System And Networking Interview Questions.pdf

System and Networking Training and Placements Program

Interview Questions

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Index SI.No

1. 2 3 4 5

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Subjects

Pages

Hardware 3-29 Windows 30-66 Mail 67-83 Networking 84-108 ITIL (Information 109-138 Technologies Infrastructure Libraries)

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Hardware

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1.

What is CMOS? Cmos is the Complementary metal Oxide semiconductor. Which is used to store the Computer Hardware Settings like Date, Time and Hard Disk Type..Etc. and it‘s supported by 3 V Battery.

2.

What is BIOS? Bios is the Basic Input/output System . Which is used to Test the Hardware like Memory, Hard disk,DVD Drive etc, When the Computer is starting up. This process is Called POST.

3.

What is POST? Post is the Process of BIOS Which Test the Hardware like Memory, Hard Disk and DVD drive when the system is booting.

4.

What is the Booting process? First When switch on the System the BIOS will check the Hardware like Memory, hard disk, DVD etc then all the hardware are perfect then OS (Operating System) will Boot.

5.

    

What is the Different Types of Mother Boards?

     6. What

Intel Mercury Asus Dlink Gigabyte is the Mother Board Chipset?

It is part of Mother Board and The ICs Components like VGA, Sound and Network Integrated in the mother Board called Mother Board Chip sets.

7.

How many Types of Chipsets? SiS Chipset and VIA Chipsets.

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8.

What is the maximum Memory Supported in the Mother Board? All desk top Mother Boards will support up to 16GB of memory. But some of the server Mother Boards will support 64 to 128 GB memory.

9.

What is Difference between Intel Core I3 and Core I5 and Core I7 Processors? S.No Features 1. No of cores

Core I3 2 Core

Core I5 4 Core

Core I7 4 Core

2.

Cache Memory

Up to 6MB

Up to 8MB

3

Turbo Boost

Up to 3MB to 4MB Not Available

Available

Available

4

Hyper Threading Speed frequency (Clock Speed)

Available

Not available 2.4-3.8GHz

Available

5

3.4-4.2GHz

2.9-4.2GHz

Core: Having multiple cores means that the computer can work on more than one task at a time more efficiently, which will help keep your system running snappily even if you have tasks, such as an antivirus scan or video render, running in the background. Turbo Boost dynamically increases the clock speed of Core i5 and i7 processors when more power is required. This means that the chip can draw less power, produce less heat (most of the time) and only boost when it needs to. What is clock speed? The GHz figure you‘ll see represents the number of clock cycles (calculations) a processor can manage in a second. Put very simply, a bigger number means a faster processor. For example, 3.6GHz means 3,600,000,000 clock cycles. This figure should never be used to compare processors from different families, generations or manufacturers, however. Bigger is not better when comparing AMD and Intel, or 2nd-gen to 7th-gen Intel processors: different processor

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families have different levels of efficiency, so how much they get done with each clock cycle is more important than the GHz number itself.

Hyper-Threading essentially tricks Windows into thinking that each physical processor core is in fact two virtual (logical) cores. The operating system can then share processing tasks between these virtual cores in order to help certain applications run more quickly, and to maintain system performance when more than one application is running at once. A two-core Core i3 processor will appear as four virtual cores in Windows‘ Task Manager, and a four-core i7 chip will appear as eight cores. On both our quad-core and a dual-core test system, HyperThreading increased the GeekBench 3 multi-core test score by 17%. Not double the speed, but a useful boost nonetheless. This performance increase will vary by program; some software is much better at handling lots of threads.

10.

How many hard disks will one motherboard support? IDE ---Supports 4 Hard disk(Primary 2 and secondary 2) SATA—Supports 4 Hardisk SCSI ----up to 32 SCSI Devices ( hardisk,Scanner,Cd Rom ..etc)

11.

What is Cache Memory? Cache Memory is Built inside the CPU . which is used to store the Frequently used Information‟s. (And also Its is faster than the main memory and allows the CPU to execute instructions and read and write data at a higher speed.)

12.

What is the Difference between L1 and L2 Cache Memory? L1 (level 1) cache - L1 cache stores information for use by the processor. L1 cache is extremely quick but also expensive. Most processors have an L1 cache divided into space for data and space for instructions.

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L2 (level 2) cache - L2 cache is the next step down from L1 cache. Most processors today have L2 cache, which increases cache performance. Most desktop processors have an L2 Cache of about 256KB, but some high-end processors can have as much as 2MB. 13. What is Flash BIOS? The Flash BIOS is one type ROM BIOS that can be upgraded by the software. There are quite a few manufacturers that are producing different BIOS chips: Award, AMI, Phoenix, and IBM. Most commonly you can find AMIs, AWARDs and PHOENIXes. The BIOS is stored on a ROM chip. These ROM BIOS chips can be of different measurements and look different from each other. Check out the following two types of chips. The one on the left is an AWARD (as stated on the sticker), while the one on the right is a Phoenix chip.

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14. When you are working in windows if you get suddenly Blue Screen Error or BSD (Blue Screen of Death) (fatal exception error) What could be the problem?  

 



It could be RAM (Memory) problem. Other Possibilities are Hardware like Motherboard or Ram Loos contact. And corrupted OS files also produce the problems.

15. What are all the Different Types of hard Disk are available? •

SAS- Serial Attached SCSI.

•

SCSI- Small Computer Systems Interface.

•

SATA- Serial ATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment.

•

IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics.

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16. What is Difference between IDE and SATA Hard Disk? IDE Integrated Drive Electronics. Data Transfer rate from 33 MB/s to 130MB/s It uses 4-Pin Molex Power Connector

SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Data Transfer rate from 150 Mb/s to 300 MB/s It uses 15-Pin Power connector

40 Pin IDE Data Cable is used

7 Pin SATA Cable is used

It‘s not HOT swappable supported.

SATA drives have the ability to be hot swappable. Since the SATA drives use a new type of power connector, they are able to be plugged in while the computer or power supply is on.

17. What is SCSI and benefits? SCSI is a Small Computer System Interface It is also called as Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Abbreviated as SAS, Serial Attached SCSI, and an evolution of parallel SCSI into a point-to-point serial peripheral interface in which controllers are linked directly to disk drives. SAS is a performance improvement over traditional SCSI because SAS enables multiple devices (up to 128) of different sizes and types to be connected simultaneously with thinner and longer cables; its full-duplex signal transmission supports 3.0Gb/s. In addition, SAS drives can be hot-plugged.

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18. What is difference Types memory Available?    

   

SD Ram (Synchronous Dynamic Ram) DDR –I (Double Data Rate) DDR-II DDR-III

19. What is difference Between SD and DDR-I, DDR-II, DDR-III Ram? SI. No

Features

SD Ram

DDR-I

DDR-II

DDRIII Ram

1

No of Pins Available

164 Pins

184 Pins

240 Pins

240 Pins

Speed

100 Mhz,133Mhz,166Mhz

266Mhz,333Mh z

733Mhz,800Mhz

3.

Volts

3.3 V

4.

Memory Chips

SMD Chips

2.

2.4 Volt BGA Chips

2.4 V BGA Chips

1033 MHZ 1066 MHZ 1.4 V BGA Chips (Bal Grid Array)

19. What volts goes to CMOS? 3 Volts. 20. What is the Virtual Memory? Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an OS that uses hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.

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21. What is SMPS? SMPS full form is Switching Mode Power Supply. It is a main power supply to power the each and every component of computer or it converts the main power supply 230volts to 12volts, 5volts, and 3volts and distribute to all components of computer.

22. What are Differnce types of SMPS? SMPSs are three types.  

  

AT SMPS ATX SMPS BTX SMPS

AT SMPS: AT stands for Advanced Technology. These are all old SMPSs. They had 12pin power connector, this is called as AT power connector. They were used in Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium-II and Pentium-III CPUs.

ATX SMPS: ATX stands for Advanced Technology extended. They had 20pin Power connector, this is called as ATX power connector. They were used in Pentium-III, Pentium-IV and AMD CPUs.

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BTX SMPS: BTX stands for Balanced Technology eXtended. They have 24pin Power connector, this is also called as ATX power connector. It has 15pin SATA power connectors. They are used in Dual core, core2duo, Quad core, i3, i5, i7 and latest AMD CPUs.

23. How to identify the Difference types RAM? RAMs Identification It is very easy to identify Which is the SD RAM or DDR RAM. But in DDR RAM, we have three types of RAM. these are difficult to identify, which is DDR-1, DDR-2 or DDR-3. How to know SD RAM and its speed and capacity? Very easy to identify the SD RAM, SD RAMs have only two notches. so easy to identify this is SD RAM. Any RAM chip has label. on the label, there are some specification of RAM. is it SD RAM or not, speed and capacities are mentioned on the label. as shown is the blow ram and label. it is SD RAM, because it has two notches. in the label, it is mentioned as SD RAM, capacity is 128MB and speed is 133MHz. so this is the 128MB SD RAM.

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How to know DDR RAM and Its speed and capacity? DDR RAMs have single notch. so identify the DDR RAMs are easy, But DDR RAMs are three types. so identify the DDR-1, DDR-2 and DDR-3 is difficult. so to identify DDR RAM, Label is only way to identify is it DDR-1 or DDR-2 or DDR-3, so DDR type, speeds and capacities are mentioned on the label. here the RAM is DDR RAM and some label are there. DDR means DDR 1 RAM, first label is 512MB DDR 1 RAM, second is 1GB DDR2 RAM and third is 2GB DDR3 RAM.

