The American Civil War (revised)
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The American Civil War 1861-1865 Tuesday, December 4th , 2007 Arlene, Edem, Jamile & Laura
The Home Front
Mort Kunstler’s “Charleston Autumn (1861)”
Before the War: US Economy
Northern States
Industry: factories with paid labor force Trade (Port cities on the coast) Small family farms Fishing & Lumber Favored tariffs on imported goods
Before the War: US Economy
Southern States William Aiken Walker’s “Southern Cabin Life on the Plantation”
Cash crops: cotton, tobacco, rice, & indigo Large Plantations Slave Labor Depended on trade for manufactured items Opposed tariffs on imported items
Life in the North
Large industrial cities Large urban populations Little or no slavery Focus on Education Religion
Life in the South
Taken from Harpers Weekly, April 4th,1863
Fewer cities, plantations spread out Sparsely populated Dependent on slavery for cash crop economy Strong religious fervor
Reaction to conscription
Draft Riots in parts of North Inhabitants of border regions more likely to enlist Southerners enlist en mass to defend homelands
The Role of Women
Women on the home front
Life at the home front was difficult Women struggled to fill in for missing men Tried hard to provide for their families during time of scarcity.
Women in the North
Women in their “mourning costume”
-viewed world through domestic ideology which then shaped the way Union Soldiers and female civilians participated in war. -understood the war in familial terms. -work for the aid societies as a means to rescue their men from the camp. -gave blessings to men to enlist to show sign of bravery and family status or political liberties. Home: source of virtue and the force for a stable government. It brings out morality through the teachings of parents rather than religious instructions Domesticity: treated as a vocation and motherhood as a profession. Republican Motherhood Ideal
Three Ideologies of Womanhood 1.
2.
3.
“Cult of True Womanhood”- defines middle class women as pious, pure, domestic and submissive. By Barbara Welter. “The Doctrine of Separate Sphere’s”- glorifies a woman’s role as mother and wife. It restricts her behavior outside this sphere. “The Canon of Domesticity”- women as the moral arbiters of family and community. They are morally superior to men and to the home.
Middle Class Women/Families Paternalistic: focused on government and country with familial pride. Tasks of Mothers: mould the infants character into whatever shape she pleases. - supportive and practiced civic role to achieve morality and patriotism in the family. - instils moral conscience and values to son’s lives. - coordinates education for women in the household and in the community. - Educated and knowledgeable.
Working Class Women/Families
Believed in the sanctity of the home and yearned for home ownership. Unstable economy circumscribe their lives to meet economic and familial obligations. Wife’s labour inside their home to have extra income. Ie. Having boarders, doing laundry or selling items on the streets. Women did not stress Virtue.
African American Women/Families
Paternalistic: Nuclear family, except they stress on extensive labour. Racism affected their lives which outcome the difference of their family’s income, status and survivability. Religion: source of support for both free and slave families. Also, followed the ideals of having the superiority over their husbands power of the home and the effect of their moralizing influences over men.
Women in the South
Elite women known as the Confederate Belles.
Women in the war
The women of the war formed groups like the Sick Soldier's Relief Society and the Soldier's Aid Society. In the South and in the North too, women made bandages for the wounded and knit socks to keep the soldiers' feet warm and dry. A few, Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women, among them, volunteered to nurse the wounded.
Women in the war
Women worked to manufacture arms, ammunition, uniforms, and other supplies for the soldiers. Prior to its destruction, women in the Fayetteville arsenal made some 900,000 rounds of small arms munitions in 1864. People were grateful for the contributions of women in the war, and newspapers reported their accomplishments. Many other services and supplies were also needed for the war effort.
Women in the war
Clara Barton: Civil War Nurse and founder of the American Red Cross
Stonewall Jackson and his wife Julia Mort Kunstler’s “Julia”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: known commonly as of the first leaders of the American woman's rights movement, was also staunch abolitionist.
