component Performance Field Test and Evaluation Results Summary Anticipated Benefits and Capabilities Ongoing Development Activities Hardware Demonstration
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Motivating Factors in Thor Development • Emergence of sophisticated restraint design and occupant protection hardware and strategies • 20+ years of new anthropometric and biomechanical response data • Changing injury patterns and priorities • Availability of improved injury assessment formulations • Hybrid III design dates to 1976
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PreThor Development Efforts • UK Activities 1970’s • NHTSA Efforts: – Advanced Frontal ATD Concept Definition Study – Anthropometry of Vehicle Seated Occupants – TAD50M Development – Exploration of New Neck and Lower Extremity Concepts ■
Participants: NHTSA R&D, UMTRI, FTSS, SAE Task Forces, GM Research, ASTC, Wayne State University
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Prior Art In ATD Thorax Design (196977) Searle, Warner, et al (UK)
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Comparative Human and Hybrid III Skeletal Structure Shoulder Belt Hybrid III Dummy Rib Cage 3 inches
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Hybrid III Shoulders, Lower Ribcage, and Abdomen Detail
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Frontal Thorax/ Abdomen
Aorta Lung Lung Liver Gall Bladder
Heart Rib Cage Spleen Stomach Colon Intestine
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NHTSA/ UMTRI Anthropometry Study
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TAD 50M (1992) NHTSA/ UMTRI/ FTSS/ GMR
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TAD 50M: Four Point 3D Thorax Deflection Measurement 12
TAD – 50 M Comparative Thorax XY Deflection Plots Right
Left
T=120
T=80
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ThreePoint Belt
39
X Displacement (mm)
X Displacement (mm)
Air Bag/Lap Belt
Left
T=120
39
Right
T=0, 40 29
39 Y Displacement (mm)
TAD Test 489 Air Bag/Lap Belt, 48 Kph – Lower Sensors (Top View)
TAD Test 475 ThreePoint Belt, 48 Kph – Sternal Sensors (Top View) X Displacement (mm)
X Displacement (mm)
T=120
T=40
Y Displacement (mm)
TAD Test 478 Air Bag/Lap Belt, 48 Kph – Sternal Sensors (Top View) T=80
Right
T=80
29
Y Displacement (mm)
Left
T=0
Left
Right
T=0
T=120 T=40 29
T=80 39 Y Displacement (mm)
TAD Test 475 ThreePoint Belt, 48 Kph – Lower Sensors (Top View) 13
Left
29
T=0
Right
T=120
T=40
T=80 39 Y Displacement (mm)
X Displacement (mm)
TAD Test 475 ThreePoint Belt, 48 Kph – Sternal Sensors (Top View) Left
Right
T=0
T=120T=40 29
T=80 39 Y Displacement (mm)
TAD Test 475 ThreePoint Belt, 48 Kph – Lower Sensors (Top View)
X Displacement (mm)
ThreePoint Belt
TwoPoint Belt/Bolster Left
Right
T=40 29
T=120 T=80
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Y Displacement (mm)
TAD Test 477 TwoPoint Belt/Knee Bolster, 48 Kph – Sternal Sensors (Top View) X Displacement (mm)
X Displacement (mm)
TAD – 50 M Comparative Thorax XY Deflection Plots (Cont’d)
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Left T=0 T=40 T=120
Right
T=80 39
Y Displacement (mm)
TAD Test 477 TwoPoint Belt/Knee Bolster, 48 Kph – Lower Sensors (Top View) 14
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Thor Development • 19941999 NHTSA/ GESAC Inc. – Scope of Development: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Refine TAD50M Thorax and Instrumentation New Instrumented Face New Multidirectional Neck New Instrumented Abdomen Revised Pelvic Segmentation and Instrumentation Revised Femur and Tibia New Foot/ Ankle and Instrumentation OnBoard DAS Feasibility 16
Head/ Face
• Head Biofidelity 1975]
[Hodgson,
– head drop (same as Hybrid III)
• Face Impact [Melvin, 1989]
– 6.7 m/s distributed impact – 3.6 m/s rod impact
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Head/ Face 1/8" THK FACE SKIN
• Design Features
– modified Melvin head/face – measures load at 5 locations on face – reusable material (Confor foam)
FACE LOAD CELL (5 PLCS) SILICONE RUBBER BLUE CONFOR FOAM COMPRESSED 20% 18
Neck
• Biofidelity [Wismans, 1983,87]
– head trajectory – total moment at O.C. – frontal flexion ■
15 G & 8 G
– lateral flexion ■
7 G
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Neck SPRING HOUSINGS REAR
FRONT LOAD CELL
– front & rear spring assemblies
UPPER NECK LOAD CELL FRONT CABLE
■
REAR CABLE ALUMINUM DISKS
SAFETY CABLE RUBBER PUCKS FLEXION STOP
• Design Features
models passive musculature
– neck column of alternating rubber & aluminum plates – elliptical cross section
EXTENSION STOPS
LOWER NECK LOAD CELL
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Neck SPRING HOUSINGS REAR
FRONT LOAD CELL UPPER NECK LOAD CELL FRONT CABLE
REAR CABLE ALUMINUM DISKS
SAFETY CABLE RUBBER PUCKS FLEXION STOP
• Instrumentation
– 6axis load cells in upper & lower neck – load cells in front & rear springs – rotary pot at O.C. to measure head rotation
EXTENSION STOPS
LOWER NECK LOAD CELL
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Thorax
• Biofidelity
– sternal impact [Neathery, 1974] ■ 4.3 m/s & 6.7 m/s
