Theory Of Psychoanalytic Development

Theory of Psychoanalytic Development: Sigmund Freud Freud’s theory emphasize the effect of instinctual human drives on behavior.Freud identify the underlying stimulus for human behavior as sexuality,which he called libido.Libido is a define as general pleasure-seeking instinct rather than purely genital gratification. Four major components of Freud’s Theory are: 1.The unconscious mind-contains memories,motives,fantasies,and fears that are not accessible to recall but that directly affect behavior. 2.The Id-is the part of the mind concern with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest available means. 3.The Ego-is the conscious part of the mind that serves as a mediator between the desire of Id and the constraints of reality so that one might live effectively within one’s social,physical and psychological environment. 4.The Superego-is the part of the mind that represents one’s conscience and develop from the ego during the first year of life,as the child learns praise versus punishment for action. Oral Stage(0-18 months)-During the oral stage,the infant use his/her mouth as the major source of gratification and exploration. Anal Stage(8 months-4years)-This stage begins with the development of neuromuscular control to allow control of the anal sphincter.Toilet training is a crucial issue requiring delayed gratification as the child compromises between enjoyment of bowel function and limits set by social expectation. Phallic Stage(3-7years)-The child has increase interest in gender differences,his/her own gender and conflict and resolution of that conflict with the parents of the same sex(name as Oedipus complex in boys and Electra complex in girls). Latency Stage(7-12years)-This stage marks the transition to the genital stage during adolescence.Increasing sex role identification with the parents of the same sex prepares the child for adult roles and relationship. Genital Stage(12-20years)-At this stage,sexual interest can be expressed in overt sexual relationship. Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Erikson’s Developmental Theory was based on Freud’s work but was expanded to include cultural and social influences in addition to biologic process. Four major organizing concept: 1.Stage of Development 2.Developmental Goals or Task

3.Psychosocial Crises 4.The Process of Coping Trust vs. Mistrust(Infancy)-The infant learns to relay on caregivers to meet basic needs of warmth,food and comfort,forming trust in adults.Mistrust is the result of inconsistent,inadequate or unsafe care. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt(Toddler)-As motor and language skills develop,the toddler learns from the environment and gains independence through encouragement from caregiver to feed,dress and toilet self. Initiative vs.Guilts(Preschooler)-Confidence gained as a toddler allow the preschooler to take the initiative in learnig,so that the child actively seek out new experience and explore the how and why of activities Industry vs. Inferiority(Schoolaged Children) Identity vs. Role Confusion(Adolescence) Intimacy vs. Isolation(Young Adult) Generativity vs. Stagnation(Middle Adult) Ego Integrity vs. Despair(Late Adulthood)