The Development Of The Self-disclosure Scale

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The Development of the Self-disclosure Scale Carlo Magno Sherwin Cuason Christine Figueroa De La Salle University-Manila Abstract The purpose of the present study is to develop a measure for self-disclosure. The items were based on a survey administered to 83 college students. From the survey 114 items were constructed under 9 hypothesized factors. The items were reviewed by experts. The main try out form of the test was composed of 112 items administered to 100 high school and college students. The data analysis showed that the test has a Cronbach’s alpha of .91. The factor loadings retained 60 items with high summated correlations under five factors. The new factors are beliefs, relationships, personal matters, interests, and intimate feelings. Each person has a complex personality system. Individuals are oftentimes very much interested in knowing our personality type, attitudes, interests, aptitude, achievement and intelligence. This is the reason why we should develop a psychological test that would help us assess our standing. The test we have developed aims to measure the self-disclosing frequency individuals in different areas. This will help them know what areas in their life they are willing to let other people know. This would be a good instrument for counselors to use for the assessment of their clients. The result of the client’s test would help the counselor adjust his or her skills eliciting or disclosing more or other areas or other topics. Self-disclosure is a very important aspect in the counseling process, because selfdisclosure is one of the instruments the counselor can use. The consequence of the client not disclosing himself is their inability to respond to their problem and to the counselor. This is what the researchers took into consideration in developing the test. It could also be used outside the counseling process. An individual may want to take it to find out what areas in his or her life have been easy for them to shell out and what areas need more revelations. Review of Related Literature It has always been psychologists concern to explain what is going on inside a particular individual in relation with his entire system of personality. One important component of looking into the intrinsic phenomenon of human behavior is selfdisclosure. Self-disclosure as defined by Sidney Jourard (1958) is the process of making the self known to other person; “target persons” are persons whom information about the self is communicated. In the process of self-disclosure we make ourselves manifest in thinking and feeling through our actions - actions expressed verbally (Chelune, Skiffington, & Williams, 1981). In addition, Hartley (1993) stressed the importance of interpersonal communication in disclosing the self. Hartley (1993) defined selfdisclosure as the means of opening up about oneself with other people. Moreover, Norrel

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(1989) defined self-disclosure as the process by which persons make themselves known to each other and occur when an individual communicates genuine thoughts and feelings. Generally, self-disclosure is the process in which a person is willing to share or open oneself to another person or group whom the individual can trust and the process is done verbally. The factors identified in self-disclosure which are potent areas in the content in communicating superficial or intimate topics are (1) Personal matters, (2) Thoughts & ideas, (3) Religion, (4) Work, study & accomplishments, (5) Sex, (6) Interpersonal relationship, (7) Emotional state, (8) tastes, (9) Problems. The process of self-disclosure occurs during interaction with others (Chelume, Skiffington, & Williams, 1981). In the studies that Jourard (1961;1969) conducted, he stated that a person will permit himself to be known when “ he believes his audience is man of goodwill.” There should be a guarantee of privacy that the information disclosed will not escape the circle. Jourard (1971) noted that persons need to self-disclose to get in touch with their real selves, to have intimate relationships with people, to bond with others, in pursuit of the truth of one’s being and to direct their destiny on the basis of knowledge. Jourard agrees with Buber (1965) that in a humanistic sense of self-disclosure “we see the index of man functioning at his highest and truly human level rather than at the level of a thing or an animal. “ The consequences that follow after self-disclosure are manifested on its outcomes (Jourard, 1971). The outcomes are: (1) We learn the extent to which we are similar, one to the other, and to the extent to which we differ from one another in thoughts, feelings, hopes and reactions to the past. (2) We learn of the other man’s needs, enabling them to help him or to ensure that his needs will not be met. (3) We learn the extent to which a man accords with or deviates from moral and ethical standards. In a survey that the researchers have conducted, a person after disclosing feels better (42.2%), happy (8.26%), free (5.51%), fine (4.6%), relaxed (3.67%), peaceful (3.67%), okay (3.67%), lighter (2.75%), calm (2.75%), great (1.83%), satisfied (1.83%), nothing (6.42%), and others (12.88%). Furthermore, it was reported that on being transparent or open, individuals feel relieved that a burden was taken off their shoulders, they experience peace of mind, and consequently happiness, contact with his or her real self, and better able to direct their destiny on the basis of knowledge (Jourard, 1971; Maningas, 1993). Cozby (1973) noted that self-disclosure as an ongoing behavioral process include five basic parameters: amount of personal information disclosed; intimacy of the information disclosed; rate or duration of disclosure; affective manner of presentation; and disclosing flexibility, these are the appropriate cross-situational modulation of disclosure. Cozby (1973) further stated that interrelatedness on these parameters is used interchangeably. Areas of Self-disclosure In terms of the information disclosed, the researchers arrived with nine hypothesized factors based on a survey study conducted. These factors are:

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Interpersonal relationship, thoughts and ideas, work/study/accomplishments, sex, religion, personal characteristics, emotional state, tastes, problems. The factors are reflected on the subjects disposition of being students in which there are influences of social situation of schooling and social life. Interpersonal Relationship. Interpersonal relationship is operationally defined as the range of relationships or bonding formed within the outside the family which include peers, friends, and casual acquaintances. Jourard (1971) proposed that disclosure of relatively intimate information indicates movement towards greater intimacy in interpersonal relationships. In support, it is indicated that self-disclosure illuminate the process of developing relationships (Hill & Stull, 1981; Altman & Taylor, 1973). In terms of gender, it was consistently proven that women disclose themselves to their same gender to the greater extent that men do. Females have generally been reported to be more disclosing than males (Jourard, 1971; Chelume et al, 1981; Taylor et al, 1981). Some studies indicate that individuals who are more willing to disclose personal information about themselves also to high-disclosing rather than low disclosing others (Jourard, 1959; Jourard & Landsman, 1960; Richman, 1963; Altman & Taylor, 1973). It was reported that self-disclosure is significantly and positively related with friendship and this relationship is greatest with respect to intimate topics or superficial information (Rubin & Levy, 1975; Newcomb, 1961; Priest & Sawyer, 1967). Rubin and Shenker (1975) adapted a self-disclosure questionnaire of Jourard and Taylor (1971) in which they came up with four new clusters; interpersonal relationship, attitudes, sex, and tastes. These clusters contain items on sensitive information one withholds. The selfdisclosure reports are less moderately reliable (.62 to .72 for men and .51 to .78 for women). In marital relationship, it was found that the greater the discrepancy in partners affective self-disclosure and marital satisfaction ( Levinger & Senn, 1967; Jorgensen, 1980). In parent-child relationship it was reported that there are no differences in the content of the self-disclosure of Filipino adolescents with their mother and father (Cruz, Custodio, & Del Fierro, 1996). The study also indicated that birth order is highly relevant in analyzing the content of self-disclosure. The result of the study also show that children are more disclosing toward the mother because she empathize. Sex. One of the most intimate topics as a content in self-disclosure is sex. It is usually embarassing and hard to open to others because some people have the faulty learning that it is evil, lustful, and dirty (Coleman, Butcher, & Carson, 1980). But mature individuals view human sexuality as a way of being in the world of men and women whose moments of life and every aspect of living is spent to experience being with the entire world in a distinctly male or female way (Maningas, 1995). Furthermore, sexuality is part of our natural power or capacity to relate to others. It gives the necessary qualities of sensitivity, warmth, mental respect in our interpersonal relationship and openness (Maningas, 1995). Sexuality as being part of our relationship needs to be opened up or expressed as Freud noted the desire of our instinct or id. Maningas (1995) stressed out that sex is an

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integral part of our personal self-expression and our mission of self-communication to others. Some findings by Jourard (1964) on subject matter differences noted that details about one’s sex life is not muchly disclosable as compared with other factors. Jourard (1964) also noted that anyone who is reluctant to be known by another person and to know another person - sexually and cognitively - will find the prospective terrifying. Sex as a factor in self-disclosure is included because most closely knitted adolescents gives focal view on sex. The survey study that was conducted shows that 5.26% of males and 3.44% of females disclose themselves regarding sexual matters. Personal matters about the self. Personal matters consist of private truths about oneself and it may be favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone, exhibited in one’s belief, feelings or intended behavior. In an experiment conducted by Taylor, Gould, and Brounstein (1981), they found that the level of intimacy of the disclosure was determined by (1) dispositional characteristics, (2) characteristics of subjects, and (3) the situation. Their personalistic hypothesis was confirmed that the level of disclosure affects the level of intimacy. Some studies also show that some individuals are more willing to disclose personal information about themselves to high disclosing rather than low disclosing others (Jourard, 1959; Jourard & Landsman, 1960; Jourard & Richman, 1963; Altman & Taylor, 1973). Furthermore, Jones & Archer (1976) have sought directly that the recipient’s attraction towards a discloser would be mediated by the personalistic attribution the recipient makes for the disclosers level of intimacy. Kelly and McKillop (1996) in their article stated that “choosing to reveal personal secrets is a complex decision that could have distorting consequences, such as being rejected and alienated from the listener.” But Jourard (1971) noted that a healthy behavior feels “right” and it should produce growth and integrity. Thus, disclosing personal matters about oneself is a means of being honest and seeking others to understand you better. Emotional State. One of the factors of self-disclosure defined as one’s revelation of emotions or feelings to other people. A retrospective study was conducted to determine what students did to make their developing romantic relationship known to social network members and what they did to keep their relationship from becoming known. It is shown in this study that the most frequent reasons for revelation were felt obligation to reveal based on the relationship with the target, the desire for emotional expression, and the desire for psychological support from the target. The most frequent reason to withhold information was the anticipation of a negative reaction from the target (Baxter, 1993). The researchers felt that the determination of the probability of selfdisclosure will be a lot better if emotional state is considered as a factor. Emotions, disclosures & health addresses some of the basic issues of psychology and psychotherapy: how people respond to emotional upheavals, why they respond the way they do, and why translating emotional events into language increases physical and mental health (Pennebaker, 1995). Taste. Is defined as thelikes and dislikes of a person openned to other people. In a study made by Rubin & Shenker (1975), they made a test studying the friendship,