– lower ribcage impact [Yoganandan, 1997] ■ oblique at 4.3 m/s
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Thorax
• Design Features
– humanlike shape ■ ■
seven slanted & elliptical ribs lower rib dimensions gradually increase
– ribs proven to be very durable
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Thorax
• Instrumentation
– triaxial accelerometers at C.G. – Crux units ■ ■
3D deflections at four locations at front of ribcage
– 5axis load cell near T12
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Shoulder
• Biofidelity
– allows greater mobility in fore/aft motion – allows some degree of shrug motion
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Shoulder
• Design Features
– fourbar linkage design ■ ■
allows fore/aft movement limited shrug movement
– humanlike clavicle ■
for more realistic belt interaction
– shoulder pads
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Spine
• Biofidelity
– only limited static information – improves overall flexibility – replicate various human seating postures [Reynolds, 1996]
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Spine
UPPER THORACIC WELDMENT
LOWER THORACIC WELDMENT
NECK PITCH CHANGE MECHANISM
UPPER THORACIC FLEX JOINT
LOWER THORACIC PITCH CHANGE MECHANISM LOAD CELL ADAPTOR PLATE
• Design Features
– flexible elements at upper thoracic spine (T7/T8) – flexible element at lumbar spine (L2/L3) – pitch change mechanism
T12 TRIAXIAL COVER LUMBAR FLEX JOINT PELVIS / LUMBAR MOUNTING BLOCK
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Spine
• Instrumentation
T1 TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER NECK TILT SENSOR ASSEMBLY
THORACIC SPINE LOAD CELL
T12 TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER & MOUNTING BRACKET
LOWER THORACIC SPINE TILT SENSOR ASSEMBLY
– triaxial accelerometers at T1 and T12 – 5axis load cell below T12
LUMBAR SPINE TILT SENSOR ASSEMBLY
PELVIC TILT SENSOR ASSEMBLY
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Abdomen
• Biofidelity
– lower abdomen impacts at 6 m/s [Cavanaugh, 1986]
– upper abdomen impact [Nusholtz, 1994]
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Abdomen
STRING POTENTIOMETER UPPER ABDOMEN UNIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER
DGSP UNIT
• Design Features
– divided into upper & lower abdomens – upper abdomen tied to lower three ribs – additional “pie” piece for use with erect postures
LOWER ABDOMEN
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Abdomen
STRING POTENTIOMETER UPPER ABDOMEN UNIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER
• Instrumentation – Upper abdomen ■ ■
DGSP UNIT
stringpot uniaxial accelerometer
– Lower abdomen ■
right and left DGSP units measure 3D deflections
LOWER ABDOMEN
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Pelvis
• Biofidelity
– based on average 50th percentile male data
[Reynolds, 1982] ■ models iliac spine, posterior spine, Dpoint
– flesh/skin has humanlike forcedeflection characteristics
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Pelvis
• Instrumentation
– right and left 3axis acetabular load cells ■
measure magnitude and direction of femur loading
– iliac load buttons ■
capture submarining information
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Femur
• Biofidelity
– axial impact at knee [Horsch, 1986]
• Design Features
– can mate with HIII pelvis – compliant element in femur – uses HIII knee
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Lower Leg/ Ankle/ Foot
• Biofidelity
[Crandall, 1996]
– Anthropometry – Axial load through heel – Ankle ■
■ ■
static dorsiflexion & plantarflexion static inversion & eversion dynamic dorsiflexion
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Lower Leg/ Ankle/ Foot
• Design Features HYBRID III KNEE ASSEMBLY
ACHILLES ASSEMBLY
KNEE BUMPER TIBIA GUARD
TIBIA SKIN ANKLE ASSEMBLY
– separate joints for xflexion and xversion – Achilles spring/ cable – carbon fiber foot – continuously increasing joint resistance
FOOT ASSEMBLY & SKIN
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Lower leg/ Ankle/ Foot
UPPER TIBIA LOAD CELL (Fx, Fz, Mx, My)
ACHILLES SPRING LOAD CELL
TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER
LOWER TIBIA LOAD CELL (Fx, Fz, Mx, My)
ANKLE ROTATION MEASUREMENT ( X, Y, Z )
• Instrumentation
– Upper & lower tibia 4axis load cells – tibia & foot triax accelerometers – rotary pots for X, Y, Z axis motion – Achilles’ load cell
TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER
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Thor Test & Evaluation Partners •
Europe ■
Volvo Car, Saab, Autoliv Research AB
Renault – EEVC/ ADRIA: ■ Transport Research Laboratory ■ TNO ■ Polytechnic University of Madrid
•
Asia/ Pacific ■
■
•
■
■
JAMA/ Japan Automobile Research Institute Federal Office of Road Safety (Australia) Autoliv Australia
North America ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Transport Canada USCAR (GM, Ford, DaimlerChrysler) Honda Research of America University of Virginia U.S. Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Defense
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Test Configuration Summary • Sled Test Configurations (~ 150 tests) – – – –
