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hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv ‚w8z
vv8d->pv5Wn; sk<w-\PTw-n= |sx; jm8a\W iSvv8d->g+P=kL-\l8N8y h-Sg+P8`<. iw-n=p=R\m, ‘a08h< \\t|gz<S<’ eN or= S;GW-n=; jm8aW< r+p; nlpv5Wn\mQ pRy\Pt=Q. v-v-Y w_>vv8d- >g+P= k\L E|k8p-P-K=Nw-l=; jm8aW-\4R p*< >pY8nm8`<. r8<x<>t_y|mqly-6 pw-m+N= S;Gtnk7 |c5N ‘wh%]>pSg+P-\l EZv=; vl-y S;Gtn jm8aW8`<. ar8x<>t_yn8y aU9KZ< m-y84 abkTR-y8y m=hMd< askTR- jnRl8`<. \\Sn-k|mql y-6 v-v-Y S8y=Y >g+P=k7 |c5N< r+p; n6k-y ‘m=Wh-d j-h8d< kI3S-’l-\4R \cy5m84 al- m=hMd< U8R=; jm8a\W iSw.‛ (k8s<m_5 jm8a\W iSp|b8Yn; j.i. a/w8; v85x-k pw-P<)
1
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
`okrv8d;
A|g8LwlW-6 iSsm; at=W k8l!L-6 vL\ryY-k; k#=\k8#-r-K=Q. iSpm8`b&m8y mR=pt- nlw=K\Ly8`<. k8r`; a>km`\Wy=; \vT-P-t=W\Wy=; an_w-\yy=\ml[8; ew-5K=N or= Ad5s\W jn!7 iN< |nr-T< pO-K=ky=; aw=vz- iSd=wgw-y-l=0 >pc8r`; \\kvrky=; \cy<w=\k8#-r-K=ky8`<. Ayw=\k8#< w\N EkpX_ym8y- |mY8v-w9; |nt84 >sm-c{=\k8#r-K=N S8>m8j]w9sk<w-k7 iSpc8r`\W wty-t84 prm8vY- >sm-K=Q#<. aw-n< av5 S9_kr-c{-r-K=N up8y; iSp|b8Yn; n-5v{h-c{=\k8#-r-K=N Slf-kL=\t >p|b8Yn\W wtS\Pt=W=ky=; Slf-k\L k=R-c{< \wZ8y Y8r` jn!7K-ty-6 >pcr-P-K=ky=m8`<. iv5 |l8kW-n= m=/-6 Slf-k\L w_>vv8dkL8y- pr-cy\Pt=W=Nw< aw-\4R B8gm8y-T8`<. e%-|n\R, \Sp<w/5 ÉÉn< |sx; w_>vv8dm=>d c85W\PT uS8m b-4 l8d4 Slf- AsyK8r8n8\`Q; a|Dh\W|p8\ly=0v\ry=; iSpSpcr-P-c{w=\ml[8; iK+T5 w\Ny8y-r=Q. iWrW-6 or= >pc8r`; ntK=Q eN< jm8a\W iSghc{-r-K=Q. >p|b8YnW-6 ‘m=j8h-d< v-m5snW-\l b+mR8!=k7’ eN wl\KT-6 et=\Wz=w-y or= q`vv8dW-n< d85sn-k8t-WR lB-K=Nw< Slf- vh8bAsy!L-6n-N8\`N< iN< A|g8LwlW-6 >pc8r`; ntK=Nw< m=j8h-d=k7 aR-y8\w |p8v=ky8|`8? ‘vh8b- v-B8gm8y m5kS= dapSp|c8dn\mN< >pY8nm>%- m4|m8h4 S-;g< a|mr-K4 S$5sn|vLy-6 aB->p8y\PTw-\nw-\r m=j8h-d< v8rky8y sb8b< kv5S<|Z8R- >pS-&_kr-c{-r=Q (ÊÈÈÍ j+\\l ÊÑ), —
2
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
