Card # 44 - Theories of light: Corpuscular theory of light:
This theory was proposed by Newton. He suggested that the light propagates rectilinearly as particles called corpuscles. The sensation of different colors is because of the different size of the corpuscles. The energy of light beam is due to the kinetic energy of these corpuscles. Reflection was explained on the basis of repulsion of corpuscles from the surface and refraction was explained on the basis of attraction of the corpuscles by the surface. Due to this reason the velocity of the corpuscles should increase on entering any denser medium. This is not found true experimentally and led to the rejection of this theory. Wave theory of light‐ This theory was proposed by Huygens. He suggested that a source of light sends out disturbances in all directions from which the waves spread out in all directions. It was assumed that light travels in the form of longitudinal waves with the velocity 3×108 m/s. Light travels through hypothetical medium called ether having very high elasticity and very low density. The sensation of different colors is because of the different wavelength. Later on in order to explain the phenomenon of polarization the light waves were supposed transverse. This theory failed to explain photoelectric effect of light. Electromagnetic wave theory of light‐
This theory was proposed by Maxwell. He suggested that the light travels as electromagnetic waves with a constant velocity 3×108 m/s. The electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consist of the electric and magnetic field oscillations. This theory can explain reflection, refraction, dispersion, interference, diffraction and polarization etc. but it failed to explain the photoelectric effect of light. Quantum theory of light‐ This theory was proposed by Einstein. He suggested this theory on the basis of Planck’s Quantum theory of Black body radiations. According to this theory, the light is produced, absorbed and propagated as packets of energy called photons. Quantum theory successfully explains the photoelectric effect, reflection, refraction of light but fails to explain the other phenomena of light. Dual theory of light‐ According to dual theory light propagates both as particle as well as waves. The wave nature dominates when the light interacts with light and particle nature dominates when light interacts with matter. This theory successfully explains all the phenomena of light.