Thesis 111.docx

Chapter 1 Introduction Electricity has become one of the main foundations of the world today and thus has enormous demand along with the steady growth. Through time we now live in the era of sustainability, with the high demand of power different ways one can generate pollution free electricity seems no end. At one hand, rising concern about the gap between demand and supply of electricity for the masses hence needed to attain new sources of energy to reduce it. As we are aware, the fact that vehicles are increasing rapidly day by day large amount of energy is wasted and unharnessed. The possibility of tapping to this energy can greatly result in generating considerable amount power that will induce sustainability. This presents the opportunity to implement our research of Piezoelectric Energy – Harvesting existing on road floor in highway/ expressways. A piezoelectric material generates electricity through the present of deformation or vibration under a load. This is a great opportunities for making innovative steps forwardly directed to energy harvesting, being aware of the presence of such energy present in roads and able to utilize it. By placing our proposed research in busy highway, significant amount of energy can be generated; the generated electricity can be used for different purposes such as lighting of streetlights, road sign, nor any particular traffic devices. The proposed research will offer pollution free power generation, wouldn’t result to any damage or so, leaning to a low budget, high efficiency electricity production, etc. It may be different from any existing process that produces energy yet it does not rely on our planet’s resources like other technologies, but from the mechanical stress/ vibration that will convert by the system. These high-activity areas produce large amounts of vibration and kinetic energy from the thousands of vehicle running the road, natural energy can be harnessed that is created by the consistent flow of vehicles. Objectives The aim of the research is to design and build a Piezoelectric Road Power Generator which will be installed in highways of (location), to harness wasted kinetic energy that are abundant in road highway due to the large volume of vehicles present, will be sufficient to supply power to lit up street lights that are installed at the median strips. The focus of the study centers on the design of the system wherein it withstand the counter forces such of weight of the cars. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literatures 2.1 Energy Harvesting From Human Movement The human body contains huge amount of energy. The kinematic energy from human can be harvested and converted to electrical energy. It can be used to power other wearable electronics like watch etc. It can be use also to charge portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, mp3 or laptop. Energy harvesting from human movement is quite different from the other energy harvester (like machinery vibration) first, human movement has low frequency (30Hz) and large displacement several to (mm or cm). Second is human movement is not sinusoidal it is always random; therefore the resonant energy harvesters that are widely used in energy harvesting from machinery are not suitable for this application. Last, energy harvesters to be worn on human body should have reasonable size and weight so that they will not affect normal human activity (Dibin Zhu, 2011). It has found that human upper body produces movement with frequencies less than 10 Hz while frequencies of movement from lower body are between 10 and 30 Hz (Von Buren, 2006) Source:https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-energy-harvesting-technologies-past-present-andfuture/vibration-energy-harvesting-machinery-vibration-human-movement-and-flow-induced-vibration 2.3 Open Country Roads (Expressway) As mandated, the Philippine expressway network which is a controlled-access highway network is managed by the Department of Public Works and Highways that consists of all expressways and regional high standard highways in the Philippines. High standard highways are defined as highways which provide a high level of traffic services by assuring high speed mobility and safe travel in order to vitally support socio-economic activities for sound socio-economic development of strategic regions and the country as a whole. Giving the convenience of transport in the Philippines, controlled-access highways are known as expressways. They staged as a multi-lane divided by toll which are privately maintained under the acknowledgment coming from the government. The Philippine expressway network spanned 420 kilometers (260 mi) in length in 2015 and it is to be extended far longer up to 626 kilometers (389 mi) by 2020 and 995 kilometers (618 mi) beyond 2030 (Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2010)

Source : The Study of Masterplan on High Standard Highway Network Development in the Republic of the Philippines" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. July 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2017. 2.4 Speed Limit The country like other has different types of road and traffic types; some are accessible in towns or municipalities. Similarly, some of the roads in the country are not wide enough to accommodate two or more than two vehicles. That said, in order to set reasonable speed limits and ensure the safety of the drivers, passengers, and bystanders, speed limit by street types has been put in place. Open Country Roads (Exprssways), these are roads wherein there is limited to non foot traffic as well as not surrounded by residential and commercial properties, securedly out of . They include expressways like NLEX, SLEX, TPLEX, and SCTEX. (Congress of the Republic of the Philippines, 7th Cong., 7thSess, (1972)

Source : Congress of the Republic of the Philippines, 7th Cong., 7thSess, (1972), H.No.3045, S.No.714

2.5 Mechanical vibration Mechanical vibrations are oscillations of a mechanical system about an equilibrium position. And vibrations are initiated when inertia is displaced from its equilibrium position due to an energy imparted to the system by means of external force. A conservative force developed in potential energy pulls the element back towards its equilibrium. (S. Graham Kelly). Mechanical vibration happens when repeated wavering motion occurs on a certain material's equilibrium point. By vibrating a material, pressure waves are produced by the vibration which serves as the medium that is being measured. The figure below illustrates vibration being applied to a material (Crawford Art).

. Source: Mechanical Vibrations Theory and Applications by S. Graham Kelly Source: Simplified Handbook of Vibration Analysis by Crawford Art.