24. What are all the Different Type of Hard Disk Drives? Hard disk drives are three types. 

  

IDE Hard drives SATA Hard drives SCSI Hard drives

IDE Hard Drives: IDE Stands for Integrated Device Electronics. These drives are also called as PATA (parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) hard drives. Hard drives have 40pin data interface and 4 pin power connector and Jumper setting to change drive setting to connect motherboard. These drives have low speed and low capacity than SATA and SCSI hard drives. ATA cables are used to connect Hard drives to motherboard. These drives capacities are 10GB, 20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 120GB, 160GB, 250GB and 320GB.

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SATA Hard Drives: SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. These drives have 4pin data interface and 7 pin power interface to work and no jumper pins, because no need to change drive setting. these drives have high speed and high capacity than IDE hard drives and Low speed and low capacity than SCSI hard drives. 4pin SATA cables are used to connect hard drives to motherboard. These drives capacities are 80GB, 120GB, 160GB, 250GB, 320GB, 500GB, 1TB and 2TB.

SCSI Hard Drives: SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface. These drives have generally 50 to 68 pins. These drives are very high capacity and high speed than both IDE and SATA drives. 50 to 68 pin SCSI data cables are used to connect these hard drives. Generally these drives are used in servers. Capacities are 160GB, 250GB, 320GB, and 500GB, 1TB, 2TB, 5TB and 10TB.

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25. What are all difference types of Ports are available? Back Side Ports or Black Panel Type of Ports



 

PS/2 Ports Serial Port VGA Port Parallel Port or Printer Port USB Ports Ethernet Port Audio Ports DVI Port eSATA Ports

 Maximum all motherboards have PS/2 Ports, VGA ports, USB ports, Ethernet Port and Audio Ports. but latest motherboards have DVI and eSATA ports.     

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VGA Port VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. VGA Port is also one of the back side ports.

VGA port is used to connect monitors, Which has 15 pin in three rows. It is always in blue color. This is also a D shape connector and This is female port. This port is come from motherboard. when your VGA port has broken, You must get the PCI VGA card to connect monitor. This VGA connector supports analog and digital monitors. That means VGA , SVGA Monitors USB Port USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is a universal port and used for all latest devices.

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It has 4 pins. two pins for 5volts and 2 pins for data transfer. It supports maximum all latest devices, such as keyboards, mice, printers, scanner, pen drives, cell phones, iPads, iPhones etc.

Symbol of USB

USB/versions USB 1.1: Many versions from introduced USB. USB 1.1 released in 1998. It supports 1.5 Mbitspersecond. USB 2.0: It released in 2000. USB 1.1 has been upgraded by USB 2.0 with Hi-Speed. It supports 480 Mbits per second. so that, this is called as hispeed USB.

USB 2.0 logo USB 3.0: It released in 2008. It is 10 times faster than USB 2.0. speed is 5 Gbits per second.

USB 3.0 logo

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Ethernet or LAN port Ethernet port is also called as LAN port.

This port is used to connect Local Area Network (connected to another computer or LAN HUB or LAN Switch or Router. It has 8 pins. RJ45 jack is used to insert in this connector. it has two LED. Green LED for connectivity and orange LED for sending data. Parallel Port or Printer Port Parallel Port is one of the interface to connect printers.

Parallel Port is also called as Printer port. Because it is used for printers only. It is a 25 Pin female port and D shape connector. It is bidirectional port, send and receive data at a time. It supports Dot Matrix Printers only. Latest motherboards doesn't have the parallel port. Serial Port Serial Port is used to connect external modems and old model serial mice.

Two serial port were in old motherboard. now all motherboards have only one serial port. It has 9 pins, it is a male connector and D shape connector. It supported Dail-Up modems, Satellite Phones, Printers, Digital cameras and serial mouses. It sends only one bit at a time.

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PS/2 Ports PS/2 Type of Port, simple PS 2 Ports. Here are the PS/2 ports, one for keyboard and second for mice.

Some are also called as 6 pin PS/2 Ports. Maximum all motherboards two PS/2 Ports. Purple color PS/2 port for keyboard and green color port for mice device. Latest motherboard only one PS/2 Port. Purple PS/2 port is only for keyboard not for mice, at the same green color port is only for mice not for keyboard.It has 6 pins.

have PS/2 color PS/2

In older days 5 pin Din connector was used for Keyboard. PS/2 Ports are replaced Din Port. PS/2 Ports are designed in 1987. 26. What Are The Differences Between Multitasking And Multiprocessing? Multitasking: Enables the processor to do multiple programs simultaneously by fast switching through the programs. Here doesn't have the involvement of multiple processors. Multiprocessing: Enables the processor to simultaneously by the use of multiple processors.

do

multiple

programs

27. What The Difference Between Fsb And Bsb? Front Side Bus. Another name for the system bus. The Front Side Bus connects the CPU to main memory. A microprocessor bus that connects the CPU to aLevel 2 cache is called Back Side Bus. Typically, a backside bus runs at a faster clock speed than the Front Side Bus.

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28. What Is Packaging A Microprocessor? What Are The Different Packaging Available? Packaging is the process of connecting a microprocessor with a computers motherboard. The types of microprocessor packaging are: a) PGA b) SPGA c) SECC d) LGA 29. What Is LGA ? An LGA socket is the connection point for a central processing unit (CPU) to fit into a motherboard. The LGA stands for Land Grid Array. 30. What Is Hyper Threading? What Is The Use Of It? A thread of execution, or simply a "thread," is one series of instructions sent to the CPU. Hyper-threading is a technology developed to help make better use of spare processing cycles. Hyper-threaded processors have a duplicate set of registers, small spaces of high-speed memory storage used to hold the data that is currently needed to execute a thread. When a CPU core is delayed, waiting for data to be retrieved from another place in memory, it can use these duplicate registers to spend the spare computation cycles executing a different thread. The second set of registers will be pre-loaded with the data needed to execute the second thread, so the CPU core can begin work immediately

31. No Display. What Is The Problem?

a) CPU fan problem b) Heat sink related issue c) Power related issues d) Improper Jumper settings

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32. What Is The Use Of Conventional Memory In The System? The size of conventional memory is 640KB. It is also called DOS memory or Base memory. This memory is used by some small programs like Word star, Lotus etc…DOS cannot use more than 640KB. 33. What Is Cache Memory? What Is The Advantage If A Processor With More Cache Memory You Are Using? Cache memory is the memory area between RAM and Processor. If cache memory increases the speed of the system will also improve. 34. What Are The Different Types Of Ram? RAM, DRAM, VRAM, SGRAM, DDR-SDRAM etc…. 35. Computer restarts frequently what is the Problems? SMPS Problem. Replace the power supply. 36. Hard disk not detected what could be the problems?

First we have to check the hard disk power cable then check the Hard Disk Data Cable Any lose contact. Then Fix them properly.

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37. What is different Type of Beep codes Problems? Beeps

Error Message

1 short DRAM refresh failure

2 short Memory parity error Base 64K memory 3 short failure 4 short System timer failure 5 short Processor error 6 short Gate A20 failure

Virtual mode processor 7 short exception error Display memory 8 short read/write error 9 short ROM checksum error 10 short 11 short

The programmable interrupt timer or programmable interrupt controller has probably failed A memory parity error has occurred in the first 64K of RAM. The RAM IC is probably bad A memory failure has occurred in the first 64K of RAM. The RAM IC is probably bad The system clock/timer IC has failed or there is a memory error in the first bank of memory The system CPU has failed The keyboard controller IC has failed, which is not allowing Gate A20 to switch the processor to protected mode. Replace the keyboard controller The CPU has generated an exception error because of a fault in the CPU or motherboard circuitry

The system video adapter is missing or defective The contents of the system BIOS ROM does not match the expected checksum value. The BIOS ROM is probably defective and should be replaced

CMOS shutdown register The shutdown for the CMOS has failed read/write error Cache error

1 long, Failure in video system 2 short 1 long, Memory test failure 3 short 1 long, 8 short Display test failure 2 short POST Failure

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Description

The L2 cache is faulty An error was encountered in the video BIOS ROM, or a horizontal retrace failure has been encountered A fault has been detected in memory above 64KB The video adapter is either missing or defective One of the hardware test have failed

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38. What are all the SMPS Voltages and Color coding for that? AT, ATX, BTX SMPS Connectors, voltages and functions There are three types of SMPSs. They are AT, ATX, BTX. These three types of SMPSs have different connectors and each wire has different voltages. Here the connectors and its voltages. AT SMPSs have 12 pin power connector, ATX SMPSs have 20 pin power connector and BTX SMPSs have 24 and 28 pin power connectors. AT power supplies were used in 80‘s and from 1996 we use ATX power supplies. Here are the AT, ATX and BTX SMPSs voltages and users.

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SMPS

AT

ATX

BTX

Red

+5v

Yellow

+12v

Blue

-12v

-12v

-12v

White

-5v

-5v

-5v

Black

0v

0v

0v

Orange

+5v

+3.3v

+3.3v

Green

----

+5v

+5v

Gray or Brown

----

+5v

+5v

Purple

----

+5v +12v

+5v

Red

: it is used for signal sending

Yellow

: It is used for motor running

White &Blue

: It is used for backward compatibility

Black

: It is used for grounding purpose

Orange

: It is used for power good signal

Green

: It is used for power supply on in ATX

+5v +12v

+5v

Gray & Brown : It is used for power good signal in ATX Purple

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: It is used for auto shutdown in ATX

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39. How do you check the SMPS? Find the 24 Pin connector from SMPS then We have to short the Green and Black wire using U shape bend wire. If SMPS fan rotates then SMPS is fine if the FAN does not rotate then SMPS is Faulty. 