Dorothea Lynde Dix: Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army
African Americans
Five generations on Smith's Plantation, Beaufort, South Carolina
The Underground Railroad
Loose association of people that helped runaway slaves to freedom Slaves went as far as Canada or the Caribbean because of the Fugitive Slave Bill of 1850
Harriet Tubman
Likened to “Moses” Prominent roles in the UGRR, helped in women’s suffrage and served as a spy for the Union Army
Contrabands of War
"Group of contraband at Follers House, Cumberland Landing, Va., May, 1862"
As the Union army crossed into the South, several slaves sought refuge in their camps. The soldiers kept some of these blacks and used them as a work force, dubbing them “contrabands of war”
Civil War Culture (Victorian America)
Mort Kunstler’s “Before the Ball”
• Religion
• Literature
• Music
Role of Religion
Religion & African Americans Sticking to the traditional African religion became increasingly difficult because of separation Slowly many slaves adopted Christianity (mainly Baptist & Methodist) because of message of parity in the sight of God
Religious Services providing a Mental Refuge Services were filled with singing, dancing, clapping, & spirit possession reminiscent of their old religions. However, slave masters were weary of gatherings because of fear that they might plot a rebellion
Independent Black Churches
Pros & Cons of Christianity
In the North, independent Black churches doubled as schools, training centers, and centers of community organization.
African American Literature
“Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas”
William Wells Brown’s “Clotel”; or, “The President's Daughter” was one of the first novels published by an African American. It caused an uproar when it was published because of what it claimed.
Contemporary Literature
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Susan B. Anthony
Walt Whitman
“O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!” Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths-for you the shores a-crowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck You've fallen cold and dead. My captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will, The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult, O shores, and ring O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.
Music
Music played a significant role in the Civil War. Nearly every regiment had a drum and bugle corps that was widely appreciated. It has been estimated, in the first year of the war one soldier in forty was a musician. They sang when they marched, when they were in the trenches, when they were in the guardhouse, and when they were on the battlefield. The urge to sing was so great that men had to be reprimanded for lifting their voices and giving away their positions. The more difficult the times, the more they sang.
Band of the 8th New York State Militia, Arlington, Va., June, 1861
Music
2nd Carolina String Band
Dixie John Brown’s Body Shenandoah Battle Hymn of the Republic Battle Cry of Freedom Taps
“O, I’m a good Ol’ Rebel” Major James Randolph O, I'm a good old Rebel, Now that's just what I am, For this "Fair Land of Freedom" I do not care at all; I'm glad I fit against it -I only wish we'd won, And I don't want no pardon For anything I done. I hates the Constitution, This Great Republic too, I hates the Freedman's Buro, In uniforms of blue; I hates the nasty eagle, With all his brags and fuss, The lyin', thievin' Yankees, I hates 'em wuss and wuss. I hates the Yankee nation And everything they do, I hates the Declaration Of Independence too; I hates the glorious Union -'Tis dripping with our blood -I hates their striped banner, I fit it all I could.
I followed old mass' Robert For four year, near about, Got wounded in three places And starved at Pint Lookout; I cotch the rheumatism A campin' in the snow, But I killed a chance of Yankees, I'd like to kill some mo'. Three hundred thousand Yankees Is stiff in Southern dust; We got three hundred thousand Before they conquered us; They died of Southern fever And Southern steel and shot, I wish they was three million Instead of what we got. I can't take up my musket And fight 'em now no more, But I ain't going to love 'em, Now that is sarten sure; And I don't want no pardon For what I was and am, I won't be reconstructed And I don't care a damn.
fin
Weird, disturbing, yet. . . interesting facts
During the Victorian Era, it was legal and socially acceptable for a man to beat his wife, provided that the instrument used in the beating was no thicker that his thumb. Thus we get the term: Rule of thumb. When a woman mourned for her husband in this era, she spent a minimum of twoand-a-half years in mourning. That meant little or no social activities: no parties, no outings, no visitors, and a wardrobe that consisted of nothing but black. The husband, when mourning for his wife, however, spent three months in a black suit. During the Battle of Gettysburg the only civilian to die was twenty-year-old Mary Virginia "Jennie" Wade, who was shot through the heart while making bread. Not all battles of the Civil War were fought in the South and border region. The Confederates actually managed to sneak all the way up to Vermont to fight, via Canada. Germs were unheard of during the Civil War, and men would drink out of water that thirty yards upstream, a man relieved himself in. Surgeons never washed their hands after an operation, because all blood was assumed to be the same. . . nor did he wash his instruments.
