The Effect Of Cellular Phones To The Academic Performance Research.docx

The effect of cellular phones to the academic performance of SHS students at Llorente National high school, llorente eastern samar School year 2018-2019

Introduction:

Cellphone technology is based on radio technology that was developed from the 1940’s onward. For instance, the beginning of cellphones can be traced to the innovation in taxi cabs, police cars, and other service vehicles where two way radios allowed taxi drivers or police officers to the communicate with one another or with a central base. Early cellphone communication technology can ever be traced back to individuals with special radios that patch into a phone line via live operator to make a phone call.

The Swedish police used the first official mobile phone in 1946. The technology was connected to the telephone network and was distinctive of two way radio technology. The phone was not very practical as it could only make 6 phone calls before the car’s battery was drained. Modern cellphone technology started when D.H. Ring from bell labs created hexagonal cells for mobile phones in 1947. Later on, another engineer from Bell labs come up with the idea of cell towers that would transmit and receive signals in three directions instead of two. However, although some technologies have been developed electronics and other technologies take decade to mature.

Background of the Study

Cellphone were originally created so people take while they drive. Initially called, “car phones”. Early cellphones were bulky, climber some and expensive compared to today’s modern devices.

Today, we’re covering the history of cellphones and explaining where the future of cellphones could be. The world’s first cellphone was launched in 1983. It was the Motorola DynaTAC 800x. It was priced at around $4,000 and lasted for 30 minutes of talk time before dying. It was also about the size of a foot long sub from subway.

Despite the phone large size, it was still considered to be the most portable telephone ever made. For the first time in history, a human being could call someone without the constraints of wires or portable phone holders.

By 1967, mobile phone technology was available. However, the user had to stay within one cell areas that a base station serviced were unable to hand off cellular phone calls from one base station to another. While users could make a phone call, they were unable to continue the call after they reached a set range. In 1970, Amos Edward Joel, who also was an engineer at Bell Labs, developed the call handoff system. This technology facilitated phone calls from one area to another that would not be dropped.

While the technology had been developed, it was not until 1971 that AT & T submitted a request to the FCC for cellular service. It took more than 10 years for an approval and in 1982, the FCC allocated the frequencies of 824-894 MHZ band to advanced mobile phone service (AMPS). From 1982 to 1990; AMPS was an analog service, digital AMPS come.

Throughout the decades, many technologies that made mobile phones available existed. Most of time, these phones were installed in vehicles due to the large battery requirements. For instance, the MTA (Mobile Telephone System) that Ericsson developed was available in versions weighed around 2 pounds, which is still ineffective in comparison to the portable devices that are used today.

In the first generation cellphones in 1983, Motorola unveiled the first truly portable cellular phone to the world. It was called the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x. the PCC approved it in the United States. Motorola developed the technology for cellular phone for decades and this particular phone took 15 years to come on the market at the cost of 100 million dollars. The DynaTAC 200x was extremely light weight for its time and only weighed about 28 ounces it was 13 inches x 175 inches x 3.5 inches and was known as the bricks for its shapes. It was largely developed with the help of Dr. Marin Copper of Motorola.

From 1983 to the end of the 1980’s cellphones grew in popularity due to the innovations in cellular networks that were able to handle phone calls in either one area on hand then off to other areas. While most cellphones were not made for permanent installation in the can. For a while the term “can phones” there were a few models that came in tote bag configuration that is

easily hooked up to a car’s battery via the DC outlet. There were also a few models that came as briefcase, to hold large batteries necessary to make phone calls.

In second generation, cellular phone from the early 1990 are considered second generation and they were able to work mobile phone systems such as G&M IS-136 (IDMA), and IS-99 (IDMA) digital mobile phones networks were in use in the United States in 1990 and Europe by 1991. 26 mobile phones use digital circuit switched transmissions. This ultimately enabled quicker of dropped cells and increasing call quality. As 26 digital network were online most of the time, they replaced analog frequencies effectively making them absolute.

Phones, base on 26 technology were much smaller than the brick telephones of the need to late 80s. plus they were hand held devices that were truly portable and did not need a large battery advances in battery and computer chip technology also helped to make 26 cell phones much smaller than phone use soared.

In the third generation, cellular phones is the technology that is currently available and it is commonly referred to as 3-6. While 36 came only a few years after 36, merely due to many innovations in technology and services standard for 36 are usually different depending on the networks.

It is usually started that 36 is not necessarily a raged standards, but it is a set requirement. They include a megabits of maximum data rate indoors and 384 k bits for outdoor use. 36 mobile phones usually includes innovations to receive phones also after email and internet access

technologies are continuing to improve and new innovations such as streaming radio, as well as Wi-Fi, are currently breaking into the marker.

In 1947, researchers looked at crude mobile (car) phones and realized that by using small cells (a range of service area) and found that with frequency reuse they increase the traffic capacity of mobile phones substantially. However, the technology to do so at the rime was nonexistent.