 

Green wire is Switching Volts 3 V or called power on. Black wire is Ground wire.

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40. How do you fix Hard disk related problems?

Hard disk drive is internal storage media in a computer, on which you can install operating system and save different data. Sometimes, some problems probably occur on a hard disk drive, in which situation you usually cannot write data to the hard disk drive. Even worse, the hard disk drive becomes inaccessible and does not allow you to read or copy any file. Common hard disk drive error and problems:      

      

Hard disk drive turns to RAW and asks to be reformatted Hard disk drive shows I/O device error Hard disk drive is not accessible, access is denied Hard disk drive is not accessible. The file or directory is corrupted and unreadable. Device error on hard disk drive More other hard disk drive malfunctions Hard Disk Drive Problems Causes

You may face different kinds of problems on a hard disk drive, which usually result from following possible reasons:     

     

Hard disk drive contains bad sectors Hard disk drive is attacked by virus The parameter of hard disk drive is lost or incorrect MBR is corrupted Hard disk drive file system is corrupted Symptoms of Hard Drive Error

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Your computer usually pops up some error message when a hard disk drive has errors, but sometimes you do not receive any warning message. Or a hard disk drive sometimes stops working normally when it has problems. How can you know that a hard disk drive has problem? Here are some common symptoms of hard disk drive errors:

1. PC pops up SMART error message. SMART, also written as S.M.A.R.T., is short for Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology. It is a monitoring system included in a hard disk drive. If you receive SMART error message, it indicates that there is some physical damage in your hard disk drive. You had better move all data to another hard disk or replace this hard disk with a new one in order to prevent data loss.

2. Windows cannot boot normally. This is a problem that can be caused by many reasons such as virus infection, software conflict, hardware failure, etc. Hard drive failure is a possible reason that can lead PC to be unbootable, so you should check if carefully if there is any malfunction on the hard disk drive if you are unable to boot Windows computer normally. Usually, if it is a hard drive problem that cause PC cannot boot, system probably pops up following message:

    

   

Device error or Non-System disk or disk error, Replace strike any key when ready HDD Controller Failure Invalid partition table No ROM Basic, System Halted Error loading operating system or Missing operating system

In fact, you may meet various kinds of malfunctions on a hard disk drive, which usually cause different troubles on your computer.

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Hard Disk Drive RAW Not Formatted Error If you receive not formatted error on system partition, your computer may be not able to boot normally. You usually need to reinstall Windows operating system and reformat the disk drive to fix the problem. If hard disk drive shows not formatted error on a data partition, it usually has no influence on system partition. However, you cannot access the hard disk drive when it asks to be formatted and changes to RAW file system.

Solution: Extract all inaccessible files from the hard disk drive without a data recovery tool and then format the disk drive from RAW to NTFS or FAT32 Hard Disk File or Directory Is Corrupted and Unreadable Error It pops up error message "file or directory is corrupted and unreadable" when you double click a hard disk drive on computer. This problem usually occurs when the partition table gets damaged. Solution: 1. Assign a new drive letter to the partition of hard disk drive. For example, if the hard disk drive E shows the error message, you can assign another drive letter like F, G, etc to this partition (Please make sure that there is no other partition has the same drive letter when you attempt to assign a new drive letter). 2. Click "Start" > "Programs" > "Command Prompt" > enter "chkdsk /f e:" (e: is the drive letter of the partition that shows the error message) 3. Run Windows Error-checking tool to check and repair bad sectors on the hard disk drive which shows the error message 4. If all solutions above failed, you can format hard disk drive to fix the problem. Hard Disk I/O Device Error It shows I/O device error on hard disk drive? This problem may result from hard disk bad sectors, unformatted error, file directory corruption or I/O address conflict, etc.

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1. You can install the hard disk to another computer to see if it can work. If it still shows the same error message, it indicates that there is something wrong with the hard disk. You need to recover all data from the hard disk and then run error-checking tool to fix the hard drive

2. If the hard disk works well in another computer, probably it is the I/O address conflict that causes the I/O device error. You can boot your computer in safe mode and fix the I/O address to fix the problem. 41, System is power on, but beep sound occurs. What would be the problem? One long beep: Memory problem One long and two short beeps: Video error One long and three short beeps: Video error Continuous beeps: Video/memory problem Other beeps: Check the motherboard manual 42. What is Power Good Signal? Explain its functionality. In addition to the voltages and currents that a computer needs to operate, power supplies also provide a signal called the Power-Good signal, sometimes written as Power_OK or Power Good or you can distinguish it by its gray color. Its purpose is to tell the computer all is well with the power supply and that the computer can continue to operate normally. If the Power-Good signal is not present at startup, the CPU is held in reset state. If a Power-Good signal goes down during operation the CPU will shutdown. The Power-Good signal prevents the computer from attempting to operate on improper voltages and damaging itself.

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Windows

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1. What is the difference between Win XP and Win 7 OS.? Windows 7 Real system restore Bit locker feature available (Bit locker which helps you protect your sensitive information from hackers) The shutdown and the startup is very fast in Windows 7 Windows 7 provides good Graphical User Interface (GUI) components In windows 7 there is no necessity for the drivers to be installed User defined themes can be implemented in Windows 7 provides maximum security to the operating system

Windows XP No Real System restore option No Bit locker option

Slow Less It is necessary to install drivers. in Windows XP themes cannot be created by the user Windows XP this feature is not available.

2.What is new Features of Windows 8 and windows 8.1 Features Windows 8: No Start Button – Metro UI Simpler Task Manager Improvements to Copy, Move, Rename and Delete The New Windows Explorer Fast Startup Mode Plug-in Free Browsing Reengineered Boot Experience Sign in using Windows Live ID Refresh/Reset Your PC Scaling for Different Screen Sizes

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Win 8 & Win 8.1 A start button included on the taskbar but doesn't open the menu. It'll take users to the start screen when clicked In 8.1 they really want users to sign in with a Microsoft Account and store all their user files online via SkyDrive 3. What is minimum Hardware requirements for windows 7 ? 1GHz processor or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) 1GB of RAM for 32-bit or 2GB of RAM for 64-bit 16GB of hard drive space for 32-bit or 20GB for 64-bit DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher.

4. What is minimum Hardware requirements for windows 8 ? Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster with support for PAE, NX, and SSE2 (more info) RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit) Hard disk space: 16 GB (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit) Graphics card: Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM driver 5. What is DirectX? Microsoft DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming and video, on Microsoft platforms. 6. What is WDDM? Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) is the graphic driver architecture for video card drivers running Microsoft Windows versions beginning with Windows Vista.

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7. What is Minimum Hardware configuration for Windows 10? Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster. RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit) Free hard disk space: 16 GB. Graphics card: Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM driver. 8 What is new features in windows 10?     

     

The Start Menu is Back, Baby. Cortana Makes the Start Menu Even Smarter. Microsoft Edge Finally Replaces Internet Explorer. You Can Now Add Multiple Desktops. Windows Now Has a Central Notification Center. Universal Apps and Continuum Bridge Tablets and PCs

 9. What is different version of windows 7? Windows 7 Version

What It Does

Windows 7 Home Basic

Designed for developing countries, this version adds better graphics and Internet connection sharing to the Starter edition.

Windows 7 Home Premium

Built to fill most consumers‘ needs, this version includes programs for watching and recording TV on the PC as well as for creating DVDs from videos.

Windows 7 Professional

Aimed at the business market, this features everything from Home Premium plus tools used by small businesses: extra networking features, for example, and similar business tools.

Windows 7 Enterprise

Microsoft sells this large business version in bulk to large businesses.

Windows 7 Ultimate

This version aims at the wallets of information technology specialists who spend much of their lives in front of their keyboards.

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10. What is the advantage of using ADO? ADO, or Active X data objects, allows developers to create applications that can interoperate well with other data application services. 11. What is APM? APM, or Advanced Power Management, was developed by Microsoft and Intel as an API. This API is mainly used for power management, and is very useful especially to those using Windows on their laptops or netbooks. 12.What is plug and play? Plug and Play is a technology wherein hardware components that are installed on PCs using Microsoft operating system are immediately recognized and made usable. This means that the drivers necessary to make it work are already available on the operating system package. 13.What is a Hotfix? Hotfix are files that are distributed by Microsoft Customer Service. These are intended to address issues such as bugs and errors within existing software.

14.What are DLLs? DLL is short for Dynamic Link Library. These are shared library files that contain usable codes and routines that other applications can utilize to create other new applications. 15. What is registry? Registry is a very important component of the Windows Operating System. It stores important information, such as setup and configuration, installation settings, and user settings. 16. What are cookies? Cookies are small pieces of information that are stored in a browser. It keeps track of user preference, like what sites are visited, what keywords are used, among others.

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17. What is defrag? Defrag is a system utility tool under Windows operating system that is designed to rearrange the ordering of data on disk. This action makes the disk run faster and access to data more efficient. 18. What is the difference between Windows XP & Windows 7?   



     

It Support More Graphics (GUI) It Support Bit Locker(Hard disk partitions can be Protected with Password) Windows Defender(Built in Virus Scanner features from Microsoft) Parental Control,( Parents can control the Children in Windows by Restriction on Login Timings) Windows Touch and Tap instead of point and Click, Multiple Active Firewall.

 19. What is the Difference between NTFS and FAT32. NTFS Support Maximum size of partition is 2 Terabytes & more. Maximum File size is up to 16TB. File & folder Encryption is possible only in NTFS.

