Test 6 Passage 8
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Passage VIII (Questions 125–131)
50
All combinations and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the established government, serve to organize faction, to 5 give it an artificial and extraordinary force; to put, in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party. I have already intimated to you the danger of political parties, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more 10 comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally. The spirit of party, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all gov15 ernments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but, in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
ments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And, there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, this spirit demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.
125. As it is used in the passage as a whole, the phrase “spirit of party” refers to: A.
The alternate domination of one party over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to political dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing party, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of Public Liberty.
B. C.
D.
the part of a human being associated with the mind, will, and feelings. a strong inclination to act to further the political goals of a particular organization. the tendency of conflicting views within a nation to result in concentration of individuals around two different positions. the animating force or principle of an organization.
126. The passage indicates that its author would most probably disagree with which of the following statements?
Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the Public Councils, and enfeeble the Public Administration. It agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, and occasionally foments riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.
A.
B.
C. D.
To function as intended, republics require citizens free of control by others and free of the influence of selfish interests. As leaders of parties become successful they may become corrupted by power and stimulated by the struggle to achieve and retain it, thus losing their capacity to serve the public good. Republics that are too large and embrace too many diverse interests are inherently unstable. Republics require enlightened leaders able to rise above selfish marketplace concerns and local partisan interests to promote the public good.
There is an opinion that parties are useful checks upon the administration of Government and serve to keep alive the spirit of Liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in Governments of a Monarchical cast, Patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in GovernGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 42
127. The passage refers to each of the following as among the usual negative effects of the “spirit of party” EXCEPT: A.
B.
C. D.
130. Assume that a group feels that an action being considered by a popular government is wrong. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to encourage the public to respond to this group by:
impairing the established government’s ability to focus and act effectively on its appropriate business. fostering an attraction to an authoritarian form of government, as an alternative to the miseries of dissension. resulting in a vulnerability (opening) that can be exploited by other nations. providing a vehicle for contentious groups to flourish and act effectively in the political sphere.
A. B.
C. D.
128. The metaphor used in the last sentence of the passage reflects most directly the author’s view of how the “spirit of party” must be managed in the case of: A. B. C. D.
supporting the legitimacy of the government’s authority to take the action in question. rebutting in the public forum any statements made by the dissenters criticizing the government’s actions. discouraging those who dissent from organizing around the issue. discouraging dissenters from making statements calculated to engage the strong feelings of those who share their views.
131. It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are fundamental to the “spirit of party” EXCEPT:
monarchies. patriotic movements. dictatorships. democracies.
A. B. C. D.
human nature. faction. organization. elective government.
129. As it is used in the last sentence of the first paragraph, the word “popular” most probably means a government that: A. B. C. D.
is widely liked or appreciated by the people at large. encourages maximal participation of the people at large in its functions. reflects the basic preferences of the people at large. has been authorized by the people at large.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 43
50
All combinations and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the established government, serve to organize faction, to 5 give it an artificial and extraordinary force; to put, in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party. I have already intimated to you the danger of political parties, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more 10 comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally. The spirit of party, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all gov15 ernments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but, in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
ments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And, there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, this spirit demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.
125. As it is used in the passage as a whole, the phrase “spirit of party” refers to: A.
The alternate domination of one party over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to political dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing party, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of Public Liberty.
B. C.
D.
the part of a human being associated with the mind, will, and feelings. a strong inclination to act to further the political goals of a particular organization. the tendency of conflicting views within a nation to result in concentration of individuals around two different positions. the animating force or principle of an organization.
126. The passage indicates that its author would most probably disagree with which of the following statements?
Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the Public Councils, and enfeeble the Public Administration. It agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, and occasionally foments riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.
A.
B.
C. D.
To function as intended, republics require citizens free of control by others and free of the influence of selfish interests. As leaders of parties become successful they may become corrupted by power and stimulated by the struggle to achieve and retain it, thus losing their capacity to serve the public good. Republics that are too large and embrace too many diverse interests are inherently unstable. Republics require enlightened leaders able to rise above selfish marketplace concerns and local partisan interests to promote the public good.
There is an opinion that parties are useful checks upon the administration of Government and serve to keep alive the spirit of Liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in Governments of a Monarchical cast, Patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in GovernGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 42
127. The passage refers to each of the following as among the usual negative effects of the “spirit of party” EXCEPT: A.
B.
C. D.
130. Assume that a group feels that an action being considered by a popular government is wrong. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to encourage the public to respond to this group by:
impairing the established government’s ability to focus and act effectively on its appropriate business. fostering an attraction to an authoritarian form of government, as an alternative to the miseries of dissension. resulting in a vulnerability (opening) that can be exploited by other nations. providing a vehicle for contentious groups to flourish and act effectively in the political sphere.
A. B.
C. D.
128. The metaphor used in the last sentence of the passage reflects most directly the author’s view of how the “spirit of party” must be managed in the case of: A. B. C. D.
supporting the legitimacy of the government’s authority to take the action in question. rebutting in the public forum any statements made by the dissenters criticizing the government’s actions. discouraging those who dissent from organizing around the issue. discouraging dissenters from making statements calculated to engage the strong feelings of those who share their views.
131. It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are fundamental to the “spirit of party” EXCEPT:
monarchies. patriotic movements. dictatorships. democracies.
A. B. C. D.
human nature. faction. organization. elective government.
129. As it is used in the last sentence of the first paragraph, the word “popular” most probably means a government that: A. B. C. D.
is widely liked or appreciated by the people at large. encourages maximal participation of the people at large in its functions. reflects the basic preferences of the people at large. has been authorized by the people at large.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 43
