The Head And Neck
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- Pages: 41
The Head and Neck
www.smso.net
Triangles of the Neck: Posterior
Boundaries
Anterior = Sternocleidomastoid muscle Posterior = Trapezius muscle Inferior = Clavicle
Contents
Nerves: Phrenic, Accessory, Cervical Plexus,Brachial Plexus Artery: Subclavian Vein: External Jugular www.smso.net
Triangles of the Neck: Anterior
Boundaries
Superior = Inferior margin of Mandible Anterior = Midline of Neck Posterior = Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Contents
Muscles: Suprahyoid, Infrahyoid Artery: Carotid Vein: Internal Jugular, External Jugular Nerve: Accessory Glands: Submandibular www.smso.net
Triangles of the Neck
pg 739
www.smso.net
Upper Respiratory Tract
Pg 583 www.smso.net
Nose
Only external part of Respiratory tract Functions
Airway of respiratory tract Moisten and Warm air Filter air Resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors
External Nares = Nostrils: openings through which air enters nasal cavity Internal Nares = Choanae: openings between nasal cavity and nasopharynx www.smso.net
Nasal Cavity
Part of respiratory passage Boundaries
Roof = ethmoid bone (cribiform plate) Floor = maxilla (palatine process) Pg 584 palatine (horizontal plate) Lateral walls = nasal bones, superior,+ middle nasal conchae (ethmoid bone), inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, palatine bone Nasal Septum = divides cavity into 2
Continuous w/nasopharynx via internal nares Hard Palate = palatine, maxillary bones (= floor) Soft Palate = muscular (very posterior) www.smso.net
Nasal Conchae
Project medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity Superior, Middle (ethmoid) Inferior nasal conchae Covered with Mucosa Functions
Create turbulance Reclaim heat from exhaled air
www.smso.net
Pg 584
Nasal Cavity
Respiratory Mucosa–lines cavity walls, septum
Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium w/lamina propria
(continued)
Mucous cells + serous cells
Moistens + warms inhaled air Highly innervated, vascularized
Olfactory Mucosa – on roof of nasal cavity, contains the olfactory (smell) receptors
www.smso.net
Nasal Cavity (continued)
Vestibule –space just inside external nares
Skin lining contains:
Sebaceous glands -greasy secretion collect dirt, lubricate, kill bacteria Sweat glands -acidic, slows growth of bacteria Hair follicles –trap smaller particles of dirt and dust
Vibrissae – nose hairs filtering larger particles from air
www.smso.net
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled sacs surrounding nasal cavity; extension of nasal cavity; same lining Located in Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla bones Function: Warm + Filter air, Lightens skull
Pg 16
www.smso.net
Pharynx = “Throat”
Connects nasal cavity & mouth to esophagus & larynx Runs from skull to C6 Carries food and air Lined with skeletal muscle Divided into 3 regions
Pg 617
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Layrngopharynx
www.smso.net
Tonsils
Swellings of mucosal lining of pharynx Simple lymph organs
Form ring around opening of pharynx 4 groups Palatine (pair) Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal (pair) www.smso.net
Pg 570
MALT: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Nasopharynx: Only carries air
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium Location
Posterior to Nasal Cavity Inferior to Sphenoid bone Superior to Soft Palate
Closed off during swallowing by soft palate & uvula Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) Tubal tonsils www.smso.net
Oropharynx: Carries Food & Air
Thick, protruding stratified squamosal epithelium due to great friction Location
Posterior to Oral Cavity Runs from Soft Palate to Epiglottis
Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils www.smso.net
Laryngopharynx: Carries Food & Air
Stratified squamosal epithelium Location
Posterior to Larynx
Continuous with esophagus (digestive system) Continuous with larynx (respiratory system)
www.smso.net
Regions of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx Oropharyn x Laryngophary nx
Pg 584 www.smso.net
Larynx = “voicebox”
Location: C4-6
Attachments
Superiorly = hyoid bone Inferiorly = trachea
Innervation = vagus Functions
Pg 570
Low in neck for speech
Voice production Airway Routes food/air www.smso.net
Vocal Cords
Located in larynx Vocal ligaments run from aretynoid and thyroid cartilages Elastic fibers form mucosal fold = true vocal cords “False” vocal cords = lie superior to true pair, no role in voice production Exhaled air passes over them causing vibration
Force of air = volume Length & tension of folds = pitch
Pg 588
www.smso.net
Larynx
9 Cartilages connected by ligaments & membranes
1 1 1 2 2 2
Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform
Superior part = stratified squamosal epithelium Below vocal cords= ciliated pseudostratified columnar