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proximity and self-disclosure of college students in the contexts of being roomates or hallmates. The items were categorized in four clusters, in what we thought would be ascending order of intimacy-tastes, attitudes, interpersonal relationships, and self-concept and sex. This would help us determine whether people are willing to share superficial information right away as well as intimate information. Thoughts. Is defined as the things in mind that one is willing to share with other people. “A friend”, Emerson wrote, “ is a person with whom I may be sincere. Before him I may think aloud.” A large number of studies have documented the link between friendship and the disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings that Emerson’s statement implies (Rubin & Shenker, 1975). Another study presents a self-psychological rationale for the selected use of therapist self-disclosure, the conscious sharing of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or experiences with a patient (Goldstein, 1994). Religion. We operationally defined religion in self-disclosure as the ability of an individual to share his experiences thoughts, and emotions toward his beliefs about God. Healey (1990) offer an overview of the role of self-disclosure in Judeo-Christian religious experience with emphasis in the process of spiritual direction. In the study done by Kroger (1994), he shows the catholic confession as the embodiment of common sense regarding the social management of personal secrets, of the sins committed, and considers confession as a model for understanding the problem of the social transmission of personal secrets in everyday life. It is very important and considered as a factor in self-disclosure because of the fact, the Filipino people are very religious, and study shows that religious people disclose more ( Kroger, 1994). Problem When a person is depressed, he tends to find others that will listen and can share the problem with. To release the tension a person feels, he usually discloses it. Larity of a problem is attained when people starts to verbalize it and in the process, can be reach a solution. In the study of Rime (1995), they revealed that after major negative life events and traumatic emotional episodes, ordinary emotions, too, are commonly accompanied by intrusive memories and the need to talk about the episode. It also considered the hypothesis that such mental rumination and social sharing would represent spontaneously initiated ways of processing emotional information. Work/Study. Work or study is defined as the person’s present duty or responsibility which is expected to him and needs to be fulfilled in a given time. It is considered a factor in self- disclosure because this will give a glimpse of how open a person can share his joy and burden in his current responsibility. In the study of Starr (1975), it was hypothesized that self- disclosure is causally related to psychological and physical well being, with low disclosure related to maladjustment and high disclosure associated with mental health.

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Table 1 Hypothesized factors of Self-disclosure Factor Emotional state

Definition One’s revelation of emotions or feelings to other people. Feelings, attitudes toward a situation being revealed to others. Interpersonal relationship Indicates movement towards greater intimacy in interpersonal relationships. Range of relationships or bonding formed within the outside the family. Personal matters Private truth about oneself, favorable or unfavorable, toward something or someone and is exhibited in one’s belief, feelings or intended behavior. Being honest and seeking others to know you better by disclosing. Problems Depressing event or situation that can be lightened through disclosing. Conflict, disagreement experienced by an individual. Religion Ability of an individual to share his experiences, thoughts and emotions toward his feeling of God. Concept, perception and view of religion by an individual being able to share or tackle in the face of others. Sex As a way of being in the world of men and women whose moments of life is spent to experience being with the entire world in a distinctly male or female way. Willingness of a person to discuss his sexual experiences, needs and views. Taste Likes and dislikes of a person opened to other people. Views, feeling, appreciation of a person, place or thing. Thoughts Information in mind that you are willing to share with other people. Perception regarding a thing, or situation which is shared with others. Work/study/accomplishment Person’s present duty in which is expected to him. A person’s responsibility being expected by others and to be fulfilled in a particular time. Scope and Limitation The self-disclosure test is focused on the tendency of High School and college students of disclosing themselves. The items are applicable for 12 to 18 years old. The items were designed in a way that adolescent can show their disclosing capability on the activities and context they encounter during their stage. The ability of an individual to disclose himself is limited only to the existing factors proposed. The test is based on high schools and colleges experiences and if taken by a person ages 23 and above, it may not show the real measure of self-disclosure of an individual. It is recommended for the next researcher to construct items using the same domains to make it generalize for other ages.