impact speeds: 48 kph to 64 kph decelerations: 16 G to >30 G impact direction: longitudinal, rear, oblique restraint systems: ■ ■
belt and air bag combinations standard & forcelimiting belts
• Vehicle Test Configurations (~ 15 tests) – full frontal at 56 kph (U.S. NCAP) – offset deformable barrier at 64 kph
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Thor Capabilities Examples
• • • • • •
Evaluate head strike potential Discriminate between restraint systems Evaluate OOP situations Assess abdominal intrusion Measure pelvic loads and injury potential Evaluate tibia/ ankle/ foot response and injury potential 41
Evaluate Head Trajectory
• Allows for humanlike head motion • Biofidelity in head trajectory in 15 G frontal head/neck sled tests
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Evaluate Head Trajectory
• Biofidelic head trajectory means Thor can be used for evaluating likelihood of head strike against vehicle panels.
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Biofidelic Head/ Neck Response
• Instrumentation allows for calculation of total moment about O.C. • Momentangle response falls within Mertz corridor
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Evaluate Restraint Systems
• New measurement system allows evaluation of XY deflection data of thorax. • Data can be used to discriminate between baglike and beltlike environments.
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Evaluate Restraint Systems
• Evaluate influence of bag and belt loading sequence. • Can be used to optimize sequencing to improve efficiency of forcelimiting belts.
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Evaluate Restraint Systems
– Shows a system with early belt engagement – Response is beltlike – Shows reduction in chest deflection
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Evaluate Restraint Systems
– shows response from early bag engagement – response is baglike – small reduction in chest deflection
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Evaluate Lower Thoracic Injury
• Greater flexibility of lower ribcage and measurement capability in this region allows Thor to pickup likelihood of damage to internal organs in this area.
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Evaluate Abdomen Intrusion
• New abdomen deflection instrumentation and humanlike abdomen response can track abdomen intrusion in time.
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Evaluate OOP Tests
• New Crux system responds correctly to high speed thoracic impacts at 10 m/s and greater. • Can be used for evaluating OOP response.
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ThorLx Advanced Lower Extremity
• Cooperative design and fabrication under NHTSA R&D direction by GESAC and ASTC • Extensive biomechanical benchmarking during development: UVa, TRL (UK), Renault • Completed and ongoing sled and full vehicle testing, including NCAP and IIHStype offset testing: GM, Ford, JARI/JAMA, Honda Research of America
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ThorLx: Tibia Fz vs. Time (ASL, Univ. of Virginia)
0
Force (N)
-500 -1000 -1500 -2000
Pendulum tests
-2500 -3000 0
25
50
75
100
125
150
Time (msec) Cadaver
Thor-Lx 53
ThorLx: Right Tibia Fz Response Honda Full Vehicle Tests
5000
Force (N)
4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time (msec) Frontal
ODB 54
ThorLx: Right Ankle Angular Response DorsiPlantar Flexion Honda Full Vehicle Tests
Angle (Degree)
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time (msec) Frontal
ODB 55
ThorLx: Ankle X Y Response
Y Rot. (Deg)---->Dorsiflexion
Honda Frontal Full Vehicle Tests
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Eversion<----X Rot.(Deg)---->Inversion Left
Right 56
Comparison: Right Tibia Fz Response Honda Full Vehicle Frontal Tests
5000
Force (N)
4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time (msec) Thor-Lx
HIII 57
RecapAnticipated Safety Benefits • Frontal, frontal offset, frontal oblique, OOP
Bag/belt performance optimization Improved head strike assessment Face contact detection and injury assessment Detection of abdomen interaction with bag, belt, and wheel rim – Improved hip joint injury assessment – Advanced ankle/ foot injury assessment – – – –
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Additional Thor Benefits & Features
■ ■ ■
Realistic “seatprint” buttocks to seat interface Submarining detection features Assessment of influence of occupant posture on restraint performance
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Future Products Thor FE model (in LS Dyna) ■ Onboard DAS ■ Small female Thor design (with onboard DAS) ■ Lower extremity design with prebracing capability ■ Instrumentation development and enhancements ■ Treatments for compatibility with anticipated occupant ranging and classification technologies ■
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Release of Thor Documentation • To be released to the public domain early in 2000: – – – –
CAD drawings User manuals Final reports Test and evaluation summaries
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