Then there’s the issue of regulation. A cellphone is a type of two-way radio and anything to do with broadcasting and sending a radio or television message out over the airwaves is under authority of Federal Communication (FCC) allocate a large number of radio spectrum frequencies so that widespread mobile telephone service would become feasible, which would also give AT&T an incentive to research the new technology.

The agency’s response? The FCC decided to limit the current of frequencies available in 1947. The limits made only twenty-three phone conversations possible simultaneously in the same service are and gone was the market incentive for research. In a way, we can partially blame the FCC for the gap between the initial concept of cellular service and its availability to the public.

It wasn’t until 1968 that the FCC reconsidered its position, stating that “If the technology to build a better mobile service works, we will increase the frequencies allocation, freeing the airwaves for more phones”. With that, AT&T and Bell Labs porposes a cellular system to the FCC of many small, low-powered, broadcast and collectively covering a large area. Each tower would use only a few of the total frequencies allocated to the system.

And as the phones travelled across the area, call would be passed from tower to tower. Dr. Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems divisions at Motorola, is considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset. In fact, Cooper made the first call on a portable cell phone in April 1973 to his rival, Joel Engel, who served as Bell Labs head of research.

The phone was a prototype called DynaTAC and weighed 28 ounces. Bell Laboratories had introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1974 with the police car technology, but it was Motorola that first incorporated the technology into portable device designed for use outside of automobiles. By 1977, AT&T and Bell Labs had constructed a prototype cellular system. A year later, public trials at the new system were held in Chicago with over 2,000 customers. In 1979, in a separate venture, the first commercial cellular telephone system began operation in Tokyo. In 1981, Motorola and American Radio Telephone started a second U.S. cellular radio telephone system test in the Washington/Baltimore area. And by 1982, the slow-moving FCC finally authorized commercial cellular service for the USA.

So despite the incredible demand, it tool cellular phone service many years to become commercially available in the United States. Consumer demand would soon outship the 1982 system standards and by 1987, cellular telephone subscribers exceeded one million with the airways becoming more and more crowded.

There are basically three ways of improving services. Regulator can increase frequencies allocation, existing cells can be split and the technology can be improved. The FCC did not want

to handout anymore bandwidth and building or splitting cells would have networks. So to stimulate the growth of new technology, the FCC declared in 1987 that cellular license could employ alternative cellular technologies in the 800MHz band. With that, the cellular industry began to research transmission technology as an alternative. (According to Mary Bellis)

Statement of the Problem The main objective of the study is to look into the academic performance of Senior High Student at Llorente National High School, Llorente, Eastern Samar, School year 2018-2019.

The specific questions which the study will answer the following: 1) How may the respondents be described in terms of 1.1 Personal Profile 1.1.1

Age

1.1.2

Gender

1.2.3

Educational background

1.2 Academic related Profile 1.2.1

Strand

1.2.2

School/University Enrolled in

2) What is the level of academic performance of Senior High Student in Llorente National High School, Llorente Eastern Samar, school year 2018-2019. 3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using cellular phone to the senior high school student?

4) Is there a significant relationship between using cellular phones to the academic performance of senior high school students at Llorente National High School, Llorente Eastern Samar, school year 2018-2019?

Research Hypothesis The study will advance the research hypothesis which states that there is a significant relationship between the using cellular phones to the academic performance of Senior High School student at Llorente National High School in Llorente Eastern Samar, school year 2018-2019.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study will analyze the academic performance of Senior High School student at Llorente National High School, Llorente Eastern Samar for the school year 2018-2019

Significance of the Study This will be geared towards finding out the academic performance of Senior High School students at LNHS. The result of which will hopefully provide the benefit of the following:

School Adminstrator. The study served as a guide for the school administrator in implanting some school program on knowledge and full understanding of concepts. The result of the study initiated action that could be used as basis for more effective program. Parents. The parents whom the school entrust the background support to their students on the various assignment and other school activities.

They actively participate school activities and encourage their students to study or assess their work. The parents always remind their students to make their obligation to the school campus.

Students. This study will identify the different specific problem that hinder students.

Conceptual Framework

Improved Academic Performance of Senior High School Student

Usage of Cellular Phones

Academic Performance

Senior High School Students School Year 2018-2019

Chapter II Review of Related Literature

Related Literature According to Stellab (2011). Students who have smart phones were more likely bother access social media tools and spend time engaging with others from an educational standpoint. This means there may very well be a “digital divide” between those who are making connections with others and those who might be left behind.

According to Haruma et. al (2016). Mobile phones are the most necessary medium of communication for adolescents. It was virtually affected the society’s accessibility, security, safety and coordination of business and social activities and had hence, become a part of a culture of the whole world.

According to Ling (2004). Mobile phones have become an almost essential part of daily life since their rapid growth in popularity in the late 1990’s. The influence of mobile phones on our schools today has not been given much attention. There is the conflicting priority of young people, parents, and teachers in relation to the mobile phone device with teachers more concerned about issues such as discipline in the classroom and parents worried about means of contacting their children at point in time.