2.6 Justification for Focusing on Piezoelectric Conversion of Vibration Energy In many circumstances vibration is undesirable and considered as wasted energy. It is considered as a source for micro-harnessing technologies that provide power in the milliwatts ranges. Such as in the machines and structures we cannot eliminate some vibrations. Piezoelectric sensors converts neither pressure nor vibration into electrical energy, it receives the pressure waves and frequency of a vibration. Therefore applying vibration on a piezoelectric sensor will complete the concept or idea of energy conservation. Lead ZirconateTitanate (PZT) of the piezo technology is the one that is responsible in converting the pressure waves produced by vibration into electric energy and also an organic compound that has the ability to change the position of its molecules when receiving vibrations thus producing electricity. Source: Simplified Handbook of Vibration Analysis by Crawford Art. IEEE sensors journal by P. Moubarak, et al., A self calibrating Mathematical model for the direct Piezoelectric effect of na new MEMS tilt sensor.

2.7 Overview to Piezoelectricity 2.7.1 Piezoelectricity Piezoelectricity is discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques in materials such as tourmaline and quartz, has remained a fascinating research topic. There are two types of Piezoelectricity - Direct and Indirect. Direct piezoelectricity is the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and indirect is its converse (Springer, 2011). Piezoelectricity is an effect that occurs when mechanical stress is applied to certain materials. An electrical polarization is set up in the crystal with the result that the faces become electrically charged. The charge reverses if the compression changes to tension. Because the effect is reversible an electric field applied across the material causes it to contract, or expands, according to the sign of the field. (J. P. Hare, 2006)

Source - The Beginnings of Piezoelectricity: A Study in Mundane Physics by Shaul Katzir. (Springer, 2011) Source - A simple demonstration of piezoelectricity by Dr Jonathan Hare - The Creative Science Centre, Sussex University (taken from: Simple demonstration of Piezoelectricity. J. P. Hare, IOP press, Journal of Physics Education, May 2006, vol. 41, p.212-213)

2.7.2 Background of Piezoelectrics and Current Applications Piezoelectric materials belong to a classification called ferroelectrics. One of the defining traits of a ferroelectric material is that the molecular structure is oriented such that the material has local charge separations, known as electric dipoles. Piezoelectric materials have two main functions. The first function is the direct piezoelectric effect, which is the transformation of mechanical strain into electrical charge. The second function, called the converse piezoelectric effect, takes an applied electrical potential and converts to mechanical strain. (Henry A. Sodano, Daniel J. Inman and Gyuhae Park)

Source - A Review of Power Harvesting from Vibration using Piezoelectric Materials Henry A. Sodano, Daniel J. Inman and Gyuhae Park

2.8 Patent search 2.8.1 Road Rumbles as a Power Source The idea behind California’s newly funded experiment to turn road energy into watts. It would rely on piezoelectric crystals, which produce a bit of current when you squeeze them. Such crystals are often used in audio equipment to turn sounds into signals or vice-versa, but if you put enough of them together, they could run streetlights, sensors, and other useful highway equipment. Source - Good Vibrations? California to Test Using Road Rumbles as a Power Source by Philip E. Ross. IEEE Spectrum, 19 April 2017.9

2.8.2 Ocean wave energy conversion using piezoelectric material members Their design consists of a float on immersed in the body of water that is mechanically coupled to a piezoelectric material member for causing alternate straining and destraining of the member in response to the up and down movement of the float in response to passing waves, thereby causing the member to generate electricity. The output impedance of the float is matched to the input impedance of the member for increasing the energy transfer from the float to the member. (Joseph R. Burns, 1987) US Patent: 4,685,296: Ocean wave energy conversion using piezoelectric material members by Joseph R. Burns, 11 August 1987. 2.8.3 Roadway generating electrical power by incorporating piezoelectric materials The study refers to the process for generating electricity from vehicular traffic includes distributing a set of energy generated as traffic passes over the roadway, they have incorporated in their design putting beds of piezoelectric generators and the electric current conducted away from the piezoelectric elements to provide the electrical current for consumption. (Jeffrey Luttrull, 2005) US Patent: 20050127677: Roadway generating electrical power by incorporating piezoelectric materials by Jeffrey Luttrull, 16 June 2005. 2.9 Power Generation System 2.9.1 Shafts Shaft is a mechanical part that normally has a circular cross-section. It is used to transmit power through rotation (S.B. Amirault , 2019). Shafts are commonly made from low carbon, CD or HR steel, such as AISI 1020–1050 steels (Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett , 2015). There are two types of shafts; the transmission shaft and the machine shaft. Transmission shafts transmit power between the source and the machines absorbing power (J.K. Gupta, 2005). The design considerations for shaft; Design based on Strength where design is carried out so that stress at any location of the shaft should not exceed the material yield stress; Design based on Stiffness where the basic idea of design in such case depends on the allowable deflection and twist of the shaft. (IIT Kharagpur) References: Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Deisgn by Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett (2015), “A Textbook of Machine Design” by J.K. Gupta (2005), Chapter 14. Module 8, Design of Shaft, Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur- https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112105125/pdf/mod8les1.pdf https://sbainvent.com/mechanical-design/mechanical-design-of-a-shaft/ “S.B.A. Invent” 2.9.2 Racks and Pinions The main purpose of the rack and pinion is to convert the rotational motion into linear motion. The circular gear is called pinion, while on the other hand the linear gear bar is called rack. The advantage of this rack and pinion is to give easier and more compact control over the vehicle while the disadvantage is when certain level of friction is applied it can only make the rack and pinion work. When the friction is high the mechanism will be the subject to require more force to operate. (SK. Parveensultana and Haseena Bee, 2017) Source: Design and Analysis of Rack Gear Mechanical Drive by SK. Parveensultana and Haseena Bee, Volume 8/ Issue 2/ January 2017