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Background Briefing: Vietnam: Blocking Facebook Carlyle A. Thayer November 17, 2009
[client name deleted] Question: Have you heard of a ban on Facebook in Vietnam. Indeed, it's just one of many sites that the government apparently asked Internet providers to shut down in an August 8 decree issued by the Ministry of Public Security. When people couldn't get on Facebook last week, rumors of a ban were flying but many were still able to access the sites. Today, it appears there was a near total ban, and FPT confirmed it was blocking the sites because of a government order. Answer: I have tried to contact friends in Vietnam on Facebook but no replies came back. I also contacted a human rights activist in the US and he came back with, "one of my FB [Face Book] friends in Vietnam four hours ago that in fact it is blocked now and he is using a proxy server." But otherwise I have not picked up anything from other Vietnamese sources. [second client name deleted] Question: There are reports that Facebook and some other sites are being blocked. Have you been following this? Does it represent an escalation, a new effort to control the Internet or create a "Great Firewall" like China's? Why haven't they done this before? Answer: I have tried to contact friends in Vietnam on Facebook but no replies came back. I also contacted a human rights activist in the US and he came back with, "one of my FB [Face Book] friends in Vietnam four hours ago that in fact it is blocked now and he is using a proxy server." But otherwise I have not picked up anything from other Vietnamese sources. Vietnam has set up firewalls but they keep getting breached. I don't think Google was so forthcoming (by rumour). I have long argued that ministerial changes after the tenth party congress elevated a conservative from Nghe An province to the ministry with oversight of the internet. The new Ministry of Information and Communications was formed by the merger of the Ministry of Posts, Tele‐communications and Technology with the Press Administration Agency of the former Ministry of Culture and Information. Responsibility for this new ministry has been given to Le Doan
2 Hop, the former minister. The breakup of the Ministry of Culture and Information is an important development because of its unsavory reputation as the watchdog for regime censorship. The most recent fifth party Central Committee plenum focused on improving party control over the media. Censorship will not go away, it will just become more sophisticated (written commentary for the BBC August 1, 2007). Then To Huy Rua's promotion to full membership on the Politburo gave further impetus to more sophisticated controls. The regime is unnerved by the anti‐bauxite and anti‐China that have emerged. No doubt the Ministry of Public Security and the military's General Directorate II are happy to lend their expertise. Facebook was used to propel the anti‐bauxite network. So if Vietnamese authorities have shut it down, even temporarily, it represents another tightening of the screw on internet sources.
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Background Briefing: Vietnam: Crackdown on Facebook Carlyle A. Thayer November 20, 2009
[client name deleted] First, the most obvious question. Why has the government blocked Facebook? Sources who work in communications and social media report that as a tool to organise politically Facebook is somewhat lacking in comparison with say, Twitter. It’s mostly an innocuous time wasting site. Why block it? Do you think it is entirely politically motivated, or could they be making space for a local provider? Google is coming later in the month. Do you think any people within the government are concerned to how this looks to a multinational whose business ethos is Don’t be Evil? Many news reports see this in the context of a wider crack down, and connect it to the arrests of bloggers earlier this year. Others, and I’m not implying here the two are mutually exclusive, think the government is trying to get things in order well ahead of 2011, or even Hanoi’s 1000‐year‐anniversary next year. Vietnam seems to be following China’s model. But unlike China they are not the world’s factory and they are not an economic powerhouse. As a result are other nations less likely to look the other way when it comes to a crackdown on freedom of speech? Do you think this may have the opposite effect? Apolitical young Vietnamese only interested in posting silly photos of their friends may, through sheer annoyance, become politically motivated? Those who want to use Facebook are still doing so, via proxies. Those who want to use it for political reasons are doing that. Given that, it seems a weak clamp down. Or are they afraid the innocent will become ‘infected’? Could this ultimately just be a hurdle? Vietnam’s internet use has expanded so fast, and as a result the politically active have started organising online, that this is just one way the government is putting on the breaks for now? ANSWER: The crackdown against Facebook is part of a larger government drive, led by the public security forces, to control all forms of electronic communication and expression in Vietnam. Earlier this year a group of around 70 anti‐bauxite activists used Facebook to network and spread their message. At the same time pro‐
2 democracy activists were using blogs on the Internet to raise their concerns over not only human rights, but bauxite mining, relations with China and the economy. Additionally, individual bloggers who were not part of this network began to raise similar issues, some more historically orientated such as human rights in the Soviet Union and the 1954 decision to partition Vietnam. From the public security point of view, also shared by party ideologues, these developments signaled a clear loss of control. My information is that the blocking of Facebook is not working very well and depends on the provider. Those more knowledgeable are using proxies. No doubt security officials will get more proficient and service providers will assist in order to suffer penalty. The aim is to round up and punish a few leading examples, intimidate the larger number of curious and reduce the numbers of persons willing to join sites that have a political content. The authorities argue that Facebook is only for personal matters. In many respects Vietnam follows China’s lead. China propounded the theory of the threat of peaceful evolution (hostile overseas forces would act in collusion with internal dissidents to overthrow socialist states using human rights and religious freedom issues). A careful reading of the deliberations of the party Central Committee’s ninth plenum in January reveals a renewed concern over peaceful evolution. To Huy Rua, who heads the party’s Information and Training Commission, was promoted to full membership on the Politburo. Shortly after he raised the spectre of the threat of peaceful evolution. I believe his elevation has given impetus to the subsequent crackdown on political dissent and greater efforts to control the internet and other forms of electronic communication. The specialized role of the military’s General Directorate 2 (intelligence) reportedly has been prominent. Vietnam may not be as large a market as China, but its growth rates put it among the top performers in the region even factoring in the impact of the global financial crisis. Vietnam is increasingly seen senior foreign policy, defence and security officials as an emerging strategic player in the region. Vietnam has been able to repress dissent at home and get increased commitments of development assistance from the international donor community at the same time. While the U.S. International Commission on Religious Freedom recommends that Vietnam be put back on the list of Countries of Particular Concern, the State Department argues otherwise. Is sum, I do not think Vietnam is going to be deterred in cracking down on Facebook. My assessment is that the current crackdown, which has been accompanied by an orchestrated media campaign, public show trials, and less publicized public denunciation sessions directed against individual activists, will cow young people and not provoke them quixotically to challenge the state. The number of political dissenters is quite small, perhaps 30 are in jail and a slightly smaller number in detention. It is my assessment that party conservatives are clearing the brush in advance of the 11th national party congress scheduled for January 2011. Preparations for this congress were begun in mid‐year at the tenth plenum of the Central Committee. Next year key policy documents will be circulated to focus groups and then made
3 public for comment. In the past political dissidents and others have used this process to criticize the party and its policies. In 2009 the conservatives have launched a pre‐ emptive strike. They are aiming not just at “the usual suspects” but progressive reformers in the party itself. The conservatives want to put a chill on calls for political reform. In the past progressives have argued for abandoning terms such as “dictatorship of the proletariat” from the party vocabulary and even dropping “communist” from the party’s name. At the last national congress in 2006, delegates demanded a choice of candidates for party secretary general and the right to vote. Three candidates were produced and delegates were permitted a straw poll. The next congress will feature a revision of the 1991 Party Platform which set out the “transition to socialism”. This will be hotly debated. I have likened the crackdown on the internet bloggers this year to Star Wars storm troopers entering cyberspace. They may have occasional victories but they cannot conquer the entire electronic universe.