According to (AOKI, 2003), mobile phones originally made from adults for business use. This is extremely similar to the fixed telephone in the easily 20th century, where telephone

engineers explained that the telephone was made for the business world and not for social conversation.

Jubien (2013 concludes that graduate students combine their personal live with their students’ lives influenced by the use of smartphones.

Recent studies exploring the effects of texting/posting on student learning outcomes have relied on information processing theory Mayer 1996. As a basis for arguing that texting can cause distractions that hamper student learnings. Briefly, information processing identity attention working memory, short term memory, and metacognition as key resources by individuals when they learn new information. Because learning is a process diminished capacity with any single he bunce can impact other resources. Thus, in the case of texting/posting students attention can be divided, which can distract attention from on task behavior. In term information processed in working (short term memory may be incomplete or inaccurate, which could lead to inaccurate or insufficient storage of information is some term memory. (According to Abuhassna, 2006)

The study attempts to examine the extent of use of mobile phone and its influence on the academic performance of the students. A face to face, survey using structed questionnaire was the method used to elicit the opinions of students between the age group 18-25 years in three cities governing all three regions that state of Andhra Pradesh in India. (According to T. Tripura Sundari)

A study conducted by international center for media and the public agenda asked two hundred students of the university of Maryland college park to abstain from using all media for

twenty four hours. The students were then asked to blog on private class website about their experiences to report their successes and admit to any failures the students wrote over 110,000 words an indicate of the severe addiction to mobile phone usage.

Related Study: Javaid et al (2011) conducted a study on university students and use this splendid mobile technology in a better way by sharing helpful information with their class fellows and teachers.

Leung (2007) conducted a study with the objective (1) to identify addiction symptoms that are uniquely associated with mobile phone use among adolescent in Hong Kong, (2) to examine how demographics and psychological attributes (such as leisure, boredom, sensation seeking and self-esteem) of individual are related to the addiction symptoms; and (3) to explore how these attributes, mobile phone addiction symptoms; and social capital can predict improper use of the mobile phone. This study was conducted in Hong Kong, in China among 402 teenagers and young adult whose ages ranged from 14-20. Four addiction symptoms were identified by explanatory factor analysis method. These were losing control and receiving complaints anxiety, and craving, withdrawal/escape and productivity loss. This study found that those who scored higher on leisure boredom and sensation seeking, their likelihood to addiction where also higher. Conversely, participants with higher score on self-esteem showed less of such tendency. Again, respondents scored low on self-esteem but high on sensation seeking, showed the most improper use of the mobile phone.

Daulita (2008) conducted a study the impact of home environment on the scholastic achievement. This study was conducted on 120 students of class VIII selected from senior secondary schools of Panipat in Haryana, India. The variables under the study where measured by using Misra’s home environment inventory scale and by collecting records. This study showed a positive impact of home environment on the mean values of scholastic achievement of adolescents. Also more significant positive correlation was found between the good quality of home environment and the high level of scholastic achievements of boys than girls. Finally, the study highlighted that good quality of home environment had more significant positive effect on high scholastic achievement. Hence, the study conducted that family environment plays a privotal role in a child’s academic achievement (June 1993)

Ahmed, Qazi, and Perji (2011) conducted a research among 500 students in Pakistan to study the pattern of mobile phone usage among youngsters to explore the extent of addictive behavior towards its usage. The result of the study indicated that majority respondents were able to draw a line of priorities between the responsibilities and commitments and all phone usage. Very few always showed extreme addictive behavior while rests of the respondents were not frequently involved in addiction usage patterns. Youngsters use their cell phones logically and controllably within a limit and do not tends towards extreme behavior which are cap[able to lead towards addictive cell phone usage.

Javid, Malir and Guyjan (2011) conducted a study on mobile phone culture and its psychological impacts of students learning at the university level determine the effect of mobile phone on the performance pf students (at university level). The sample size was 390. The subject

were the students of Islamia University of Bahavalpur Bahawa Campus Pakistan. A questioner having a 25 items of five stages scales was administrated with the subject.

Campbell (2005) studied the impact of mobile phone on young people’s social life (such as, peer relationships, family relationship and on the institution of the school. Young people used mobile phones positively to organize and maintain social networks with other. Certain negative impact of mobile phone are also seen on young people’s in peer relationship, such as ostracism and cyber bullying likewise, the usage of mobile phone has led to change the dynamics in a family. the issue of safety and surveillance from the perspectives of parents lead to negotiate the changing freedoms for young people. Although the functional coordination can be beneficial difficulties, non-custodies parent access, and over reliance on the mobile phone for safety issues and disturb young people’s lives. Descriptions to lessons, incidence of cheating and bullying etc. are the negative impacts of mobile phone using in school while texting parents of truants to be positive.

Chapter 3: Methodology