It support Disk Quota (Means we limit the disk space for Windows usres when logged in c: and d: in Hard disk. FAT 32 Maximum size of partition is up to 2 TB. Maximum File size is up to 4 GB. File & folder Encryption is not possible. 20. How will you convert FAT32 to NTFS? To convert a volume to NTFS from the command prompt Open Command Prompt. In the command prompt window, type C:> convert drive_letter: /fs:ntfs For example, typing convert D: /fs:ntfs would format drive D: with the ntfs format.

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21. What are primary Partition, Extended Partition and Logical Partition? A primary partition contains one file system. The first partition (C:) must be a primary partition.. An extended partition is a primary partition which contains secondary partition(s). A hard disk may contain only one extended partition..

Extended partition that is sub divided into many drives is called as Logical partition.. 22. 10. What is Virus? Vital Information Resource under Seige.It is an executable Program which Performs Malicious activities in the system. 23. What is Antivirus? An Antivirus Is a Software that protects the system from Virus Attack.. 24. What is the difference between Delete and Quarantine in Action methodology for Virus Scanning? Delete will delete all the virus infected files and Quarantine create a copy from an infected file and produce a new one.. 25. What are the procedures for cleaning an infected virus system? Unplug the system from the Network if it is in a Network & Scan the System with the Updated Antivirus.. 26. When system booting “NTLDR file Missing” Error. What would be the solution? Boot the System from the OS cd and Select Repair Option 26. When XP is booting up system gets restart automatically. What would be the solution? May be RAM problem so replace it... Virus would have affected..

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27. Explain about Windows Firewall? Firewall Restricts the System from Unwanted User Login to the computer thro the Internet or Local Area Network.. 28. Difference between Administrators and Power Users? Members of the Administrator group have total control over the computer and everything on it. The user named Administrator is the default account within this group The Power User class can perform any task except for those reserved for Administrators. They are allowed to carry out functions that will not directly affect the operating system or risk security 29. What is Service Pack? Is it needed to be installed in all the system? A service pack (in short SP) is a collection of updates, fixes and/or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package. Yes it should be installed in all the systems. Windows XP Latest Service Pack is SP3 30. What is Device Drivers? Why it is needed? A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to your computer. There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on 31. Explain about Local Printer and Network Printer? A network printer is shared by more than one computer using the IP Address that is assigned to the printer. A local printer is directly connected to one computer & shared using sharing & security

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32. Explain detail how to install a Network Printer? To install the printer using an IP address, go to Start>Control Panel>Printers and Faxes and then click the Add Printer icon. Next, click Create a new port, then select Standard TCP/IP Port from the dropdown menu. You will then be asked to enter an IP address. Enter the IP address of the print server and click Next. You will be asked to select the printer manufacturer and the model from the list. If you do not see your printer listed, insert the disk that came with the printer and click Have Disk. If you do not know the IP address of the printer, you can sometime select Browse for printer in the beginning of the process. If the networked printer is attached to another computer is being shared, you will need to enter the name of the computer followed by the share name of the printer. For example: \\computername\printername. 33. How does virus get loaded into computer? Through Exe Files, Pen drive, CD, E-mail, Internet Etc... 34. What is Boot Process in a computer? First is the POST, this stands for Power On Self-Test, for the computer. This process tests memory as well as a number of other subsystems. You can usually monitor this as it runs each test. After that is complete the system will run POST for any device that has BIOS (Basic Input-Output System).

35. One fine morning system is not able to login into domain. What could be the problem? May be Network problem. Password would have expired. May be some restriction policy applied. 35. In a workgroup environment how many system can access a shared folder simultaneously. 10 Systems

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36.What is command to view computer name? Ipconfig /all or hostname 37. Explain Ping command in detail. Packet Internet Gopher is a simple command line network tool that you can use to verify your connectivity to a network. 38. What would the problem if system gets restarted frequently? RAM problem, Virus Attack, Dust in processor FAN. 39. What would the problem if the system gets hanged off? RAM problem,OS Corrupt,Virus Attack,Hard Disk Problem. 40. What could be the problem if hard disk gets in problem? Disk boot failure, Hard Disk not detected, CableProblem, BlueScreen, No power supply, Bad Sectors. 41. What is msconfig? Why it is used? Microsoft System Configuration Utility is a utility to troubleshoot the Windows startup process. 42. What is Remote Desktop? Why it is used? Remote Desktop is used to take another network system remotely Remote desktop allows you to control the desktop and, indeed, the entire contents of a computer from another machine entirely 43. What is system restore? Why it is used? System Restore helps you restore your computer's system files to an earlier point in time. It's a way to undo system changes to your computer without affecting your personal files, such as email, documents, or photos.

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44. How Many types of NT Backup are Available? There are Five Types of backup 1.Normal 2.Copy 3.Daily 4.Incremental 5.Differential 45. What is the differential Between Incremental and Differential Backup? Incremental Backup will take the Back up of incremented data and it will clear the Archive Bit after Taking the backup. Differential Backup will take the Back up of Differential Data and it will not clear the Archie bit. 46. What is an ActiveX control? ActiveX is a software component of Microsoft Windows. If you have Internet Explorer, then ActiveX is already installed on your computer. ActiveX controls are small programs, sometimes called add-ons that are used on the Internet. They can enhance your browsing experience by allowing animation or they can help with tasks such as installing security updates at Microsoft Update. 47. What is Patch? A patch is a piece of software designed to update a computer program or its supporting data, to fix or improve it. This includes fixing security vulnerabilities [1] and other bugs, with such patches usually called bug fixes or bug fixes, and improving the usability or performance 48. What is service pack (SP)? An Service Pack is a small set of applications with software patches or security loops removing errors and bugs, modifying components or adding new features. Its purpose is to improve user productivity from earlier versions. Most major software vendors release application service packs annually or as required.

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49. How do you update the patches in Windows?    

    

Swipe in from the right edge of the screen, and then tap Search. ... Tap or click Settings. In the search box, type Windows Update. Tap or click Install optional updates. In the details pane, click Check for updates, and then wait while Windows looks for the latest updates for your computer.

50. What are all Different types of Security updates in Windows? There are three types of updates:  

  

Service packs Regular updates Security updates

Service packs upgrade systems to the most current code base. Updates and security updates resolve a known issue. Updates should be adopted on an as-needed basis. They should be evaluated and applied only if computers within the organization are experiencing the problem the update is designed to resolve. We recommend that organizations install critical updates and service packs as soon as they become available. Service Packs A service pack is a periodic update that corrects problems in one version of a product. In addition to correcting known problems, service packs provide tools, drivers, and updates that extend product functionality, including enhancements developed after the product was released. Specifically, service packs are designed to get software users to the current code base for the product in question. This is important because the current code base is where developers update the code.

Service packs keep the product current, and they update and extend a computer's functionality. Service packs may also contain a limited number of customer-requested design changes or features.

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Updates Updates are code fixes for products that are provided to individual customers when those customers experience critical problems for which no feasible workaround is available. Updates are not intended for general installation, since they do not undergo extensive beta testing when they are created. Microsoft targets update support toward enterprise-level customers and designs it to provide an extra level of security for mission-critical software systems. Updates may not be distributed outside the customer organization without written legal consent from Microsoft. Security Updates Security updates address security vulnerabilities. Attackers wanting to break into systems can exploit such vulnerabilities. Security updates are analogous to updates, but should be considered mandatory, and they must be deployed quickly. 51. What's the difference between update and upgrade? An update is a free program that fixes issues with the software or adds more hardware support while Upgrades are add additional features to your software product and are not free.

53. What is a computer virus? Computer viruses are self-reproducing programs that use various methods of transmission to spread infection from computer to computer. 54. How are computer viruses spread? Computer viruses are usually spread through email, by sharing files, or on disks. 55. What is a virus definition? A virus definition is a file provided by the antivirus software vendor that allows the antivirus program to identify a virus on a computer. Virus definitions are updated frequently.

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56. Do We Have To Uninstall The Existing Antivirus Program Before Installing A New One? If you are changing to a new antivirus product, you will need to uninstall the previous antivirus scanner first. After uninstalling, you must reboot your PC before installing the new scanner. If you are simply upgrading the existing antivirus software to a newer version of the same product, there is no need to uninstall the older version first. However, if the new version is two or more versions newer than the old, then you will want to uninstall the old version before installing the new. 57. What is malware? Short for malicious software.

58. What Is Meant By Malware? A is software used or created to disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems. It can appear in the form of code, scripts, active content, and other software. Malware' is a general term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile, intrusive, or annoying software What Are The Uses Of Usage Of Malware? 59.Usage of Malware: Many early infectious programs, including the first Internet Worm, were written as experiments or pranks. Today, malware is used primarily to steal sensitive personal, financial, or business information for the benefit of others. • Malware is sometimes used broadly against government or corporate websites to gather guarded information, or to disrupt their operation in general. However, malware is often used against individuals to gain personal information such as social security numbers, bank or credit card numbers, and so on.

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60.What Are The Types Of Malware? Types of Malware: Viruses Trojan horses Worms Spyware Zombie Phishing Spam Adware Ransomware 61. What Is A Virus? Viruses: A program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your knowledge and runs against your wishes. Viruses can also replicate themselves. All computer viruses are manmade. Viruses copy themselves to other disks to spread to other computers. They can be merely annoying or they can be vastly destructive to your files. 62. Give Few Examples Of Viruses? Examples of computer viruses are: Macro virus. Boot virus. Logic Bomb virus. Directory virus. Resident virus.