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Significance of the study The self-disclosure scale is an instrument that can be used in counseling Psychology. The instrument is helpful for counselors to assess their client’s problem on the basis of their self-disclosing frequency in different areas. In the theories of personality, it can serve as an additional tool for measuring self-disclosure. Another significant contribution is having made available a tool for Filipino that measure this particular construct. This test has been made by Filipinos and for Filipinos. It has been made in the contest of Philippine setting and Filipino personality. Although the language used is in English, the items are easy to understand and applicable for Filipino adolescence. Method Search for Content Domain In the search for content domains, a survey was made and answered by 55 females from 16-22 years old. The respondents were students from the CLA, COE, COS and CBE of DLSU. The survey questionnaire aims to gather data about the selfdisclosing activities of the students. The survey questionnaire indicates the person whom one usually discloses, topics disclosed, situation where one discloses, how one discloses, characteristics while disclosing, and rate of their own self- disclosing habit. The selfdisclosure questionnaire by Sidney Jourard and Rubin and Shenkers intimacy of selfdisclosure was reviewed on how they came up with their items and factors. Item Writing and Review Based from the survey, 114 items under nine factors were constructed and the verbal frequency scale was used. The items were reviewed by two psychology professors and one psychometrician from De La Salle University. Some items were deleted, some were removed, and some were added. After being reviewed the pre-try out form was constructed. Development of the Pretest Form The pretest-form consists of 114 items with nine factors. The factors were sex (5 items), problems (21 items), interpersonal relationship (17 items), accomplishments/work/study (14 items), religion (6 items), tastes (8 items), thoughts (9 items), personal matter (20 items). The scaling used is the verbal frequency scale Always, often, sometimes, rarely, never). Pretryout Form In the pretryout form, 10 forms were prepared to be answered by 10 respondents conveniently selected, then a feedback is given on vague and not applicable items, and other comments. There were 10 psychology majors who answered the pre-test form (6 females and 4 males). The pretryout form consists of 110 items still with nine factors. There were six negative items (item no. 7, 30, 97, 106, 107, 109) and the rest were positive items. The

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scaling used was the verbal frequency scale because the test is a measure of a habit. The order of the items were randomly arranged and the responses are answered by checking the corresponding scale. The purpose of the pretryout form is for mild testing 10 subjects and to ask for comments for further revision. Development of the Main-tryout form The comments made on the pretryout form were considered and the main-tryout form was developed. The main-tryout form was consists of 112 items. The test was intended for adolescents because the items were empirically based on adolescent subjects and it reflects their usual activities. There were six negative items. The scaling used was the verbal frequency scale. The arrangement of items were in random order and the task of the respondent is to check the corresponding scale beside each item. There were 100 respondents who answered the test. The respondents were fourth year highschool students of St. Augustine School in Cavite, their ages ranging from 15 to 16, there were 48 males and females. The rest of the participants were college students from De La Salle University. The sampling design is purposive in which the respondent’s selection criteria is should belong to fourth year level in highschool and in college in private schools. During the administration of the test, the researchers explained the purpose of the test to the students and they all agreed to answer. It took the respondents 20 minutes to answer the test. The researchers then reviewed the data after the collection, each test was scored and encoded in the computer. Item Analysis and Factor Analysis The 112 items were intercorrelated and the factors were extracted the SPSS computer software. A matrix was made between the factors and the reliability was obtained using the Cronbach’s alpha. The items were grouped using Principal Components Analysis. Development of the Final form In the final form there were 60 items accepted and 62 items were deleted in the item analysis due to low factors loadings (below .40). There were five factors extracted in the Principal Components Analysis: Beliefs, relationships, personal matters, interests, and intimate feelings. Plan on developing the Norms A norm will be used to interpret the scores. The test is scored based on the corresponding answer on each item. A score is yield for a particular factor. The raw score will have an equivalent percentile based on a norm. And a corresponding percentile will have a remark. Test Plan In administering the test there is no alloted time to answer the test. The respondents or person taking the test is instructed to shade their corresponding answer on the answer sheet. There is no right or wrong answer in the test so respondents should answer as honestly as possible.

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In scoring, the answer Always is equivalent to 5 points, often=4, sometimes=3, rarely=2, never=1. All the items are positive because all the negative items were removed during the item analysis due to low factor loadings. The score on each item will be summated and there is an equivalent percentile for a particular score. In the interpretation, the garnered percentile will have a remark of high frequency, average frequency, and low frequency. A low disclosing individual would mean that the particular person never or rarely opens up his or herself toward others in the particular area. An average self-disclosing individual would mean that the particular person have opened in general terms about a particular matter only when necessary and on selected others on a particular area. A high self-disclosing individual would mean that the person has opened and shared himself fully and in complete details to others in the particular area. The individual will have the tendency to let himself to be known in all dimensions of his or her being. Results The corrected item-total correlation of the 62 items have a total correlation of above .30. The item-total correlation of accepted items ranges from .4866 to .3009, the item correlation of the deleted items ranges from -.0123 to .2980. The coefficient alpha reliability is .9134, the standard item alpha is .9166. A correlation matrix was made on the 112 items, the mean for the interiitem correlation is .339, the variance is 1821.3782, and the standard deviation is 42.6776. The highest intercorrelation of items is .6543 that occurred between item number 51 and item number 74. In the process of factor analysis, the hypothesized nine factors were extracted into 18 factors with an eigenvalue of 1.07878. The researchers considered 4% of variance which offers 5 factors. Table 2 shows the accepted items with their factor loadings. Table 2 Accepted items with their factor loadings Item number item 33 item 70 item 8 item 3 item 20 item 98 item 77 item 52 item 59 item 101 item 18 item 88 item93

