Telecommunicatin & Networking1

TELECOMMINUCATION AND NETWORKING

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A PRESENTATION BY “ AVICK BISWAS” 1ST TRIMESTER (MBA) INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & MEDIA (ISB&M) , BANGALORE

TELECOMMUNICATION •

Telecommunications is the exchange of information in any form ( voice, data, text, images, audio, video ) over networks.

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Systems used in transmitting messages over a distance electronically.

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Telecommunicate - communicate over long distances, as via the telephone or e-mail .

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Telecommunications - Communication process that allows the transmission of information from a sender to a receiver by means of an electromagnetic or light wave medium.

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HISTORY & GROWTH •

Early Communication included smoke signals and drums.

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Then come the era of Telegraph and telephone.

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Radio and television.

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Computer networks.

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Wireless networks.

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And the Internet.

TELECOMINUCATION IN INDIA •

Indian Telecommunication industry, with about 464.82 million phone connections in June 2009.

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Is the third largest telecommunication network in the world and the second largest in terms of number of wireless connections.

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For the past decade or so, telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India.

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Efforts have been made from both governmental and non-governmental platforms to enhance the infrastructure.

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After 1995 the government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India)

USES OF TELECOMMUNICATIN IN THE BUSINESS •

OVERCOMING GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIERS :

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1. use of internet and extranets to transmit customers orders from travelling salespeople to the corporate data centre for the order processing and inventory control.

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2. provide better customer services by reducing delay in filling orders and improves the speeding of cash flow by billing the customers quickly.

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OVERCOMING TIME BARRIERS :

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1. Credit authorization at the point of sale by using online networks.

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2. Helps in fast decision making and communicating them.

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3. sending information to the remote locations on time.

USES OF TELECOMMUNICATIN IN THE BUSINESS continued… •

OVERCOMING COST BARRIERS :

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1. Desktop video conferencing between a company and its business partner using the internet, and extranets.

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2. Reduces the cost of more traditional means of communication. Etc..

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OVERCOMING STRUCTURAL BARRIERS :

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1. Business to business electronic commerce websites for transactions with suppliers and customers using the internet and extranets.

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2. Fast and convenient service to customers and suppliers.

TELECOM SERVICE PROVIDERS IN INDIA

TELECOM SERVICE PROVIDERS IN INDIA CONTINUED…

INTERNE T

INTERNET •The word internet derives from the word internet working or linkage of separate network , each of which retains its own identity into an interconnected network. •Internet technology is used to share information and gain information which helps in taking decision and for future planning

INTRANET •Intranet is an internal organizational network that provides access to that data across the enterprise. It uses inter net technology to provide internet like within the enterprise. • An intranet is protected by security measures such as password and fire walls, so that only accessed by authoresses user

EXTRANET •Extranet is intranet extended to a authorized users outside the organization. The company uses firewall to insure that access to internal data is limited and remain secure from unauthorized user. •Companies can establish direct private network links between themselves , or create private secure internet links between them called virtual private network.

Benefits of extranet and intranet • Intranet use for information sharing, communication collaboration and the support of business process. • They are use for supply chain management. • They reduce the operational cost by providing the connectivity to co-ordinate desperate business process with the firm and link to customer’s and suppliers.

Business use of internet • Reduces cost • Improvement customer relationship • Fast feedback • Potential customer base

Business use of internet

CONTINUED…

• Expand geographical reach • Information available 24/7/365 days • Reducing marketing and advertisement cost

Types of Signals • Analog signal

• Digital signal

Cisco technology 1-It was incorporated on December 10,1984 in California. 2-It went public on February 16,1990 3-Close to 65225 employees worldwide. 4-John T. Chambers is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Cisco Systems Inc.

5-FY2008 revenue $39.5 billion.

Cisco system India Pvt.Ltd •

Cisco Systems India Pvt Ltd. commenced operations in 1995

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India, as a region, is part of the APAC theater.

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APAC theater contributes to about 11 percent of the global revenue .

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Cisco has 7 Sales Offices in the region - New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, Kolkata and Hyderabad. APAC theater contributes to about 11 percent of the global revenue.

Video conferencing •

Requirements to use the data, audio, and video features you need

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4 MB of free hard disk space

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56,000 bps or faster modem, ISDN, or LAN connection

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Sound card with microphone and speakers (sound card required for both audio and video support.