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63.What Is Trojan Horse?give Few Examples? Trojan horse A Trojan horse program has the appearance of having a useful and desired function. A Trojan Horse neither replicates nor copies itself, but causes damage or compromises the security of the computer. A Trojan Horse must be sent by someone or carried by another program and may arrive in the form of a joke program or software of some sort. These are often used to capture your logins and passwords. Example of Trojan Horses : Remote access Trojans (RATs) Backdoor Trojans (backdoors) IRC Trojans (IRCbots) Keylogging Trojans 64. What Are Worms? Worms A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. It uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so without any user intervention. It does not need to attach itself to an existing program. 65.What Is Spyware? Spyware: Spyware is a type of malware installed on computers that collects information about users without their knowledge. The presence of spyware is typically hidden from the user and can be difficult to detect. Spyware programs lurk on your computer to steal important information, like your passwords and logins and other personal identification information and then send it off to someone else.

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66. What Is Zombie? Zombie : Zombie programs take control of your computer and use it and its Internet connection to attack other computers or networks or to perform other criminal activities 67. What Is Phishing? Phishing : • Phishing (pronounced like the word 'fishing') is a message that tries to trick you into providing information like your social security number or bank account information or logon and password for a web site. • The message may claim that if you do not click on the link in the message and log onto a financial web site that your account will be blocked, or some other disaster. 67.What Is Ransomware? Ransomware : Ransomware is a form of malware that essentially holds a computer system captive while demanding a ransom. The malware restricts user access to the computer either by encrypting files on the hard drive or locking down the system and displaying messages that are intended to force the user to pay the malware creator to remove the restrictions and regain access to their computer. 68.What Is Spam? Spam : Spam is email that you did not request and do not want. One person's spam is another's useful newsletter or sale ad. Spam is a common way to spread viruses, trojans, and the like.

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69.What Is Adware? Adware : Adware (short for advertising-supported software) is a type of malware that automatically delivers advertisements. Common examples of adware include pop-up ads on websites and advertisements that are displayed by software. Often times software and applications offer ―free‖ versions that come bundled with adware. 70.How Malware Spreads? Malware is a program that must be triggered or somehow executed before it can infect your computer system and spread to others. Here are some examples on how malware is distributed: Social network. Pirated software. Removable media. Emails. Websites. 71. How Can You Protect Your Computer? Install protection software. Practice caution when working with files from unknown or questionable sources. Do not open e-mail if you do not recognize the sender. Download files only from reputable Internet sites. Install firewall. Scan your hard drive for viruses monthly.

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72.What Are The Symptoms? Symptoms: Increased CPU usage. Slow computer or web browser speeds. Problems connecting to networks. Freezing or crashing. Modified or deleted files. Appearance of strange files, programs, or desktop icons Programs running, turning off, or reconfiguring themselves (malware will often reconfigure or turn off antivirus and firewall programs) Strange computer behavior Emails/messages being sent automatically and without user‘s knowledge (a friend receives a strange email from you that you did not send). There seems to be a lot of network activity when you are not using the network. The available memory on your computer is lower than it should be. Programs or files appear or disappear without your knowledge. File names are changed. 73.What Is Anti-malware Program? Anti-Malware Program : Anti-Malware program is used to prevent, detect, and remove computer viruses, worms, trojan horses and any other type of malware. Examples of Anti-Malware program: Antivirus program. Anti-spyware program. Anti-spam program. Firewall.

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74.What Is Antivirus Program? Give Few Examples? Antivirus Program : ―Antivirus" is protective software designed to defend your computer against malicious software. In order to be an effective defense, the antivirus software needs to run in the background at all times, and should be kept updated so it recognizes new versions of malicious software. Examples of Antivirus Program : Norton Antivirus. AVG. Kaspersky. Avast. PC-Cilin. McAffee. Avira. 75.What Is Anti-spyware Program?what Is Anti-spam Program? Anti-Spyware Program : Anti-spyware program is a type of program designed to prevent and detect unwanted spyware program installations and to remove those programs if installed. Examples of Anti-spyware program: Spyware Doctor. AVG Anti-spyware. STOPzilla. Spysweeper. Anti-Spam Program : Anti-spam software tries to identify useless or dangerous messages for you.

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76. Explain What Is Firewall? A firewall blocks attempts to access your files over a network or internet connection. That will block incoming attacks. Your computer can become infected through shared disks or even from another computer on the network. So you need to monitor what your computer is putting out over the network or internet also. 77. what does APIPA stand for and how can you tell if your computer is using it? why would your computer be using it? APIPA stands for Automatic Private IP Addressing, if a client machine fails to get an IP Address Allocated by the DHCP Server, APIPA will give it a non rout-able address in the 169.254 range When client fails to obtain IP address from server then it automatically allots IP address by itself. It is called APIPA. 78. What is the difference between Network Printer and Shared Printer? Network printer: Network printer has its own IP address. it is connected to local area network through switch. Shared printer: When printer is installed in one system, it is in network when we share that printer to another system which is in same network is called shared printer 79. If the computer restarts continuously while booting before the appearance of login screen, what could be the cause, what are the different methods of solving this problem? If system restart continues please follow the below steps. 1. Check if the RAM is inserted properly or not 2. Check the CPU fan 3. Check the SMPs voltage.

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80 What are all windows Booting files? NTLDR - Loader file NTDETECT.COM - Recognizes hardware BOOT.INI - OS menu BOOTSECT.DOS - Alt boot sector NTOSKRNL.EXE - Kernel HAL.DLL SYSTEM32CONFIG - Registry SYSTEM32DRIVERS*.SYS - Drivers 81. What are booting files for Windows 7?

BOOTMGR – Found in the MBR this file boots up the Windows operating system BCD (Boot Configuration Data) - is text file that lists the available OS found and tells the BOOTMGR where to find boot partition WINLOAD.EXE- Loads the Windows Interface NTOSKRNL.EXE- Windows Vista/7 Core Files WIN.COM - Windows Vista/7 command file HAL.DLL - Hardware Abstraction layer of Windows Vista/7

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82. What is network discovery? Network discovery is a network setting that affects whether your computer can find other computers and devices on the network and whether other computers on the network can find your computer. There are three network discovery states: •

On

This state allows your computer to see other network computers and devices and allows people on other network computers to see your computer. This makes it easier to share files and printers. •

Off

This state prevents your computer from seeing other network computers and devices and prevents people on other network computers from seeing your computer. •

Custom

This is a mixed state in which some settings related to network discovery are enabled, but not all of them. For example, network discovery could be turned on, but you or your system administrator might have changed firewall settings that affect network discovery. Network discovery requires that the DNS Client, Function Discovery Resource Publication, SSDP Discovery, and UPnP Device Host services are started, that network discovery is allowed to communicate through Windows Firewall, and that other firewalls are not interfering with network discovery. If some but not all of these are true, the network discovery state will be shown as Custom.

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To turn on network discovery 1. Open Advanced sharing settings by clicking the Start button, and then clicking Control Panel. In the search box, type network, click Network and Sharing Center, and then, in the left pane, click Change advanced sharing settings. 2.

Click the chevron

to expand the current network profile.

3. Click Turn on network discovery, and then click Save changes. If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation. 83. What is new features of Windows 10 Start Menu is back. Microsoft Edge is new Web browser it replaced with old Internet Explorer. It support creating Multiple Desktops. Central Notification Center Universal Apps and Continuum Bridge Tablets and PCs 85. What is the Difference Between 32bit and 64bit version of windows ?

S.No 32 Bit Version 1 It Supported on 32bit Based old CPU like Pentium 386 etc.

64 Bit version It supported on latest 64 bit CPU like Pentium 4 core I3, I7 etc.

2

It Supports RAM size up to 192 GB It supports 64 Bit Applications.

3.

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It support RAM size up to 4GB Only. It Does not support 64 bit Based applications

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Windows Server Interview Questions

1) What is the different between Workgroup and Domain? Domain Server has Centralized Control Where else Workgroup has no Centralized Control Domain Network has higher level of security when compared to Workgroup. Domain Network Implementation and Maintained cost is very less when compared to that of workgroup. Time constrain is very less when compared to that of a Workgroup. Administrator has overall control on the network where else workgroup has no control. 2. How will assign Local Administrator rights for domain user? Navigate to Local User and Groups add the domain users to administrators group in the local system. 3. How will you restrict user logon timing in domain? Navigate to Active Directory Users and Computers, User Properties select logon times and restrict the user logon timing as needed. 4. What is the purpose of sysvol? The sysvol folder stores the server's copy of the domain's public files. The contents such as group policy, users, and groups of the sysvol folder are replicated to all domain controllers in the domain. The sysvol folder must be located on an NTFS volume. 5. What is OU? Explain its Uses. Organization Unit is set of active directory object within a domain. It is used to design an organization structure, Restrict user‘s visibility and to delegate control.

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6. What is DNS Server? Domain Name System is used to resolve domain name to IP Address and also used to resolve IP Address to Domain Name. It has two zones Forward and Reverse Lookup Zone. Forward Lookup Zone resolve Domain name to IP address. Reverse Lookup Zone is used to resolve IP address to Domain Name. Some records associate with DNS A Record binds Name with IP Address PTR Record binds IP Address to Name 7. Why DNS server is required for Active Directory? The key reason for integrating DNS with AD is that client server communication takes place with Domain Name. Network needs IP address to reach the destination; In order to resolve Domain Name to IP Address we need DNS Server. If DNS Server is not configured properly the network becomes slow. 8. What is the Purpose of A and PTR Record? A Record OR Host Record is used to bind a Name with IP Address. PTR Record is used to bind an IP Address with Name. 9. What is the purpose of DHCP Server? DHCP Server is used to assign IP address automatically to all the clients‘ computers. It is useful in large enterprise network, where we may not able track the IP address and also used to avoid IP conflict. 10. What is DHCP Server? DHCP is the Dynamic Host Configuration protocols which is used to assign the IP address automatically to the Clients. 11. How to configure DHCP server? First open the Server Manager then select the Add roles and services then select the DHCP Services and Install it. Then go to Tools and select DHCP then create the DHCP Scope then Provide the Starting and ending Range of IP address the provide the DNS IP Address then it will get configured.