www.smso.net
Laryngeal Cartilages
Epiglottis
Thyroid Cartilage
Elastic cartilage; Mucosa covering Projects upward from anterior wall of laryngeal inlet to level of base of tongue Large, shield shaped, made of 2 plates Laryngeal prominence
Cricoid Cartilage
Shaped like signet ring www.smso.net and trachea Between thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal Cartilages
Pg 587 www.smso.net
Thyroid Gland
Location:
Endocrine Gland
Along trachea, just inferior to larynx “Butterfly” shape Thyroid hormone (TH): increases basal metabolic rate Calcitonin: depresses excessive levels of Ca2+ in blood
Blood Supply:
Superior thyroid arteries (branches of ext. carotids) Inferior thryoid arteries (branches of subclavians) www.smso.net
Hyoid Bone
Only bone not directly articulated with other bones Attaches via ligaments to temporal bone, larynx Components
Functions Moveable base for tongue Attachment for sternohyoid, thyrohyoid Superior attachment for larynx www.smso.net
Pg 163
Body Pair of Greater Horns Pair of Lesser Horns
Mouth = Oral Cavity
Opening of alimentary canal Lined with mucosa Thick, stratified epithelium (slightly keratinized in some parts) Boundaries Anterior = lips Lateral = cheeks Posterior = oropharynx Superior = palate Inferior = tongue www.smso.net
Pg 617
Mouth
Lips (labia) + Cheeks:
Keep food in mouth during
chewing
Lips = Orbicularis oris Pg 266Muscles of Mastication (checkout Origin/Insertions!) 7
Cheeks: Temporalis & Masseter (elevate mandible) Buccinator (chewing) Digastric (lower mandible against resistance) Pterygoids (lateral movements)
Palate
Hard palate (anterior): Tongue pushes food against it during chewing, made of bone Soft palate (posterior): Closes nasopharynx during swallowing; made of muscle www.smso.net
bitte r
Tongue
Mixes food with saliva = BOLUS Moves bolus down pharynx Speech production Houses taste buds (= gustation)
Creates floor of mouth sweet Attachments: hyoid, mandible, styloid process, soft palate Made of Skeletal muscle w/CT septum
sou r Grips and moves food between teeth during chewing
Functions
salt y
Intrinsic muscles Extrinsic muscles
Innervation
Motor = Hypoglossal (CN XII) Sensory = Mandibular (CN V3), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) www.smso.net
Pg 618
Swallowing
Voluntarily initiated (pharynx) Peristalsis = propulsion
Pg 611
Involuntary Alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls (e.g. esophagus) Squeezes food from one organ to next Some mixing
www.smso.net
Salivary Glands
Exocrine, tubuloalveolar glands Produce Saliva
Internal salivary glands are small
H2O, Ions, Mucus, Enzymes In mucosa of tongue, lips, palate, cheeks Keep areas wet
External salivary glands are large, have ducts
External to mouth Provide saliva when necessary or anticipated 2 Submandibular, 2 Sublingual, 2 Parotid glands www.smso.net
Salivary Glands
Pg 618
Moisten mouth, wet food Dissolve food to taste Bind food together Begin to break down starch Neutralize mouth acid Kill harmful microorganisms Promote beneficial bacteria www.smso.net
Tiny Tabitha’s Teeth The story of teeth from eruption to edentate
www.smso.net
Tiny Tabitha: Age 4 days
Number of Erupted Teeth = 0 Ultimate Goal = 32 Teeth
Incisors (8): rip, cut Canines (4): tear and pierce Premolars (8): grinding Molars (12): grinding
Estimated Time of Completion = 15-25 years Currently jaws covered by gingiva (gum): is oral mucosa = lots of drooling www.smso.net
Tabitha’s First Tooth
Deciduous (Milk) = 20
8 4 4 4
Incisors = 6-10 months Canines = 16-20 months 1st Molars = 12-16 months 2nd Molars = 20-24 months
Dental Formula: describes number, kind & position of teeth in ½ of the mouth
canines Incisors
2:1:0:2 2:1:0:2
premolar s
www.smso.net
molars
X 2 = 20
Tabitha’s Teeth
Function: Ingestion and mechanical breakdown of food Alveoli: sockets in mandible and maxilla teeth sit in Periodontal Ligament: collagen fibers anchor tooth in bony socket
Gomphosis
Cementum: calcified connective tissue attaching tooth to periodontal ligament www.smso.net
Pg 620
Gross Anatomy of a Tooth Pg 620
Crown = area above gingiva Neck = (gumline) where crown and root meet Root = area below neck in alveolus www.smso.net
Tabitha’s Teeth Begin to Tumble
Around 7 years of age the periodontal ligaments & roots of deciduous teeth are eroded = teeth fall out Permanent teeth begin to erupt between 7-13 years 3rd Molars (Wisdom Teeth) may not erupt until 17-25 years End Result: Adult Dental Formula premolar 2:1:2:3 2:1:2:3
www.smso.net
s X 2 = 32
Tabitha’s Tooth Troubles
College --> too much junkfood = CAVITIES (caries) Bacteria erodes through the outer enamel covering of tooth
Avascular, Acellular Mostly calcium salts Not renewed or replaced Hardest substance in body
In severe cases it erodes the deeper dentin of tooth
Made of minerals & collagen Is maintained during life Harder than bone Bulk of tooth
www.smso.net
Pg 620
Tabitha’s Tooth Trauma!