Factor 1 .68766 .64815 .61846 .59245 .55228 .53677 .45061 .45001 .40504 .38157 .32574

Factor 2

.64293 .72024

Factor 3

Factor 4

Factor 5

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item95 item65 item94 item53 item75 item68 item66 item76 item96 item99 item11 item111 item82 item83 item17 item10 item104 item100 item56 item60 item62 item69 item27 item34 item39 item78 item43 item01 item28 item26 item35 item32 item72 item06 item73 item10 item100 item104 Item17 item56 item60 item62 item69 item82 item83

.6780 .59372 .54047 .51697 .50285 .44658 .41453 .41102 .38957 .36690 .36482 .29875 .77164 .69717 .59079 .54027 .45128 .44697 .42587 .39554 .39486 .32917 .63290 .61822 .58744 .54582 .49976 .49312 .43613 .43205 .42141 .41807 .41475 .35834 .32098 .54207 .446979 .54207 .59079 .42587 .39554 .38486 .32917 .77164 .69717

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Table 3 Factor Transformation Matrix FACTOR 1 FACTOR 2 FACTOR 3 FACTOR 4 FACTOR 5

FACTOR 1 .48319 .45400 .45191 .42701 .41696

FACTOR 2 -.56544 .43328 .55520 -.42879 .02089

FACTOR 3 -.25557 -.56522 .57057 .49427 -.212989

FACTOR 4 -.00160 -.49917 .09512 -.34059 .79106

FACTOR 5 -.61764 .19368 -.39107 .52297 .39315

The new five factors were given new names because the contents were different. Factor 1 was labeled as Beliefs with 11 items, Factor 2 was labeled as relationships with 13 items, Factor 3 labeled as Personal Matters with 13 items, and Factor 4 as intimate feelings with 13 items, and factor 5 labeled as interests with 10 items. Table 4 New Table of Specification FACTORS

Number of items

ITEM NUMBER

RELIABILITY

Factor 1: Beliefs

11

8,101,18, 20,33, 52, 59, 70, 77, 98, 3

.8031

Factor 2: Relationships

13

105, 15, 21, 24, 31, 41, 48, 55, 61, 63 79, 84, 88

.7696

Factor 3: Personal Matters

13

11, 111, 53, 65, 66, 68, 75, 76, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99

.7962

Factor 4: Intimate Feelings

13

1,6, 26, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 39, 43, 72, 73, 78

.7922

Factor 5: Interests

10

10, 100, 104, 17, 56, .7979 60, 62, 69, 82, 83

60

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Discussion At first there were nine hypothesized factor based on a survey, 18 factors were then extracted with eigenvalues greater than 1.00. Finally there were a final of five factors with acceptable factor loadings. The five factors have new labels because the items were rotated differently based on the data on the main tryout. Factor 1 contains items about the beliefs on religion, and ideas on a particular topic and it is labeled as such. Factor 2 contains items reflecting relationships with friends and it was labeled as “relationships.” Factor 3 contains items about a person’s secrets and attitudes and most of the items contains personal matters and it was labeled as such. Factor 4 is a cluster of taste and perceptions so it was labeled as interest. Factor 5 contains feelings about oneself, problems, love, success, and frustrations, so it was labeled as intimate feelings. The factors were reliable due to their alpha which are .8031, .7696, .7962, .7922, .7979. It only shows that each factor is consistent with the intended purpose of the researchers. In the result of factor analysis the items were not equal in each factor, factor 1 has 11 items, factor 2 has 13 items, factor 3 has 13 items, factor 4 has 10 items and factor 5 has 13 items. The five factors account for the areas in which a particular individual selfdiscloses. There were nine hypothesized factors, all of these were disproved, new factors arrived after factor analysis. The items were reclassified in every factor and it was given a new name. Only five factors were accepted following the four percent rating of the eigenvalue. These factors are Beliefs, Relationships, Interests, Personal matters, and intimate feelings. The test we have developed intended to measure the degree of selfdisclosure of individuals but it was refocused to measure the self-disclosure each person makes on each different areas or factors. In terms of the test’s psychometric property, it has gone in the level of item review by experts and factor analysis, it has an internal consistency of .9134 which is high. Considering that the test has just undergone its initial stages, further validation study is recommended to give more detailed properties of the test. Norming and interpretation for the test is not yet further established where it needs to be administered to a large sample size. An intensive study should be made with considerable and appropriate number of respondents. In terms of the sampling a probabilistic technique is suggested to account for further generalization in the study because the current test only used a purposive nonprobabilistic sampling. References Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Baxter, D. E. (1993). Empathy: Its role in nursing burnout. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 4026.