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12. Explain about Scope in DHCP Server? Scope is collective information of assigning IP address for clients. It contains information like IP Address Range, Exclusion Range, Lease Period, Reservation, Router IP Address, DNS Address, etc. Based on the scope configuration DHCP allocates IP address to its entire client. 13. What is DNS? DNS is the Domain naming server which is used to resolve the name to IP address and IP Address to Name. 14.What is FSMO Roles in windows server? Flexible Single Master Operation Roles (FSMO)

Active Directory has five special roles which are vital for the smooth running of AD as a Multi master system. Some functions of AD require there is an authoritative master to which all Domain Controllers can refer to. These roles are installed automatically and there is normally very little reason to move them, however if you de-commission a DC and DCPROMO fails to run correctly or have a catastrophic failure of a DC you will need to know about these roles to recover or transfer them to another DC. The forest wide roles must appear once per forest, the domain wide roles must appear once per domain. The Roles There are five FSMO roles, two per forest, three in every Domain. A brief summary of the role is below. Forest Wide Roles: 

Schema Master

The schema is shared between every Tree and Domain in a forest and must be consistent between all objects. The schema master controls all updates and modifications to the schema.

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

Domain Naming Master

When a new Domain is added to a forest the name must be unique within the forest. The Domain naming master must be available when adding or removing a Domain in a forest. Domain Wide Roles: 

Relative ID (RID) Master

Allocates RIDs to DCs within a Domain. When an object such as a user, group or computer is created in AD it is given a SID. The SID consists of a Domain SID (which is the same for all SIDs created in the domain) and a RID which is unique to the Domain. When moving objects between domains you must start the move on the DC which is the RID master of the domain that currently holds the object. 

PDC Emulator

The PDC emulator acts as a Windows NT PDC for backwards compatibility, it can process updates to a BDC. It is also responsible for time synchronizing within a domain. It is also the password master (for want of a better term) for a domain. Any password change is replicated to the PDC emulator as soon as is practical. If a logon request fails due to a bad password the logon request is passed to the PDC emulator to check the password before rejecting the login request. 

Infrastructure Master

The infrastructure master is responsible for updating references from objects in its domain to objects in other domains. The global catalogue is used to compare data as it receives regular updates for all objects in all domains.

Any change to user-group references are updated by the infrastructure master. For example if you rename or move a group member and the member is in a different domain from the group the group will temporarily appear not to contain that member.

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   

      

Enter in ntdsutil At the ntdsutil command prompt enter in roles At the fsmo maintenance prompt enter in connection At the server connections prompt enter in connect to domancontrollername At the server connections prompt enter in quit At the fsmo maintenance prompt enter in transfer schema master Quit from the console



15. Explain APIPA. A Windows-based computer that is configured to use DHCP can automatically assign itself an Internet Protocol (IP) address if a DHCP server is not available or does not exist. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 for Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA). 16. What is ADS? ADS is the Active Directory Services Which is Centralized Directory service it stores all information of the networks such as User Accounts, Groups, Computer Information, Domain Controller information, Group Policy, Organization Unit,etc. 17. What is AD Database File? Active Directory data store, the actual database file, is %System Root%\NTDS\NTDS.DIT.. 18. Explain about Group Policy. Group policies are used by administrators to configure and control user environment settings. Group Policy Objects (GPOs) are used to configure group policies which are applied to sites, domains, and organizational units (OUs) .There is a maximum of 1000 applicable group policies. 19. What is the default time for group policy refresh interval time? The default refresh interval for policies is 90 minutes. The default refresh interval for domain controllers is 5 minutes. Group policy object's group policy refresh intervals may be changed in the group policy object.

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20. What ports are used by DHCP and the DHCP clients? Requests are on UDP port 68, Server replies on UDP 67.

21. How do I configure a client machine to use a specific IP Address? By reserving an IP Address using client machine MAC or Physical address. 22. Name 3 benefits of using AD-integrated zones. AD Integrated Zones allow Secure Dynamic Updates. I.e. there will not be any duplicate or unwanted records. Since all the information are validated in active directory. By creating AD- integrated zone you can also trace hacker and spammer by creating reverse zone. AD integrated zones are stored as part of the active directory and support domain-wide or forest-wide replication through application partitions in AD. 23. How do you backup & Restore AD? Using Windows NTBackup Utility. In Backup select systemstate will include active directory backup. Restore the Same using NTBackup Utility. 24. How do you change the DS Restore admin password? Using NTDSUTIL tool. 25. How can you forcibly remove AD from a server? Using the command dcpromo /force removal 26. What will be the problem if DNS Server fails? If your DNS server fails, No Client will able to reach the Domain Controller, which will create authentication and Control Issues. 28. What can you do to promote a server to DC? Using the command dcpromo

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29. What is Minimum Configuration hardware configuration for Windows 2012 server CPU-Pentium-IV-!ghz RAM 1 GB HDD free Space 20 GB. 30. Explain Quotas. Disk Quota is a feature or service of NTFS which helps to restrict or manage the disk usage from the normal user. It can be implemented per user user per volume basis.By default it is disabled. Administrative privilege is required to perform the task. In 2003server we can control only drive but in 2008server we can establish quota in folder level. 31. Explain Backup Methodology. The different types of backup methodologies are: Normal Backup:-This is default backup in which all files are backed up even if it was backed up before. Incremental Backup:-In this type of backup only the files that haven‘t been backed up are taken care of or backed up. Differential Backup:-This backup is similar to incremental backup because it does not take backup of those files backed up by normal backup but different from incremental because it will take backup of differentially backed up files at next time of differential backup. System Backup:-This type of backup takes backup of files namely, Boot file, COM+Class Registry, Registry. But in server it takes backup of ADS.

ASR Backup:-This type of backup takes backup of entire boot partition including OS and user data. This should be the last troubleshooting method to recover an os from disaster. 32. Explain how to publish printer through AD. Navigate to Active Directory Users and Computers, Create new printer and add the printer i.e. the printer share name (UNC) Path. Automatically the printer will be published in Active Directory.

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33. Explain the functionality of FTP Server? File Transfer Protocol is used transfer large volume of files and huge number of files simultaneous between different geographic locations. 34. Specify the Port Number for AD, DNS, DHCP, HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, POP3 & FTP AD - 389 DNS - 53 DHCP Server- 67, DHCP Client -68 HTTP - 80 HTTPS - 443 SMTP - 25 POP3 - 110 FTP - 21,22 35. Explain Virtual Directory in IIS? A virtual server can have one home directory and any number of other publishing directories. These other publishing directories are referred to as virtual directories. 36. What is Exclusion Range in DHCP Server? Exclusion Range is used to hold a range IP addresses. Those IP Address can be used or may not be used in the network, but DHCP server does not assign those IP to its client. 37. Explain SOA Record. Start Of Authority (SOA) Records indicate that Name Server is authoritative server for the domain.

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38. What command is used to clear DNS cache in client PC? Ipconfig /flushdns 39. Explain Secure Dynamic Updates in DNS Server. Only when installing active directory and DNS in the same server (AD Integrated Zones) we can select Secure Dynamic Updates. Then all the records will automatically be updated in DNS. Since all the information is validated in active directory there will not be any duplicate or unwanted records 40. Explain FRS in detail. File Replication Service is a Microsoft service which replicates folders stored in sysvol shared folders on domain controllers and distributed file system shared folders. This service is a part of Microsoft‘s active directory service.

41. Explain the protocol involved in ADC replication. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is the protocol used in ADC replication. 42. Explain the difference between Patches and Service pack. Patches are fixes, updates or enhancements for a particular program whereas service packs include a collection of 43. What is WSUS? WSUS is Windows Software Update Services. It is server provided by Microsoft free of cost to manage patches for windows environment centralized. 44.

How client server communication takes place in WSUS server?

Using Web Server or Web Services

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45. What is the difference between Dynamic Disk and Basic Disk? Basic Disk: Basic Disk uses a partition table to manage all partitions on the disk, and it is supported by DOS and all Windows versions. A disk with installed OS would be default initialized to a basic one. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as primary partitions, extended partition, and all logical partitions are contained in extended partition. Dynamic Disk: Dynamic Disk is supported in Windows 2000 and later operating system. Dynamic disks do not use a partition table to track all partitions, but use a hidden database (LDM) to track information about dynamic volumes or dynamic partitions on the disk. With dynamic disks you can create volumes that span multiple disks such as spanned and striped volumes, and can also create fault-tolerant volumes such as mirrored volumes and RAID 5 volumes. Compared to a Basic Disk, Dynamic Disk offers greater flexibility. 46. If the Client machine does not receive the IP Address from DHCP server how do you troubleshoot? We have to go command Prompt and type the following command. Ipconfig /renew 47. What is “hosts” files? The hosts file is a computer file used in an operating system to map hostnames to IP addresses. The hosts file is a plain-text file and is traditionally named hosts. 48. What is “lmhosts” files? The lmhosts files are a computer file used in an operating system to map NetBIOS name. It is equivalent that of WINS. 49. Explain About Global Catalog. global catalog contains a complete replica of all objects in Active Directory for its Host domain, and contains a partial replica of all objects in Active Directory for every other domain in the forest.

