Teardrops of Hate A closer look at the film American History X
“Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.” -Martin Luther King, Jr.
Bryan Kennedy Intercultural Communications Houlihan March 14, 2001
Hate is part of the human condition. From our very evolutionary roots comes our need to preclassify and harbor apprehension toward unknown others. Our ancestors survived in part because of this highly adapted skill of social categorizing. There is a fine line, however, between cautious stereotyping and boorish racism. In the classic film American History X, directed by Tony Kaye, two brothers lose their innocence in a white supremacist world of racial hatred, self pity, and social ignorance. It is only through the concern and compassion of a precious few that they are able to overcome this fiery racism. The brothers, Derek and Danny Vineyard, were raised along with their two sisters by their parents in Venice, California. Derek was the eldest of his three siblings, all exceptionally bright and studious. Derek’s father, Dennis, a firefighter, was killed in the line of duty when Derek was still in high school. While the film does not focus much on his father, he is shown to bestow on his children many frustrated prejudicial beliefs. We see this frustration spill out in one flashback during the film, when the family is gathered around the dinner table: Derek was telling everyone that he had been assigned to read a novel written by an African American author by his new English teacher, Bob Sweeny. While his excitement about the material was obvious, his father disapproved of the study. He tells Derek and the rest of the family how the minorities are “taking over”, even going so far as to profess that “We don’t know (the minorities), and we don’t want to know them.” It was not even that Dennis was an oldfashioned racist. Not at all. For him, this professed prejudice clearly served two important psychological functions: egodefensive and knowledgeconservation. An overworked, underpaid firefighter, Dennis Vineyard lived in a world that was slowly becoming both more difficult to survive in and more ethnically diverse. He witnessed the replacement of two European American firefighters by two African Americans, as the result of new affirmative action laws. This situation surely led him to doubt whether he himself might one day be replaced. By blaming his hardships on “the system” and the minorities it supported, rather than his own abilities, Dennis’s prejudices served to defend his selfesteem. This form of prejudice against minorities is prevalent throughout the United States in the form of symbolic racism. Essentially, members of the majority ingroup feel threatened by members of the outgroup as they begin to achieve greater success, and thus learn to hate them for
“talking over”. His rigid prejudices also serve a knowledge function for Dennis, whereby he sought to minimize uncertainty in areas he didn’t understand. Instead of getting to know his new coworkers personally, he placed doubt in their abilities based on predefined beliefs. It was through this, and a handful of other unseen, but imagined discriminatory preachings, that the two brothers learned to hate those they didn’t understand, rather than learn about and accept them. Their father’s later death, the result of a random bullet from an African American gunman, only threw logs onto the already flaming fire of hatred and racism within their minds. When his father was killed, Derek fell into the hands of Cameron Alexander, a white supremacist known to have founded a handful of racist newsletters and groups. Cameron, Derek realizes later, brainwashed him and his friends into believing his racist propaganda. He did this in much the same way that Hitler did, by comforting the disenchanted and blaming their various woes on easily distinguished minority groups. Offering the perception of a calm, safe sanctuary in which these disillusioned youth could hide from their daily pressures, Cameron taught Derek and the others to practice the oldfashioned form of racism, viewing them as his ethnic soldiers and sending them on various racist “missions” to openly criticize and attack other ethnic groups. One of these violent outings involved the pillage of a local grocery store. Apparently, the grocery store had once been owned by a local European American, but had recently been bought by a Korean American. In this attack they practiced both symbolic racism, by seeking to cause as much damage as possible to the store property, as well as oldfashioned racism by physically and emotionally attacking the employees and the owner. Derek became so entirely hateful at the result of Cameron, that at one point, he singlehandedly carried out the brutal murder of two African American men who had been trying to steal his car. At the time of the murders, he was clearly proud of his actions, but this opinion was to change from his experiences in jail. While incarcerated, Derek went through a rapid and significant shift in how he viewed his ethnic identity. Vital to this shift was the racial makeup of the new environment in which he was living. While Derek was part of the majority in the outside world, in prison he was part of the minority. As an African American inmate whom Derek later befriended, put it, “in the joint, you da nigger, not me.” Derek felt afraid for his life because of this, and sought safety and solace with
his prison ingroup, a small handful of European Americans. When he later offended the group’s leader, however, they turned on him and gangraped him in the shower. Derek had been so ethnocentric in his beliefs that he had turned a blind eye to the violence of his white supremacist ingroup. He was not troubled by the violence and beatings at Archie Miller’s grocery store, nor the murders that he himself had perpetrated, and had never acknowledged the possibility that his ingroup could do wrong. When he was attacked by those he once considered members of his ingroup, he was confronted with the fact that they, along with himself, were capable of the same type of horror that he had once believed could only be perpetrated by outgroups. Derek suddenly felt utterly alone and helpless in the world, having no cultural identity to cling to, nor belonging to any one group. Two kindhearted and caring African American men led the way toward his recovery. The first man was a fellow inmate named Lamont. Lamont served the purpose of challenging Derek’s deepset stereotypes. He was an open, friendly young man about Derek’s own age. Through much onesided conversation, Lamont worked around Derek’s racist attitudes by talking about common interests such as women and sports, making Derek realize that those of other ethnicities were much more like himself than he had previously imagined. The second man was Derek’s former English teacher, Bob Sweeny. Sweeny provided Derek with educational guidance and helped Derek see how adversely his actions had affected his younger brother, Danny. It is common for those with racist beliefs to ignore any positive experiences with individuals from an outgroup, or place more emphasis on negative encounters to counteract the new information. The theory of cognitive dissonance states that this is because people seek to constantly minimize contrary beliefs within themselves to maintain mental balance. Nevertheless, Derek began to break loose of his strong stereotypes. While the tragedy came at the end of the film, it had been building since the beginning. The very morning after Derek got to talk to his younger brother about the evils of racism, Danny was killed by a young African American boy who had been offended by Danny’s actions the day prior. So while Danny’s racist attitudes had been expunged by the time he was shot, his death had already been set in motion by his beliefs the day before. And in a way, the prejudice of his father
and the racism of his brother did their own part in setting in motion these events that inevitably led to Danny’s death. The film opens and closes at the ocean, and throughout, water is depicted in slow motion. In the film, water represents the cleansing of racist beliefs, while its tempered flow is representative of the slow, gradual pace of the cleansing process. Much like the shed teardrops of a sullen face, merely catching the individual tears as they fall can have no effect on the sullen state. Racism is a social problem, and does not appear, nor can it disappear, overnight. Instead of examining the individual teardrops of hate, we must investigate the source of those tears. It is only then that we can apply the one force that has the power to stop this tearful flow: love.
Susan A quick note on my paper: I realize that I strayed from the format you originally asked for, in that summary and analysis remain separate elements. However, in an attempt to create a more flowing paper, I decided to incorporate these once segregated sections. I hope you find this modified format satisfactory!