vh8b- Slf-Sv=; S-l-K3v8l-y=; wM-l=0 av-s=& bnvv8d-k\LN< m=4 >b-T_x< >pY8nm>%- |t8`b[y5 >pS<w8v-c{w=; (u&r`;: mly8L; v8r-k ÊÈÈÍ AgSm8j]w9 |>p8pg#y=\t B8gm8y-T8`<. iI >pc8r`!\Ll[8; a~8K< \w8t8\w v-z=!- Slf-SW-n=; m=j8h-d< >pSpSp|b8Yn; Ay-rW- n8n+Z- m=Pw<, Rb_u6 av{6 m+N<) S8>m8jw9 |>p8pg#y=\t B8gm8y-T8`< iWr; >pcr`!7 ntK=Nw< e\Nt=W=pR@ jm8aW< >pS-&_kr`; or= B8gW< nlw;. jm8aW-\4R m=qp>wm8y m8Y]mW-l+\t k|~8tK=Nv5K< oL-@=; \wL-@=\m8\K iWrW-l=0 A|r8p`!7 v8S<wvm8K-m8Z8n=0 avr=\t aB-r=c- k8`8;. a\w, S8>m8j]w9 >pc8rkr=\t k=zl+W=K85! iSpw-kr-K=N or= v-B8gm8y- m=Sp|k8pn!7 AS+>w`; \cy{=Q. k+t8\w av n-g+Um8y- ntP-l8K8n=0 >sm!7 ntW=ky=; \cy{=Q. aw-lk\PT n]+npX; m=Sgwp=l5W=ky=; \c|y{#w< m=SkmW-\4R p8w \wr\@t=K8n=m=0 c-%8sk<w-y=#8y-? Ar8`< aw-n< an=v8d; nlpy=k<w-y8`< w_>vv8d;. Ew=n-lK=; an=mw-y-l[8W iI\y8r8sy; iN\W n]+npXm8y m=SpSk<wm8`<, Avs]v=m8`<. S8>m8jw9 >pc8r`!\Ll[8; a~8K< \w8t8\w v-z=!=Nw< Sw]Snvv8dW-\4R |>S8wS< pr|s8Y-K84 k+t=w6 v-s98S85hm8y v85W8uRv-t\mN n-lK< w_>vv8d-k\LN< S;sym=0 jm8a\W iSpS&_kr`!7 w\N o8|r8N8y- ap>gF-K8;. a08h= nb-(S) m=|qn pO-P-c{= wN iSpY8n\PT r#< |>S8wS8`|l[8 q=5An=; hd_S=;. nb-(S)y=\t v]8q]8nm-l[8\w 3
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
q=5An-k vcn!\L nM=\t y=k<w-K< |w8N-y r_w-y-6 v-|Yym8Ky86 or=p8t< an5wpv8ck\4R v-sd_kr`m8y hd_S=kL=; avl;b-|K#w< an-v8r]m8k=Q. iK8r]; S+c-P-K=N or= jm8aW= u&r`- Ad]; v8y-K8;: ‚S=NW-\4R \vL-c{W-ll[8\w S8Y=v8y q=5A4 pOnm-l[. q=5A4 an=s8S-K=N Y5m!L=\t k5mr+p; n-5`y-K=Nw< S=NW8`<. q=5A4 |nr-T< >pS<w8v-c{-T-l[8W v-xy!L-6 v-Y- nlpw-n-Y_kr-K=Q\v*-6 S=NW< RS+l-\n >pw-n-Y_kr-K=Q. a08h=v=; RS+l=; r#= |cr-yl[. q=5An=; S=NW=; r#= vz-y=ml[. o|r vz-y-\l r#= \Ry-l8`<. o|rSmy; r#= \Ry-l=kL-l=; c>k; ur=L=|/8|z v8hn; lX]W-|lK= n_!