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Video capture card or camera that provides a Video for Windows capture driver (require for video).

Computer Networks

COMPUTER NETWORK • A computer network is an interconnection of various computer systems located at different places • Two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing resources

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• Uses of Computer Networks In Business Applications. • Resource Sharing. • Information Sharing.

Terminology Client – a computer that allows a user to log onto the network and take advantages of the resources on the network. Server – Much more powerful computer that provides centralized administration of the network and serves up the resources that are available on the network.

CLIENT-SERVER MODEL

Client Server model involves requests and replies.

• Peer-To-Peer networks : • In a peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers. • High security levels can not be achieved using peer to peer networks, so if organization have concerns with security peer to peer will not be that great.

Peer to Peer Each computer acts both as a client and server.

Advantages • Less expense • Easy setup Disadvantages • Security

Types Of Cables

What is Cable ? • A conductor for transmitting electrical or optical signals or electric power.

Types of cables There are 3 major types of cable: 1.Coaxial Cable (Coax) 2.Twisted Pair Cable 3.Fiber Optic

Coaxial Cable • It is used in television transmission. It has an inner conductor which is enclosed in an insulator and there is outer conductor which is also enclosed by insulator, finally the whole structure is covered by plastic cover.

Characteristics of Coaxial Cable • Transmission rate of about 10 Mbps • Good resistance to electrical interference • Less expensive than fiber-optics but more expensive than twisted pair. • Flexible and easy to work . Foshan Nanhai Tongda Specialized Cables Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is a modern enterprise which produces and sells coaxial cable as well as all kinds of communication cables.

Twisted Pair Cable Twisted Pair Cable consist of copper wire twisted into pair like telephone wires. These lines are used in established communication network throughout the world for both voice and data transmission. These wiring are used basically in home and office.

Type of Twisted Pair Cable 1-Unsheilded Twisted Cable (UTP) 2-Sheilded Twisted Cable (STP)

ACHYTA ELETRICAL PVT. LTD. Year of Established : 1995 Quality Certification : ISO 9002

Fiber Optics •

Fiber optics uses cable consisting of one or more hair-thin filament of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket. They can conduct pluses of visible light element generated by lasers at transmission rates as high as trillions of bits per second. It provide substantial size and weight reduction as well as increased speed and greater carrying capacity.

Advantages of Fiber optic Cable 1) 2) 3) 4)

Fastest Transmission rate. Not susceptible to electrical interference. Very much secure. Good for use between buildings.

Disadvantages of Fiber optic Cable 1) 2)

Most Expensive. Difficult to work with.

Types Of Networks

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LAN MAN CAN WAN GAN

Local Area Network LAN Networks used to interconnect computers in a single room, rooms within a building or buildings on one site are called Local Area Network (LAN). LAN transmits data with a speed of several megabits per second • The transmission medium is normally coaxial cables. • LAN links computers, in the same area for the purpose of sharing information. Usually LAN links computers within a limited geographical area because they must be connected by a cable, which is quite expensive. •

People working in LAN get more capabilities in data processing, work processing and other information exchange compared to stand-alone computers.

Characteristics of LAN • • • •

every computer has the potential to communicate with any other computers of the network high degree of connection between computers easy physical connection of computers in a network inexpensive medium of data transmission

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high data transmission rate

Metropolitan Area Network MAN • A metropolitan area network (MAN) covers a city or a region of a city. • MANs support – high-speed disaster recovery systems – real-time transaction backup systems – interconnections between corporate data centers and internet service providers, and government, business, medicine, and education high-speed interconnections.

Characteristics of MAN • •

MANs have very high transfer speeds MANs can recover from network faults very quickly (failover time) MANs are very often a ring topology (not a star-wired ring)

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Some MANs can be provisioned dynamically

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Growing in popularity

Wide Area Network  The term Wide Area Network (WAN) is used to describe a computer network spanning a regional, national or global area.  For example, for a large company the head quarters might be at Cairo and regional branches at Mansoura, Tanta , and Aswan.  the transmission medium used are normally telephone lines, microwaves and satellite links

The characteristics of WAN • Communication Facility: For a big company spanning over the country the employees can save long distance phone calls and it overcomes the time lag in overseas communications. • Computer conferencing is another use of WAN where users communicate with each other through their computer system. • Remote Data Entry is possible in WAN. • Centralized Information.