Most severe cases erosion penetrates pulp cavity
Center of tooth Pulp = loose CT w/ vessels & nerves Supplies nutrients to hard tissues
Root canal: part of pulp cavity in root Apical Foramen: opening of pulp cavity into root canal Artery: Sup/Inf Alveolar aa, branches of Ext Carotid a Innervation:
Maxilla = Superior Alveolar Nerves Mandible = Inferior Alveolar Nerves www.smso.net
Pg 620
Tabitha’s Teeth: the later years
Tabitha graduates college, begins to take better care of her teeth (i.e. consistent brushing, flossing & dental visits), and leads a normal happy tooth-filled life UNTIL………
GINGIVITIS…..(inflammation of the gingiva caused by plaque accumulation) leads to…..
www.smso.net
Toodaloo Tabitha’s Teeth
PERIODONTITIS
Infection of periodontal ligament leading to its destruction and that of the bone around teeth Leading to……..
TOOTHLESSNESS!!!
www.smso.net
www.smso.net
www.smso.net
Triangles of the Neck: Posterior
Boundaries
Anterior = Sternocleidomastoid muscle Posterior = Trapezius muscle Inferior = Clavicle
Contents
Nerves: Phrenic, Accessory, Cervical Plexus,Brachial Plexus Artery: Subclavian Vein: External Jugular www.smso.net
Triangles of the Neck: Anterior
Boundaries
Superior = Inferior margin of Mandible Anterior = Midline of Neck Posterior = Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Contents
Muscles: Suprahyoid, Infrahyoid Artery: Carotid Vein: Internal Jugular, External Jugular Nerve: Accessory Glands: Submandibular www.smso.net
Triangles of the Neck
pg 739
www.smso.net
Upper Respiratory Tract
Pg 583 www.smso.net
Nose
Only external part of Respiratory tract Functions
Airway of respiratory tract Moisten and Warm air Filter air Resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors
External Nares = Nostrils: openings through which air enters nasal cavity Internal Nares = Choanae: openings between nasal cavity and nasopharynx www.smso.net
Nasal Cavity
Part of respiratory passage Boundaries
Roof = ethmoid bone (cribiform plate) Floor = maxilla (palatine process) Pg 584 palatine (horizontal plate) Lateral walls = nasal bones, superior,+ middle nasal conchae (ethmoid bone), inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, palatine bone Nasal Septum = divides cavity into 2
Continuous w/nasopharynx via internal nares Hard Palate = palatine, maxillary bones (= floor) Soft Palate = muscular (very posterior) www.smso.net
Nasal Conchae
Project medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity Superior, Middle (ethmoid) Inferior nasal conchae Covered with Mucosa Functions
Create turbulance Reclaim heat from exhaled air
www.smso.net
Pg 584
Nasal Cavity
Respiratory Mucosa–lines cavity walls, septum
Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium w/lamina propria
(continued)
Mucous cells + serous cells
Moistens + warms inhaled air Highly innervated, vascularized
Olfactory Mucosa – on roof of nasal cavity, contains the olfactory (smell) receptors
www.smso.net
Nasal Cavity (continued)
Vestibule –space just inside external nares
Skin lining contains:
Sebaceous glands -greasy secretion collect dirt, lubricate, kill bacteria Sweat glands -acidic, slows growth of bacteria Hair follicles –trap smaller particles of dirt and dust
Vibrissae – nose hairs filtering larger particles from air
www.smso.net
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled sacs surrounding nasal cavity; extension of nasal cavity; same lining Located in Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla bones Function: Warm + Filter air, Lightens skull
Pg 16
www.smso.net
Pharynx = “Throat”
Connects nasal cavity & mouth to esophagus & larynx Runs from skull to C6 Carries food and air Lined with skeletal muscle Divided into 3 regions
Pg 617
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Layrngopharynx
www.smso.net
Tonsils
Swellings of mucosal lining of pharynx Simple lymph organs