The Home Front
Mort Kunstler’s “Charleston Autumn (1861)”
Before the War: US Economy
Northern States
Industry: factories with paid labor force Trade (Port cities on the coast) Small family farms Fishing & Lumber Favored tariffs on imported goods
Before the War: US Economy
Southern States William Aiken Walker’s “Southern Cabin Life on the Plantation”
Cash crops: cotton, tobacco, rice, & indigo Large Plantations Slave Labor Depended on trade for manufactured items Opposed tariffs on imported items
Life in the North
Large industrial cities Large urban populations Little or no slavery Focus on Education Religion
Life in the South
Taken from Harpers Weekly, April 4th,1863
Fewer cities, plantations spread out Sparsely populated Dependent on slavery for cash crop economy Strong religious fervor
Reaction to conscription
Draft Riots in parts of North Inhabitants of border regions more likely to enlist Southerners enlist en mass to defend homelands
The Role of Women
Women on the home front
Life at the home front was difficult Women struggled to fill in for missing men Tried hard to provide for their families during time of scarcity.
Women in the North
Women in their “mourning costume”
-viewed world through domestic ideology which then shaped the way Union Soldiers and female civilians participated in war. -understood the war in familial terms. -work for the aid societies as a means to rescue their men from the camp. -gave blessings to men to enlist to show sign of bravery and family status or political liberties. Home: source of virtue and the force for a stable government. It brings out morality through the teachings of parents rather than religious instructions Domesticity: treated as a vocation and motherhood as a profession. Republican Motherhood Ideal
Three Ideologies of Womanhood 1.
2.
3.
“Cult of True Womanhood”- defines middle class women as pious, pure, domestic and submissive. By Barbara Welter. “The Doctrine of Separate Sphere’s”- glorifies a woman’s role as mother and wife. It restricts her behavior outside this sphere. “The Canon of Domesticity”- women as the moral arbiters of family and community. They are morally superior to men and to the home.
Middle Class Women/Families Paternalistic: focused on government and country with familial pride. Tasks of Mothers: mould the infants character into whatever shape she pleases. - supportive and practiced civic role to achieve morality and patriotism in the family. - instils moral conscience and values to son’s lives. - coordinates education for women in the household and in the community. - Educated and knowledgeable.
Working Class Women/Families
Believed in the sanctity of the home and yearned for home ownership. Unstable economy circumscribe their lives to meet economic and familial obligations. Wife’s labour inside their home to have extra income. Ie. Having boarders, doing laundry or selling items on the streets. Women did not stress Virtue.
African American Women/Families
Paternalistic: Nuclear family, except they stress on extensive labour. Racism affected their lives which outcome the difference of their family’s income, status and survivability. Religion: source of support for both free and slave families. Also, followed the ideals of having the superiority over their husbands power of the home and the effect of their moralizing influences over men.
Women in the South
Elite women known as the Confederate Belles.
Women in the war
The women of the war formed groups like the Sick Soldier's Relief Society and the Soldier's Aid Society. In the South and in the North too, women made bandages for the wounded and knit socks to keep the soldiers' feet warm and dry. A few, Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women, among them, volunteered to nurse the wounded.
Women in the war
Women worked to manufacture arms, ammunition, uniforms, and other supplies for the soldiers. Prior to its destruction, women in the Fayetteville arsenal made some 900,000 rounds of small arms munitions in 1864. People were grateful for the contributions of women in the war, and newspapers reported their accomplishments. Many other services and supplies were also needed for the war effort.
Women in the war
Clara Barton: Civil War Nurse and founder of the American Red Cross
Stonewall Jackson and his wife Julia Mort Kunstler’s “Julia”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: known commonly as of the first leaders of the American woman's rights movement, was also staunch abolitionist.