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50. Name some OU design considerations. It is used to design an organization structure, Restrict user‘s visibility and to delegate control. 51. Name a few benefits of using GPMC. GPMC is used to customize group policy. It is easy to maintain different OU policy effectively. Provide option to take backup and restore group policy.

52. You want to standardize the desktop environments (wallpaper, My Documents, Start menu, printers etc.) on the computers in one department. How would you do that? Configure Group Policy based on OU. 53. By default, if the name is not found in the cache or local hosts file, what is the first step the client takes to resolve the FQDN name into an IP address? Create a record in DNS Server 54. You are administering a network connected to the Internet. Your users complain that everything is slow. Preliminary research of the problem indicates that it takes a considerable amount of time to resolve names of resources on the Internet. What is the most likely reason for this? DNS Issues 55. Describe how the DHCP lease is obtained. It‘s a four-step process consisting of (a) IP request, (b) IP offer, (c) IP selection and (d) acknowledgement. 57. We‟ve installed a new Windows-based DHCP server, however, the users do not seem to be getting DHCP leases off of it.

The server must be authorized first with the Active Directory.

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56. I can‟t seem to access the Internet, don‟t have any access to the corporate network and on ipconfig my address is 169.254.*.*. What happened? The 169.254.*.* netmask is assigned to Windows machines running 98/2000/XP if the DHCP server is not available. The name for the technology is APIPA (Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing). What is Roaming profile? Roaming Profiles is used to allow users of an Active Directory Domain to access their desktop and documents from any PC of the domain. What is the Difference between Local profile and Roaming profile? A Local profile is a folder that contains all the settings pertaining to a user‘s working environment. By default, the profile is stored in the C:\Users directory. A roaming profile, on the other hand, is stored on a network instead on the local drive of the machine where you are logged. A Roaming profile is cached locally by default. The advantage of a roaming profile is that a user can log into any machine in the domain and have a consistent working environment.

A profile has two types of content: Files and folders, NTUSER.DAT The concept of a roaming profile is that the user‘s profile is stored on a file share, and it is downloaded from the file server whenever a user logs in, doesn‘t matter on which machine. It is cached in C:\Users on the computer that the user is logged into. When the user is logged out, the content changes of the profile are saved back to the file server. What is Mandatory profile? A mandatory user profile is a roaming user profile that has been preconfigured by an administrator to specify settings for users. Settings commonly defined in a mandatory profile include (but are not limited to): icons that appear on the desktop, desktop backgrounds, user preferences in Control Panel, printer selections, and more. Configuration changes made during a user's session that are normally saved to a roaming user profile are not saved when a mandatory user profile is assigned.

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58. How do you configure mandatory profiles? Rename ntuser.dat to ntuser.man 59. What is Page File and Virtual Memory? Page File Is Storage Space For The Virtual Memory, Page File Uses Hard Disk Space As a Memory To Provide Memory Allocation... 61. Where are group policies stored? %SystemRoot%System32\Group Policy 62. What are GPT and GPC? Group policy template and group policy container. 63. Where is GPT stored? %System Root%\SYSVOL\sysvol\domain name\Policies\GUID 64. You change the group policies, and now the computer and user settings are in conflict. Which one has the highest priority? The computer settings take priority. 65. What is protocol used in ADS and port no? LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. Port Number is 389

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Microsoft Mail Client

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1). How to configure Outlook? To configure we need basic following Things. 1. Email ID and Password 2. POP3 and SMTP protocols. Then we have to follow the steps: First we have to open control Panel then select Mail then select Add email then provide Email ID and password the provide the POP3 and SMTP protocols it will get configured.

2). What is POP3 and SMTP protocols? POP3 is the Post office Protocols ver 3 which is used to receive the mails from related mail server. And TCP port no is 110. SMTP is the Simple Mail transfer protocols which is used to send the mail. The TCP Port number is 25 3).Explain what is IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)? IMAP means Internet Message Access Protocol; it is a standard protocol for using e-mail service from your local server. 4).Explain what is POP3 protocol? POP3 means Post Office Protocol 3 is a protocol that offers a simple way for users to use mailboxes and download messages to their computers. It allows users to download mails from the mail server to the local server and enables you to read the mail even if you are offline. 5) Explain what is SMTP protocol? SMTP or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol allows you to send emails and not to receive them, it act as Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) to deliver your e-mail to the recipient‘s mail server.

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6) Explain how to create an e-mail signature in an Outlook? To set an e-mail signature in an Outlook   

    

In the main menu under TOOLS, click on OPTIONS Go to the MAIL FORMAT tab and click signature Under signature tab, click NEW Type the new signature‘s desired name and the click OK Type the desired text of your under ―EDIT SIGNATURE‖ and then click OK and click OK again



7) Explain what is new in Outlook 2013? In Outlook 2013, the new feature includes  



Preview message in the message list: You can figure it out from the message list itself, what message to read and what to be ignored, as you can see a little description of mail on the mailing list.  Quicker respond with inline replies: Just with one click you can reply to the mail sender and act as a real-time chat



8) Explain how you can access AOL e-mail account with Outlook? To set up an AOL e-mail account in Outlook         

            

Select tools, from account settings in the main menu in Outlook Go to the e-mail tab option and then click NEW Ensure that Microsoft Exchange, POP3, IMAP or HTTP is selected Click Next Type your name and enter your full AOL e-mail address Click next, and after that make sure internet E-mail is selected Click next again Now select IMAP under account type Under incoming mail server type ―imap.aol.com‖ Under outgoing mail server (SMTP) enter ―smtp.aol.com‖ Enter your AOL screen name under user name and then enter your AOL password Tap on more settings and go to outgoing server tab Make sure ―My outgoing server‖ (SMTP) request authentication is checked Now go to the ―Advanced‖ tab, under server port numbers type ―587‖ for outgoing server (SMTP). After that click OK, now click Next and then click Finish and then click close.

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9.) What is PST? PST is the personel storage file which is used to store all the outlook messages. Maximum file size of PST is 50 GB. 10) what is OST? An OST file (.ost) is an offline folder file in Microsoft Outlook. Offline folders make it possible for the user to work offline and then to synchronize changes with the Exchange server the next time they connect. The ability to work offline is useful in environments with limited or unreliable connectivity. 11) What is difference between PST and OST? Difference between MS Outlook OST & PST files OST stands for Offline Storage Tables. It is an offline folder created by MS Outlook and MS Exchange to hold offline copies of whatever exists in the Exchange server. To make it simpler to understand, you can just call OST files as as local copy of your Exchange mailbox. It is created when your emails are delivered to your Outlook mailbox and will contain all your emails, contacts, calender entries and tasks. Outlook has to be in Cached mode for Offline folders to work. OST files allow you to work even when you are not connected to your exchange server (i.e. when you are offline) and then, when you get online it will synchronize itself with your exchange server mailbox. On the other hand, PST stands for Personal Storage Tables. These are also known as personal folders or personal files. It is not created by Outlook or the Exchange server. Instead, you (or any user, for that matter) can create it to store all your emails, contacts, calendar entries etc. These PST files can be stored anywhere in your computer and it makes it that much easier for you to keep a backup copy of your PST files or move it from one computer to another. Until Outlook 2002, a PST file could hold only upto 2GB of data. And as it approached that limit it would start to become unstable. But from Outlook 2003 onwards, it could hold up to 10 times that limit. If, at any point of time your PST files become unstable, you can still repair it using the Scanpst.exe utility, which you can find when you run a search in

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your computer. It is a fairly easy process. All you need to do is to follow the onscreen instructions. Similarly, if your OST file happens to become corrupted, you can scan it and repair it with the Scanost.exe utility. You will find it when you search for it in your computer. 12) How to take PST file backup? Step 1: To start backing up your files in Outlook 2013 and 2016, click the File menu and select Open & Export from the left-hand menu. Step 2: Click the Import/Export button to open the Import and Export Wizard, which will also kick you out of the touch-friendly menu system — it‘s best to have a conventional keyboard and mouse or touchpad for the following steps. In Outlook 2010, click File, select Options, and click Advanced. Step 3: Click Export to open the wizard. The following steps are identical for all three versions of Outlook. Step 4: Select Export to a file from the action list and click Next, which will result in two options. Select Outlook Data File (.pst), and click Next again. On the next screen, select which files and folders you want to back up. Most of the time, you‘ll want to create a complete backup of the files for one account. To do this, simply click the email address associated with the account, the first item in the list, and click Next. Make sure that Include subfolders is checked so that you capture all the information. Step 5: If you want greater control of what‘s backed up, click an individual mail folder, the Contacts or Calendars section, or any of the other options in the list. By default, all of the folders within a selected folder will be backed up as well. To disable this behavior, uncheck the box marked include subfolders. To remove specific email messages from the backup, such as mail sent to or from your personal address, click filters. On this screen, you can create a search by word, subject or body field, to or from address, or time. More advanced filters, including size, flags, and importance ratings, are available via the More Choices and Advanced tabs. When you‘re finished setting up your filters, click OK to return to the export menu.

Step 6: The next screen allows you to select the location and name of your backup file. Click Browse, then navigate to the folder you want, name the file, and click OK. The browser window will then close.