Form ring around opening of pharynx 4 groups Palatine (pair) Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal (pair) www.smso.net
Pg 570
MALT: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Nasopharynx: Only carries air
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium Location
Posterior to Nasal Cavity Inferior to Sphenoid bone Superior to Soft Palate
Closed off during swallowing by soft palate & uvula Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) Tubal tonsils www.smso.net
Oropharynx: Carries Food & Air
Thick, protruding stratified squamosal epithelium due to great friction Location
Posterior to Oral Cavity Runs from Soft Palate to Epiglottis
Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils www.smso.net
Laryngopharynx: Carries Food & Air
Stratified squamosal epithelium Location
Posterior to Larynx
Continuous with esophagus (digestive system) Continuous with larynx (respiratory system)
www.smso.net
Regions of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx Oropharyn x Laryngophary nx
Pg 584 www.smso.net
Larynx = “voicebox”
Location: C4-6
Attachments
Superiorly = hyoid bone Inferiorly = trachea
Innervation = vagus Functions
Pg 570
Low in neck for speech
Voice production Airway Routes food/air www.smso.net
Vocal Cords
Located in larynx Vocal ligaments run from aretynoid and thyroid cartilages Elastic fibers form mucosal fold = true vocal cords “False” vocal cords = lie superior to true pair, no role in voice production Exhaled air passes over them causing vibration
Force of air = volume Length & tension of folds = pitch
Pg 588
www.smso.net
Larynx
9 Cartilages connected by ligaments & membranes
1 1 1 2 2 2
Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform
Superior part = stratified squamosal epithelium Below vocal cords= ciliated pseudostratified columnar
www.smso.net
Laryngeal Cartilages
Epiglottis
Thyroid Cartilage
Elastic cartilage; Mucosa covering Projects upward from anterior wall of laryngeal inlet to level of base of tongue Large, shield shaped, made of 2 plates Laryngeal prominence
Cricoid Cartilage
Shaped like signet ring www.smso.net and trachea Between thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal Cartilages
Pg 587 www.smso.net
Thyroid Gland
Location:
Endocrine Gland
Along trachea, just inferior to larynx “Butterfly” shape Thyroid hormone (TH): increases basal metabolic rate Calcitonin: depresses excessive levels of Ca2+ in blood
Blood Supply:
Superior thyroid arteries (branches of ext. carotids) Inferior thryoid arteries (branches of subclavians) www.smso.net
Hyoid Bone
Only bone not directly articulated with other bones Attaches via ligaments to temporal bone, larynx Components
Functions Moveable base for tongue Attachment for sternohyoid, thyrohyoid Superior attachment for larynx www.smso.net
Pg 163
Body Pair of Greater Horns Pair of Lesser Horns
Mouth = Oral Cavity
Opening of alimentary canal Lined with mucosa Thick, stratified epithelium (slightly keratinized in some parts) Boundaries Anterior = lips Lateral = cheeks Posterior = oropharynx Superior = palate Inferior = tongue www.smso.net
Pg 617
Mouth
Lips (labia) + Cheeks:
Keep food in mouth during
chewing
Lips = Orbicularis oris Pg 266Muscles of Mastication (checkout Origin/Insertions!) 7
Cheeks: Temporalis & Masseter (elevate mandible) Buccinator (chewing) Digastric (lower mandible against resistance) Pterygoids (lateral movements)
Palate
Hard palate (anterior): Tongue pushes food against it during chewing, made of bone Soft palate (posterior): Closes nasopharynx during swallowing; made of muscle www.smso.net
bitte r
Tongue
Mixes food with saliva = BOLUS Moves bolus down pharynx Speech production Houses taste buds (= gustation)
Creates floor of mouth sweet Attachments: hyoid, mandible, styloid process, soft palate Made of Skeletal muscle w/CT septum