Global Accelerator Network (GAN) • Collaborative operation of a linear collider. • Collaboration extends beyond commissioning phase. • Possibly a control room in each participating country. Each room taking a shift • Experts on particular equipment might be located remotely.

CAMPUS Area Network CAN • CAN (Campus Area Network) is a serial bus system which provides two communication services: the sending of a message (data frame transmission) and the requesting of a message (remote transmission request, RTR) • A multi-master hierarchy, which allows building intelligent and redundant systems. •

Broadcast communication. A sender of information transmits to all devices on the bus. All receiving devices read the message and then decide if it is relevant to them.

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Sophisticated error detecting mechanisms and re- transmission of faulty.

CAN

Network Topologies

Introduction • What is a topology • Terminology • Different technologies

Terminology •

Topology – (from the Greek word topos meaning place) is a description of any kind of locality in terms of its layout.

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There are two ways to describe a network topology. 1. Physical topology 2. Logical Topology

Simple Physical Topologies • Physical topology: physical layout of nodes on a network • Three fundamental shapes: – Bus – Ring – Star

• May create hybrid topologies • Topology integral to type of network, cabling infrastructure, and transmission media used

NETWORK TOPOLOGY STAR TOPOLOGY • In star topology a number of workstations are directly linked to a central node as the next figure. • Any communication between stations on a star LAN must pass through the central node. • The central node controls all the activities of the nodes. The advantages of the star topology are: • It offers flexibility of adding or deleting of workstations from the network. • Breakdown of one station does not affect entire system The major disadvantage of star topology is that failure of the central node disables communication throughout the whole network 53

Star topology 54

Bus Topology  In bus topology all workstations are connected to a single communication line called bus.  There is no central node as in star topology.  Transmission from any station travels the length of the bus in both directions and can be received by all workstations. The advantage of the bus topology is that  It is quite easy to set up.  If one station of the topology fails it does not affect the entire system.  The disadvantage of bus topology - is can be high • Potential for congestion with network traffic.

that Management costs

Bus Topology

Ring Topology In ring topology each station is attached nearby stations on a point to point basis so that the entire system is in the form of a ring. In this topology data is transmitted in one direction only. Thus the data packets circulate along the ring in either clockwise or anti-clockwise direction. The advantage of this topology is that any signal transmitted on the network passes through all the LAN stations. The disadvantage of ring network is that the breakdown of any one station on the ring can disable the entire system.

Ring Topology

Mesh Topology • All nodes are directly connected with all other nodes. • Best choice when fault tolerance is required. • Very difficult to setup and maintain.

OSI Reference Model • Layered model: 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data Link 1. Physical

The Physical Layer • Responsibility: – transmission of raw bits over a communication channel.

• Issues: – mechanical and electrical interfaces – time per bit – distances

The Data Link Layer - Data Link Control • Responsibility: – provide an error-free communication link

• Issues: – framing (dividing data into chunks) • header & trailer bits

– addressing

10110110101

01100010011

10110000001

The Data Link Layer - The MAC sub layer • Medium Access Control - needed by multiaccess networks. • MAC provides DLC with “virtual wires” on multi-access networks.

The Network Layer • Responsibilities: – path selection between end-systems (routing). – subnet flow control. – fragmentation & reassembly – translation between different network types.

• Issues: – packet headers – virtual circuits

The Transport Layer • Responsibilities: – provides virtual end-to-end links between peer processes. – end-to-end flow control

• Issues: – headers – error detection – reliable communication

The Session Layer • Responsibilities: – establishes, manages, and sessions between applications. – service location lookup

terminates

• Many protocol suites do not include a session layer.

The Presentation Layer • Responsibilities: – data encryption – data compression – data conversion

• Many protocol suites do not include a Presentation Layer.

The Application Layer • Responsibilities: – anything not provided by any of the other layers

• Issues: – application level protocols – appropriate selection of “type of service”

Layering & Headers • Each layer needs to add some control information to the data in order to do it’s job. • This information is typically prepended to the data before being given to the lower layer. • Once the lower layers deliver the the data and control information - the peer layer uses the control information.

Headers DATA

Process

H

DATA

Transport

H H

DATA

Network

H H H

DATA

Data Link

Process Transport Network Data Link