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Chelune, G. J., Skiffington, S, & Williams, C. (1981). Multidimensional analysis of observers' perceptions of self - disclosing behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 599-606. Coleman, C., Butcher, A. & Carson, C. (1980). Abnormal psychology and modern life (6th ed.). New York: JMC. Cozby, P. C. (1973). Self - disclosure: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 79(2), 73-91. Goldstein, J. H. (1994). Toys, play, and child development. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. Hartley, P. (1993). Interpersonal communication. Florence, KY, US: Taylor & Frances/Routledge. Healey, B. J. (1990). Self - disclosure in religious spiritual direction: Antecedents and parallels to self - disclosure in psychotherapy. In Stricker, G. & Fisher, M. (eds.) Selfdisclosure in the therapeutic relationship (pp. 17-27). New York, NY, US: Plenum Press. Hill, C. T. & Stull, D. E. (1981). Sex differences in effects of social and value similarity in same-sex friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 488-502. Jones, E. E., & Archer, R. L. (1976). Are there special effects of personalistic self disclosure? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12(2), 180-193. Jorgensen, S. R. (1980). Contraceptive attitude - behavior consistency in adolescence. Population & Environment: Behavioral & Social Issues, 3(2), 174-194. Jourard, S. M (1970). Experimenter - subject "distance" and self - disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15(3), 278-282. Jourard, S. M. & Jaffe, P. E. (1970). Influence of an interviewer's disclosure on the self disclosing behavior of interviewees. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 17(3), 252-257. Jourard, S. M. & Landsman, M. J. (1960). Cognition, cathexis, and the dyadic effect in men's self-disclosing behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 6, 178-185. Jourard, S. M. & Rubin, J. E. (1968). self - disclosure and touching: a study of two modes of interpersonal encounter and their inter - relation. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 8(1), 39-48. Jourard, S. M. (1959). Healthy personality and self-disclosure. Mental Hygiene, 43, 499507.

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Jourard, S. M. (196). Religious denomination and self - disclosure. Psychological Reports, 8, 446. Jourard, S. M. (1961). Self-disclosure patterns in British and American college females. Journal of Social Psychology, 54, 315-320. Jourard, S. M. (1961). Self-disclosure scores and grades in nursing college. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45(4), 244-247. Jourard, S. M. (1964). The transparent self. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1964. Jourard, S. M. (1968). You are being watched. PsycCRITIQUES, 14(3), 174-176. Jourard, S. M. (1970), The beginnings of self-disclosure. Voices: the Art & Science of Psychotherapy, 6(1), 42-51. Jourard, S. M. (1971). Self - disclosure: An experimental analysis of the transparent self. Oxford, England: John Wiley. Jourard, S. M., & Landsman, M. J. (1960). Cognition, cathexis, and the "dyadic effect" in men's self-disclosing behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 6, 178-186. Jourard, S. M., & Resnick, J. L. (1970). Some effects of self - disclosure among college women. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 10(1), 84-93. Jourard, S. M., & Richman, P. (1963). Disclosure output and input in college students. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 9, 141-148. Kelly, A. E. & McKillop, K. J. (1996). Consequences of revealing personal secrets. Psychological Bulletin, 120(3), 450-465. Kroger, R. O. (1994). The Catholic Confession and everyday self - disclosure. In Siegfried, J. (ed). The status of common sense in psychology (pp. 98-120). Westport, CT, US: Ablex Publishing. Levinger, G. & Senn, D. J. (1967). Disclosure of feelings in marriage. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 13(3), 237-249. Maningas, I. (1995). Moral theology. Manila: DLSU Press. Newcomb, T. M. (1981). The acquaintance process. Oxford, England: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health: An overview. Emotion, Disclosure, & Health, 14, 3-10.