sou r Grips and moves food between teeth during chewing
Functions
salt y
Intrinsic muscles Extrinsic muscles
Innervation
Motor = Hypoglossal (CN XII) Sensory = Mandibular (CN V3), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) www.smso.net
Pg 618
Swallowing
Voluntarily initiated (pharynx) Peristalsis = propulsion
Pg 611
Involuntary Alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls (e.g. esophagus) Squeezes food from one organ to next Some mixing
www.smso.net
Salivary Glands
Exocrine, tubuloalveolar glands Produce Saliva
Internal salivary glands are small
H2O, Ions, Mucus, Enzymes In mucosa of tongue, lips, palate, cheeks Keep areas wet
External salivary glands are large, have ducts
External to mouth Provide saliva when necessary or anticipated 2 Submandibular, 2 Sublingual, 2 Parotid glands www.smso.net
Salivary Glands
Pg 618
Moisten mouth, wet food Dissolve food to taste Bind food together Begin to break down starch Neutralize mouth acid Kill harmful microorganisms Promote beneficial bacteria www.smso.net
Tiny Tabitha’s Teeth The story of teeth from eruption to edentate
www.smso.net
Tiny Tabitha: Age 4 days
Number of Erupted Teeth = 0 Ultimate Goal = 32 Teeth
Incisors (8): rip, cut Canines (4): tear and pierce Premolars (8): grinding Molars (12): grinding
Estimated Time of Completion = 15-25 years Currently jaws covered by gingiva (gum): is oral mucosa = lots of drooling www.smso.net
Tabitha’s First Tooth
Deciduous (Milk) = 20
8 4 4 4
Incisors = 6-10 months Canines = 16-20 months 1st Molars = 12-16 months 2nd Molars = 20-24 months
Dental Formula: describes number, kind & position of teeth in ½ of the mouth
canines Incisors
2:1:0:2 2:1:0:2
premolar s
www.smso.net
molars
X 2 = 20
Tabitha’s Teeth
Function: Ingestion and mechanical breakdown of food Alveoli: sockets in mandible and maxilla teeth sit in Periodontal Ligament: collagen fibers anchor tooth in bony socket
Gomphosis
Cementum: calcified connective tissue attaching tooth to periodontal ligament www.smso.net
Pg 620
Gross Anatomy of a Tooth Pg 620
Crown = area above gingiva Neck = (gumline) where crown and root meet Root = area below neck in alveolus www.smso.net
Tabitha’s Teeth Begin to Tumble
Around 7 years of age the periodontal ligaments & roots of deciduous teeth are eroded = teeth fall out Permanent teeth begin to erupt between 7-13 years 3rd Molars (Wisdom Teeth) may not erupt until 17-25 years End Result: Adult Dental Formula premolar 2:1:2:3 2:1:2:3
www.smso.net
s X 2 = 32
Tabitha’s Tooth Troubles
College --> too much junkfood = CAVITIES (caries) Bacteria erodes through the outer enamel covering of tooth
Avascular, Acellular Mostly calcium salts Not renewed or replaced Hardest substance in body
In severe cases it erodes the deeper dentin of tooth
Made of minerals & collagen Is maintained during life Harder than bone Bulk of tooth
www.smso.net
Pg 620
Tabitha’s Tooth Trauma!
Most severe cases erosion penetrates pulp cavity
Center of tooth Pulp = loose CT w/ vessels & nerves Supplies nutrients to hard tissues
Root canal: part of pulp cavity in root Apical Foramen: opening of pulp cavity into root canal Artery: Sup/Inf Alveolar aa, branches of Ext Carotid a Innervation:
Maxilla = Superior Alveolar Nerves Mandible = Inferior Alveolar Nerves www.smso.net
Pg 620
Tabitha’s Teeth: the later years
Tabitha graduates college, begins to take better care of her teeth (i.e. consistent brushing, flossing & dental visits), and leads a normal happy tooth-filled life UNTIL………
GINGIVITIS…..(inflammation of the gingiva caused by plaque accumulation) leads to…..
www.smso.net
Toodaloo Tabitha’s Teeth
PERIODONTITIS
Infection of periodontal ligament leading to its destruction and that of the bone around teeth Leading to……..
TOOTHLESSNESS!!!
www.smso.net
www.smso.net
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