+. >pv8ck\n n-|xY-c{=\k8#< a08h=v-\n >p8p-K8n8v-l[. S=NW-\n n-r8kr-c{=\k8#< q=5An-\n p-4pZ8n=;. S=NW-\n w0- q=5A\n \k80=|/87 q=5A\4R aXr; S9_kr-K\Pt=ky=; a5wpSk<w-, >p|b8Yn; hd_S< pw-P< 2007, |pj< 7) q=5An-\n mnS-l8K84 m=kL-6 u&r-c{ r_w-y-l=0 or= m85g; S9_krK8W, S=NW-\n k=R-c{< nm=K< eW-c{= wN S9h8b-m8\r k8fR8y- kr=w=N or= v-B8gm8y s_ikL-|lK8`< w_>vv8dW-\4R |vr=k7 pr-|s8Y-c{86 \c\NW=k. >pv8ck\4R hd_S=k7 A>sy-K8\w S9%m8y n-lK=0 q=5An-k v]8q]8n; nlvv8dW-|lK< jn!\L X`-c{w<. v5Wm8n cr->w; aw-n< S8Xy8`<. q=5An-\4R S/+5~w\y |c8d]; \cy<w S9h8bW-\n mwpr-w]8g-kL8y- k#-r=N or= s_iI |nw8v8y-r=N|l[8 al- sr_aW-; eN-T=; a|Dh\W or= n|v8wg+P=k7K< A|vs; nlgnpv5W-c{=\k8#-r-K=N v-v-Y >g+P=kL=\ty=; AkpS&_kr-c{ An$-\4R iS
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
al- sr_aW-, m=5wS8 m=w9hr-, b8q-5 Sd<5, Sy{-d< h=\\S4 nS<5 w=t!-y s-y8 p`p|b8Yn; j.i. a/w8; v85x-k pw-P-l+\t iv5 >pq]8p-c{T=0w8`< (|pj< 54). S=N-|l8k\W iSpk8rmy-r=\NQ;, v-p[v>pSwm8y-r=\NQ; |n8K+: ‚q=5A4, m85k<S-S;, s_iS; w=t!-yvy-\l pd8vl-kL=p|y8g-c{< Sw]|Wy=; aSw]|Wy=; a|Dh; v]v|Cd-c{=. \cg=|vry=\t rcnk7 m5k<S-Sm8j]w9\Wy=; m=wl8L-w9\Wy=; \cR=W=n-6K8n=0 \\S&8%-k n-5|ds!7 sr_aW- n6k=Q#< eN< Ew=; v8ynK8rn=; SMwK=;. al- sr_aW-y=\t v]k<w-w9\WPZ- |v#>w Y8r`y-l[8\wy8`< An$< a|Dh\W v-ly-r-W-y-r-K=Nw<. \cg=|vr, f8n4, z8$<|p87 S85|>w, l+y- m8S-g<|n83, \h4>t- |l8|m8S< eN-vr=m8yat=W bnwy=\ty=; k}w-k7 a|Dh; |p5x]4 B8xy-|lK< pr-B8x\Pt=W-y-T=#<‛ (\e.p-.ec{< >pS-&_kr-c{ An$-\4R iSvv8d-kL=\t Asy!L-6 >p|c8d-wr8y- k]8p-Zl-S\Wy=; km]+`-S\Wy=\ml[8; w8rwm] pOnW-n< v-|Yym8K-\k8#< iSpv8k4m8r=\ty=\ml[8; vcn!7 d=5v]8q]8n; \cy<w=\k8#< mId+dkL=; iqpSt_y >psp|vs; \cy<w BIw-k >pw]y 5
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
s8S<>w!L8y k8p-Zl-Sv=; km]+`-Sv=; |l8k\Wy8\k p-t-y\l8w=K=ky=; a08h=v-\4R m85gW-6n-N< mn=x]r8s-\y vz-\wZK=ky=; \cy<w|P87, a|w B+m-ky-6 n-Q\k8#=w\N avy=\t w4mkL=; pr8jyv=; et=W=k8T8n=; iSpS-&_kr-c{ iSpSpm8`!7 d=r=p|y8g; \cy{=ky=; m=Spw]ys8S<w!7\Kw-6 bd6sk<w-y8y=; avwr-P-K=Nw6 n-5`8yk p*=vh-c{ r#= mh8rF4m8r8`< mIl8n8 ab=6 aaw|m lX]; |nt-\yt=K8n=; \\dv>p_w-y85j-K8n=; kz-y+ eN|Dh; pO-P-c{=. ‘a08h=v8`< nM=\t n8F4, >pv8ck4 nM=\t |nw8v<, q=5A4 nM=\t Br`Gtn, j-h8d< nM=\t m85g;, \\dvm85gW-6 m]w]=vr-K6 nM=\t |m8hn S9pd8v8k]!7.