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Priest, R. F. & Sawyer, J. (1967). Proximity and peership: bases of balance in interpersonal attraction. American Journal of Sociology, 72(6), 633-649. Richman, S. (1963). Because experience can't be taught. New York State Education, 50(6), 1820. Rimé, B. (1995). The social sharing of emotion as a source for the social knowledge of emotion. In Russell, J. A., Fernández-Dols, J., Manstead, A., & Wellenkamp, J. C. (eds). Everyday conceptions of emotion: An introduction to the psychology, anthropology and linguistics of emotion (pp. 475-489). NATO ASI series D: Behavioural and social sciences, Vol. 81. New York, NY, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Rubin, J. A. & Levy, P. (1975). Art-awareness: A method for working with groups. Group Psychotherapy & Psychodrama, 28, 8-117. Rubin, Z. (1970). Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 265-273. Starr, P. D. (1975). Self - disclosure and stress among Middle - Eastern university students. Journal of Social Psychology, 97(1), 141-142. Taylor, D. A., & Gould, R. J., & Brounstein, P. J. (1981). Effects of personalistic self disclosure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7(3), 487-492. Appendix A Items on the Preliminary Test Form SEX 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I discuss my sexual urges to my close friends. I do not like talking about my sexual desires and fantasies. I tell my friends the name of the persons I want to have sex with. In a group discussion I bluntly say my feelings about having premarital sex. I will not keep to myself my sexual desires and fantasies.

PROBLEMS 1. I tell my problem to my friend. 2. I share my frustrations in life to my best friend. 3. I share my fears with my friends. 4. It makes me feel irritable whenever I have a big problem and have not told it to someone. 5. Whenever I have a big fear about something I quickly approach my parents. 6. Whenever I have a problem, I don’t want anybody to know about it so I just keep it to myself.

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7. I feel like telling my friends about my problem more when it’s in a way of a joke. 8. My problems come out easily on my mouth when I’m on the phone. 9. I tell my barkada the hassles I experience at home. 10. I feel saying my personal insecurities to others. 11. I feel opening my personal problems to others. 12. I think of telling all my problems to my parents. 13. I feel opening up my troubled situations to others. 14. I feel telling anyone about my failures. 15. I talk about my problems to others. 16. I talk about my current struggles in life to others. 17. I talk about my family problems to people. 18. I discuss my problem to the first friend I meet during the day. 19. I feel talking to people about my problems anytime. 20. I share my personal problems in a large group of people.. 21. I will share my problems to my boyfriend/girlfriend. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 1. I tell my crushes to my close friends. 2. I tell my bad experiences in love affairs. 3. I discuss the time when I felt I was in love. 4. I share my admiration towards the opposite sex. 5. I share with my friends the activities I’ve done last summer. 6. I talk to others about my relationship with my boyfriend/girlfriend. 7. I talk about my love life in details to friends. 8. I tell all my crushes to my friends anytime and anywhere. 9. I am transparent in all matters to my boyfriend/girlfriend. 10. I feel talking about my love life to my parents. 11. I am transparent about my attitude towards others. 12. I allow myself to be known internally by others. 13. I think of telling my commitments made to other people. 14. I will make it a point to inform a particular person that I like him or her. 15. I talk about my concerns about a particular person. 16. I think of telling people the things that bother me about them. 17. I feel telling a person that I hate his or her negative attitude. ACCOMPLISHMENTS/WORK/STUDY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I discuss my goals freely. I tell my ambition. I share my problems in my academics. I tell my friends my views about the teacher. I talk about how important school grades are to me. I tell my parents the kind of work I would like to do in the future. I talk in great details about my successes. I tell people about my sincere sense of goals.

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9. I inform my teachers on my difficulty in understanding the lecture. 10. I feel free to tell my academic problems. 11. I talk about my troubles in a particular subject/course. 12. I think of telling my finances to other people. 13. I will tell my parents all my plans. 14. I talk about what I feel are my special strong points and qualifications for my work. RELIGION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I share the blessings of God. I share the lessons God is teaching me. I discuss my ups and downs in my spiritual life. I share my views about God. I share my belief about God. I talk about my spiritual life to people.

TASTE 1. I tell my bestfriend the style of clothes that I want. 2. I tell my bestfriend the kind of stores where I want to buy my clothes. 3. I tell my friends the types of newspapers and magazines that I enjoy reading. 4. My sister knows the kind of CD’s and tapes I would buy. 5. I make sure that all my friends know my interests. 6. I open up the kinds of movies that I like to see; the TV shows that are my favorites. 7. I talk about the kind of party, or social gathering that I like best, and the kind that would bore me, or that I wouln’t enjoy. 8. I tell my parents what I would appreciate most for a present. EMOTIONAL STATE 1. I share my happiest moment with my friends. 2. I tell my embarrassing moments. 3. I tell my best friend the things that I worry the most. 4. Every time I drink beer with my barkada I release my anger to whatever it may be through telling it to my friends. 5. I feel telling my disturbed emotions when in distress. 6. I talk in great details about my failures. 7. I tell people about my depressive state. 8. I open up my sensitive topics in an intimate conversation. 9. I tell others all about my happy experiences. 10. I will let others know when I am angry. 11. I will let others know my current state of emotion. 12. I tell people the things that I envy about them. 13. I inform the person I hate whenever possible. 14. I feel telling my sad moments to friends.