Dorothea Lynde Dix: Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army
African Americans
Five generations on Smith's Plantation, Beaufort, South Carolina
The Underground Railroad
Loose association of people that helped runaway slaves to freedom Slaves went as far as Canada or the Caribbean because of the Fugitive Slave Bill of 1850
Harriet Tubman
Likened to “Moses” Prominent roles in the UGRR, helped in women’s suffrage and served as a spy for the Union Army
Contrabands of War
"Group of contraband at Follers House, Cumberland Landing, Va., May, 1862"
As the Union army crossed into the South, several slaves sought refuge in their camps. The soldiers kept some of these blacks and used them as a work force, dubbing them “contrabands of war”
Civil War Culture (Victorian America)
Mort Kunstler’s “Before the Ball”
• Religion
• Literature
• Music
Role of Religion
Religion & African Americans Sticking to the traditional African religion became increasingly difficult because of separation Slowly many slaves adopted Christianity (mainly Baptist & Methodist) because of message of parity in the sight of God
Religious Services providing a Mental Refuge Services were filled with singing, dancing, clapping, & spirit possession reminiscent of their old religions. However, slave masters were weary of gatherings because of fear that they might plot a rebellion
Independent Black Churches
Pros & Cons of Christianity
In the North, independent Black churches doubled as schools, training centers, and centers of community organization.
African American Literature
“Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas”
William Wells Brown’s “Clotel”; or, “The President's Daughter” was one of the first novels published by an African American. It caused an uproar when it was published because of what it claimed.
Contemporary Literature
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Susan B. Anthony
Walt Whitman
“O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!” Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths-for you the shores a-crowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck You've fallen cold and dead. My captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will, The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult, O shores, and ring O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.
Music
Music played a significant role in the Civil War. Nearly every regiment had a drum and bugle corps that was widely appreciated. It has been estimated, in the first year of the war one soldier in forty was a musician. They sang when they marched, when they were in the trenches, when they were in the guardhouse, and when they were on the battlefield. The urge to sing was so great that men had to be reprimanded for lifting their voices and giving away their positions. The more difficult the times, the more they sang.
Band of the 8th New York State Militia, Arlington, Va., June, 1861
Music
2nd Carolina String Band
Dixie John Brown’s Body Shenandoah Battle Hymn of the Republic Battle Cry of Freedom Taps
“O, I’m a good Ol’ Rebel” Major James Randolph O, I'm a good old Rebel, Now that's just what I am, For this "Fair Land of Freedom" I do not care at all; I'm glad I fit against it -I only wish we'd won, And I don't want no pardon For anything I done. I hates the Constitution, This Great Republic too, I hates the Freedman's Buro, In uniforms of blue; I hates the nasty eagle, With all his brags and fuss, The lyin', thievin' Yankees, I hates 'em wuss and wuss. I hates the Yankee nation And everything they do, I hates the Declaration Of Independence too; I hates the glorious Union -'Tis dripping with our blood -I hates their striped banner, I fit it all I could.
I followed old mass' Robert For four year, near about, Got wounded in three places And starved at Pint Lookout; I cotch the rheumatism A campin' in the snow, But I killed a chance of Yankees, I'd like to kill some mo'. Three hundred thousand Yankees Is stiff in Southern dust; We got three hundred thousand Before they conquered us; They died of Southern fever And Southern steel and shot, I wish they was three million Instead of what we got. I can't take up my musket And fight 'em now no more, But I ain't going to love 'em, Now that is sarten sure; And I don't want no pardon For what I was and am, I won't be reconstructed And I don't care a damn.
fin
Weird, disturbing, yet. . . interesting facts
During the Victorian Era, it was legal and socially acceptable for a man to beat his wife, provided that the instrument used in the beating was no thicker that his thumb. Thus we get the term: Rule of thumb. When a woman mourned for her husband in this era, she spent a minimum of twoand-a-half years in mourning. That meant little or no social activities: no parties, no outings, no visitors, and a wardrobe that consisted of nothing but black. The husband, when mourning for his wife, however, spent three months in a black suit. During the Battle of Gettysburg the only civilian to die was twenty-year-old Mary Virginia "Jennie" Wade, who was shot through the heart while making bread. Not all battles of the Civil War were fought in the South and border region. The Confederates actually managed to sneak all the way up to Vermont to fight, via Canada. Germs were unheard of during the Civil War, and men would drink out of water that thirty yards upstream, a man relieved himself in. Surgeons never washed their hands after an operation, because all blood was assumed to be the same. . . nor did he wash his instruments.
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