‛ (ir=pw8; n+Z8#-\l n|v8wp|b8Yn; j.i. a/w8; v85x-k pw-P<) S9k8r]S9W8`< Skl>pspw]ys8S<>wW-\4R Ad5sW-n< bdl8y-, Br`m8`< Sklw4my=|ty=; n8r8y|vr< eN< S-&8%-K=ky=;, S9k8r]S9W< nxk+rm85g;, w!L=\t lX]!7K= |v#- mId+d-kL=; pr_X-K=ky8y-r=Q. aw-n=|v#iSpm8`!\L \wZ8y->pw-n-Y_kr-K=N or=p8t< >pc8r`; jm8aW<-iqpS<w=w v_X`!7 >pcrP-K=v84 |v#- oTnvY- k}w-kL=; >pS-&_kr-c{=. Sy{-d< q=w=b< rcK=ky=; \\sq< m=hMd< k8rK=N< mly8LW-|lK< v-v5Wn; \cy{= ky=; \cy<w ‘vz-yty8L!7’ eN p=S<wk; aWrW-6\pT or= k}w-y8`<. aw-6 av5 k=W-n-Rc{ S;>Bm-P-K=N c-l an-S
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
7
B+m-y-\l Br`8Y-k8r; E\w*-l=; v]k<w-kL=\t kr!L-l8y-rK=|Nt|W8L;k8l; a08h=v-\4R AY-pw]; iv-\t n-lnl
mn=x]4 |nt-\yt=W< ky{tK- \vc{ m=z=v4 aYk8r!7K=\mw-r-6 or= Sm+lv-p[v; ar|!Rl8`< (iSw-m |nw}w9!L=; m~tyl8`<. m\Z8r= B8xy-6 pR@86 mn=x]\4R prm8Y-k8r;, mn=x]n< mn=x]r=\t |ml=0 AY-pw]; ivy=\t\yl[8; p+5~n8sW-|l iSkmk8r-k\L vkvr=|W`\mN8`< aw< pO-P-K=Nw<. (|pj< 79) B+m-y-6 \\dv-k8Y-pw]S;Sp|b8 Yn; \k8#=; >pcr`; \k8#=; ntP8K8vwl[. (|pj< 81)
a08h=v-|4Rwl[8W n-ym v]vSw v8d-c{8l=; sr-, av5 m=Sw; i!-\n S;>gh-K8;. Ad]; n-x-&;, p-\N an=vdn_y;, |sx; i|!8T
iSpv5W-K8n=0 S98w>%]v=; k+t- il[8 Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
8
Wv-Y; y=&; n-5bnkm; S;GtP-K=N-\l[Nw< sr-y8`<. eN86 \wZ8y >pw-fln!L=#8K= ky=; >pk}w-y-6 k=zP!7 S}x%] \W n-hn-K=ky=; \cy{=N p&w-k|Ly=; v]vSw|m |l8kr=\t m=z=v4 rX-w8v< a08h= Ay-W_r=ky=0+. (|pj< 111)
iSw; or= jnv-B8gv=; iSt; n-ln-lw=|ghm8`<. av|r8t=0 m=S
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Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