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THOUGHTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I discuss my ideas openly. I share my personal beliefs no matter how weird it is. I will take the risk of talking about my deepest secret in a group of people. I feel expressing my ideas or thoughts whenever necessary. I feel free expressing my kinky ideas to people. I feel comfortable in revealing my secrets about my personal self. I feel opening my deep dreams to others. I always tell someone about my dreams. I always tell someone about my intentions.

PERSONAL 1. I talk about my personal life whenever there’s a chance. 2. I unload all information about myself when needed. 3. I open up my sensitive topics in an intimate conversation. 4. I open up my personal characteristics to others. 5. I talk to people about my weakness regardless of privacy. 6. I tell the truth when asked about any matters about me. 7. I tell my negative attitudes to people beforehand. 8. I tell my parents all activities of the day without missing any detail. 9. I disclose information about me willingly to people who is interested. 10. I make sure I share something about my personal self during conversations. 11. I am willing to share my life story to a group of people. 12. I tell people the sensitive parts of my body. 13. I am giving information that is a part of me in a casual situation. 14. I talk about my personal views on sexual morality-how I feel that I and others ought to behave in sexual matters. 15. I open up my personal standards of beauty and attractiveness in women/men-what I consider to be attractive in a woman/man. 16. I open up the things that I regard as desirable for a man/woman to be- what I look for in a man/woman. 17. I tell my friends whether or not I feel that I am attractive to the opposite sex; my problems, if any, about getting favorable attention from the opposite sex. 18. I talk about the things in the past or present that I feel ashamed and guilty about. 19. I share with my closest friends what it takes to hurt my feelings deeply. 20. I tell the world the kind of things that make me especially proud of myself, elated, full of self-esteem or self-respect.

Appendix B

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Final Test Form Instructions: Shade the circle corresponding to your answer. N - When you have Never encountered, done or felt the situation. R - When you have encountered, done or felt the situation only for a few times or Rarely. S - Sometimes you have encountered, done or felt the situation. O - When you have encountered, done or felt the situation most of the time or Often. A - When you have encountered, done or felt the situation all the time or Always. Please answer the test honestly. Do not leave any items unanswered. There are no right or wrong answers. There is no time limit in taking the test so take your time. Example: 1. I discuss the time when I felt I was in love.

N 0

R 0

S 0

O 0

A 0

For this item the respondent shaded the circle below the letter A, which means that he or she have encountered, done or felt the situation all the time or always. The test begins here!!! 1. I share my views about God. 2. I talk about my current struggles in life to others. 3. I tell my bestfriend the things that I worry the most. 4. I share my fears with my friends. 5. I discuss my bad experiences in love affairs. 6. I feel opening up my troubled situations to others. 7. I always tell someone about my intentions in life. 8. I like telling my personal insecurities. 9. I am open about my admiration towards the opposite sex. 10. I feel like telling my friends about my problem more when it’s in a way of a joke. 11. I make sure that all my friends know my interests. 12. I discuss the ups and downs I experienced in my spiritual life. 13. I share my happiest moments with my friends. 14. I talk about how concerned I am of a particular person. 15. I share my personal beliefs no matter how weird it is. 16. I talk about my spiritual life to people. 17. I allow myself to known to others. 18. I tell the world the kind of things that make me especially proud of myself. 19. I talk about the things in the past or present that I feel ashamed or guilty of. 20. I let other people to know me so that they would reveal themselves. 21. I open myself to others wholeheartedly. 22. I feel people the sensitive parts of my body. 23. I discuss my ideas openly.

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24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

I express my ideas or thoughts whenever necessary. I tell my friends whether or not I feel I am attracted to the opposite sex. I feel comfortable in revealing secrets about myself. I always tell someone about my dreams. I talk about my troubles in a particular subject/course. I talk about my love life in details to friends. I tell my bestfriend the style of clothes I want. I share my fears with my friends. I feel opening up my personal problems to others. I share the lessons that I am learning from God. I share the blessings of God. I talk about my family problems to other people. I tell my sad moments to friends. I talk about the kind of party or social gathering that I like best. I discuss the time when I felt I was in love. I feel opening up my troubled situations to others. I give information about my casual situation. Whenever I have a big fear about something I quickly approach my parents. I am irritated about my big problem when I haven’t told anybody. I open my personal standards of beauty and attractiveness in women/men. I feel talking to people about my problems anytime. I talk about my personal life whenever there’s a chance. I tell my ambitions in life. I share my academic problems. I talk in great details about my successes. I tell people about my sincere sense of goals. I share with my closest friends what it takes to hurt my feelings deeply. I make sure I share something about my personal self during conversations. I share my beliefs about God. I talk about how important school grades are to me. I share my frustrations in life with my bestfriend. Whenever I have failures, I feel the need to have somebody to talk to. I talk about my personal views on sexual morality. I tell my close friends who my crush is. I tell my friends about the hassles I experience at home. I talk about what I feel are my special strong points for my work. I tell my problems to my friends.