iSp|dsW=; iSw=KL=;; i!\n\yl[8; iSwm8`< iSpcr-P-K=ky=; \cy{=Nw< \cR-y apr8Yml[. iWrW-l=0 >gnwm8`< iSvv8d;! a\w, iWr; Asy!7 pO-c{< p=RW-R!=N v]k<w-kL8`< w_>vv8d-kL8y- m8R=Nw=;, |l8k; av\r an=Bv-|K#- vr=Nw=;. \wL-v-n< |v#- m8>w; aK8r]; nm=\K8N< pr-|s8Y-K8;. |l8kwlW-6 w_>vv8d k5M!L-|l5\PT-T=0 v]k<w-w9m8`\l[8 uS8m b-4 l8d4. a|Dh; Ew< >pS
‚iSpw-b&wy=; S8m+h-k |b8Yv=; \cR=P; m=w|l uS8m: >pkt-P-c{= vQ. |l8kW-\4R v-v-Y B8g!L-6 n-\NW=N hj<j< w_5F8tk5k< Aw-F]mr=L84 p-w8v< vl-y w86pr]\mt=W-r=Q. avr6 mh8p`pSpv5Wc{=.‛ (\e.p-.ec{< >pS-&_kr-c{ iS
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
>pw]Xm8|y8 p|r8Xm8|y8 bnp|b8Yn; j.i. a/w8; v85x-k pw-P<) jm8aW-\4R iqp|b8Yn; v]k<wm8K=Nw< k8`=k: ‚jm8a\W iSpv5Wk5 |l8k; m=z=v4 v]8p-c{=k-tp=#<. y+|R8P-l=; a|mr-Ky-l=m=0 iSpSp|b8Yn; v8r-k: 1982 j+3 26) el[8y-tW=; Sklm8n k=zP!7 S}xps;SK=ky=; \cy{=|/87 kxp8w-n-Y]; vh-K=Q#< eN< k+t- aR|y#w8y-T=#<, aw=; av5 w\N pRy\T: ‚jm8a\W iSpSpv5W-K=N\w*-l=; avy=\t\yl[8; Ad5sv=; lX]v=; oN8k=Q. jm8aW-\4R S8h-w]!L=; >pv5Wkr=; |l8km8\k prN-T=#<. avy-6n-N< >p|c8dn; u7\k8#< pl iSg+P=kL=; |l8kW-\4R plB8g!L-l8yuy5Q vN-r-K=Q. A|g8L wlW-6 iN< d}s]m8k=N iSw >sm-c{8l=; n-|xYK8n8v8Ww8`<.‛ (p>w8Y-pr=\t r#=v8K<, >p|b8Yn; j.i. a/w8; v85x-k pw-P<) iqpw]Xm8|y8 p|r8Xm8|y8 bnpv5Wkr=; |l8km8\k prN-T=0w8`<, avy-6n-N< >p|c8dn; u7\k8#< pl iSg+P=kL=; |l8kW-\4R plB8g!L-l8y- uy5Q vN-r-K=Q e\Nl[8; iv5 w\N avk8s;v8d; uNy-c{w8`<. aw-\l or= >g+P-\4R >pv5Wn; nM7 |nr-TR-@86 w_>vv8dv=m8y- bnpv5Wnm8`<. 10
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
av5 k8s<m_5 w8zt_y sk<w-y=m8\`Q; 1947-n< |sx; y=vjn!L-6, >p|w]k-c{< aB]S<wv-d]5K-ty-6 aw< v/-c{ S98Y_nm8`< |nt-\k8#-r-K=Nw< eQ; mly8LW-\l jm8aW< >pS&_kr`W-l+\t >ps;S-c{-T=#<. >ps;S-K\Pt8n5hwy=0 avr=\t \cy<w-k7 E\wl[8m8\`N< >p|b8Yn; et=W=pR@w< |n8K=k:
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Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv
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A³hÀ A_q_¡À
12
Xo{hhmZw:hfhpw shÅhpw PamA¯nð \nóv