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Step 7: Click Finish. You can add a password to this file for extra security, or leave both fields blank if you don‘t want to assign a password. Then, click OK to create the backup file. Keep in mind that it may take a few seconds if you have a ton of emails stored in Outlook. 13) How to repair the corrupted PST file? Using the Tool called scanpst.exe we can repair the PST file. Scanpst.exe is installed when you install Outlook. It is located at: drive:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\OFFICE12. Repair errors by using Scanpst.exe 1. Exit Outlook if it is running. 2. Double-click Scanpst.exe, located at drive:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\OFFICE12. 3. In the Enter the name of the file you want to scan box, enter the name of the .pst or .ost file that you want to check, or click Browse to search for the file. 4. To specify the scan log options, click Options, and then click the option that you want. 5. Click Start. 6. If errors are found after the scan is complete, you will be prompted to start the repair process to fix the errors. 14) what is default location PST file stored in outlook? C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Outlook\Outlook.pst

15) What is Archive? An Archive is a way to reduce the size of your Outlook Data File when the amount of email you keep starts to tax your computers resources, causing it to slow down. Unlike a traditional backup in which a copy is made, archived items are moved to a separate Outlook Data File and set aside to be accessed when needed.

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16) what is the Difference between Outlook and Outlook express? S.No

MS Out Look

Out Look Express

1

It Comes with Ms Office Product

It Comes with by Default with Windows

2

It Used on Enterprise Networks

It is used in Small Home users

3

It has the features like Calendar, Scheduler and Organizer

It does not have these features

4.

The Messages Stored here in the form of Database file called PST format

This will stores messages as dbx format Extension.(Database file)

(PST-Personnel Storage file) 5

The Maximum PST file is up to 50 GB

Maximum Database file up to 640 MB Only

6

It can be used as client for MS exchange server

It can‘t be Used

13) How do you archive in Outlook? Open Outlook. Select: File > Info > Cleanup Tools (Mailbox Cleanup). Click on Archive in the dropdown box. In the window that opens you can change the settings to Archive:

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All your folders and subfolders. A single folder and all its subfolders. Set Outlook to Archive everything before a specified date. Click OK and the Archive file will be created and attached to Outlook. The Archive process will then run using the settings you previously entered. All email received before the date you selected will be moved to the Archive file. If the email being Archived is in a folder named John Doe, it will be stored in a folder named John Doe in the Archive file. If a folder does not have email old enough to be Archived, the folder will not be created in the Archive file until it does.

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Note: To see if the Archive process is running, look at the lower right-hand corner of the Outlook screen.

When the Archive process has finished, right-click on the Archive and select Close"archive".

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14) Mention what is the short cut used to undelete a message in an Outlook? To delete a message in an Outlook, you can use shortcut Cntrl+Z 15) Mention what is the short cut for switching to tasks and switching to mail in Outlook 2013? 

 

Short cut for switching to tasks: Ctrl+4 Short cut for switching to mail: Ctrl+1

16) In MS Outlook how you can create recurring meeting? To create a recurring meeting request    

  

In the main window, tap on options NEW, now click the arrow right of the NEW button and select Meeting Request Click on options and then recurrence Select the type of details from your options and then click OK Enter the recipient‘s mail address and then click send

17) Explain how you can manage junk mails in MS Outlook?

  

   

Go to the main menu, tap on tools option and select ―options‖ tab It will open a window, under preference tab; you will have the option, ―Junk E-mail‖ and ―E-mail options.‖ If you click on ―junk e-mail‖ option, it will open another window In this window, you can choose the option and click on the checker‘s box the way you required like ―permanently delete suspected junk emails‖ or ―disable links and other functionality in phishing messages.‖ In the end, tap on ―Apply‖ and then click ―OK‖.

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18) what is office 365? Which is Latest version of MS office Product. Office 365 is a cloud based application where all mails and documents can be stored in Cloud. Microsoft has given 50 Gb Space in cloud. And also office 365 need not to be installed in your local machine as applications. Microsoft will provide user id and password when you purchase this product. Through that you can login and use all features of office 365 like word, excel, PowerPoint and Mail. 19. What new features in Office 365? 1. Chat with co-workers in Office apps Have you heard about Skype in-app integration in Office 2016 apps? Use this feature to chat, share screens and have audio or video conversations with your colleagues. And you don‘t even have to leave the application you‘re working in! Even when you do close the application, you can continue the conversation via Skype on your desktop or phone, and keep talking to the team as they edit.

2. Inserting links to stored files instead of sending entire files to coworkers Forget about email attachments. Sharing a document for co-authoring is easy! Upload your file to Office 365‘s cloud storage. Write an email using Outlook (or Outlook Web App). Instead of attaching a file, insert the link to the file on your cloud. Outlook will automatically grant edit permission to the people you are emailing. You can change the permissions anytime you want.

3. Turning OneNote items into Outlook calendar events Convert notes to tasks inside your calendar and assign them to colleagues with reminders and deadlines. Send meeting minutes taken in OneNote by email and automatically add details (date, location, attendees,…) for each meeting they‘re related to.

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4. Using your mouse as a laser pointer for better PowerPoint presentations Use a simple keyboard shortcut (Ctrl+P) to turn your mouse into a laser pointer during your PowerPoint presentations. You can also use the Presenter Mode commands. This feature has been part of PowerPoint for years, but was recently integrated for touch-screen devices. If you hold your finger or stylus down on the device, the red button fake laser pointer will appear. 5. Power Map in Excel: Turning data into a map Power Map is part of the powerful and interactive data visualization features in Excel, which are enhanced with Power BI, the solution for analyzing, visualizing and sharing data insights. You can turn rows of data into a 3D interactive map with Power Map, which includes the ability to filter data using three different filters: List, Range, or Advanced.

6. Editing and converting to PDF made easy Finished editing your document, spreadsheet, presentation or publication? Converting it to a PDF is made simple with the Save as PDF integrated feature. If you want to edit a PDF, you can convert it into a Word document without the formatting issues that come with copy-pasting or editing.

7. Resume Reading your Word documents The Resume Reading feature in Word allows you to pick up where you left off, even on different devices! Word automatically bookmarks the last page you were reading!

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8.

50GB of email storage

Each user gets 50GB of storage with Exchange Online for email, calendar, tasks, notes, contacts and attachments. You can save more space in your mailbox by using the OneDrive cloud storage to share attachments.

9. Intelligent email inbox that can de-clutter itself Microsoft‘s Clutter feature will use your mailbox rules to automatically organize your email so high-priority messages are visible first. Other email will be moved to the Clutter folder so you can view it later. 10. Working anywhere from any device You get the Office Web Apps with your Office 365 subscription, so you can work on your cloud files from any up-to-date Web browser on an Internetconnected computer. You don‘t have to install the Office software on the computer. You also get access to Office Mobile Apps so you can use Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and OneDrive directly from your smartphone or tablet while you‘re on the move! Download them from your Android or iOS device store. 20. if Out look is Too slow how do you troubleshoot? This is the most common of Outlook‘s problems. Over time, emails, notes, calendar entries, attachments etc. keep piling up in the Outlook PST making it abnormally large in size. It eventually reaches to such an extent that working with Outlook becomes nearly impossible due to its utterly slow speed. Solution – The first solution here is to starve the PST. You need to remove any and everything that is causing the PST to bloat up. Find out the folder called ―Larger Than 100 Kb‖ in Outlook 2007, it will contain all emails that are larger than 100 Kb. Delete all unwanted old emails (especially the ones with bulky attachments). If you really need an attachment, save it to the disk but clear it out of the PST. Also, delete all other unwanted emails and clear out the Trash. The second thing that could do wonders is Archiving. Archive your emails by year. This will save large amounts of data to your disk relieving the PST of its burden.

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21.) Outlook crashes unexpectedly Crashed? It‘s ironical how something that‘s meant to help can itself become a cause of the trouble. Many Outlook add-ins claim to help around with Outlook‘s working and make things easier for you but heaven turns into hell when any of the add-ins corrupt. Sadly quite a few add-ins have bugs and many are poorly written. A corrupted add-in can cause Outlook to crash without warning. And if you were in the middle of composing a rather long and important email, the frustration can be imagined. Installing too many addins can make Outlook slow too.

Solution – To find out if add-ins are causing a problem, start Outlook in safe mode and see if it performs better. If it doesn‘t, the problem lies elsewhere. However, if it does, go to Outlook‘s Trust Center and disable any suspected add-ins, then restart Outlook normally. 22. Problems with sending and receiving emails in MS Outlook When you find some issues while sending or receiving emails in your MS Outlook account; there could be a few reasons for such errors. Your internet connection is really important here, first, you need to check your internet connection and check whether it is working or not. If needed, you should fix it and try sending emails. When your internet connection is working properly and still you are experiencing the same issue; you should check your Outlook configuration settings. The server settings play a vital role and if there is some issue with it; you can‘t send or receive emails. When there is some error with the incoming server settings, you will not get emails in your account. If your outgoing server settings are incorrect, you can‘t send emails. This issue needs to resolve with; either reconfiguring the settings or updating the settings and try sending emails.

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23 Explain how to create an e-mail signature in an Outlook? To set an e-mail signature in an Outlook In the main menu under TOOLS, click on OPTIONS Go to the MAIL FORMAT tab and click signature Under signature tab, click NEW Type the new signature‘s desired name and the click OK Type the desired text of your under ―EDIT SIGNATURE‖ and then click OK and click OK again 24.) Given below are some of the commonly used MS Outlook „Run‟ Commands: Click Start then choose Run then type each of the following commands followed by <<Enter>> 1: Outlook /Safe (Opens the outlook in Safe mode) 2: Outlook /Cleanprofile (cleans the profile) 3: Outlook /cleanfreebusy (while using meeting planner to check the free-busy information) 4: Outlook /cleanreminders (Clean the reminders) 5: outlook /cleanviews 25.) How Much Mail Can Be Stored In Each Mailbox? The recommendation is 5000 messages per folder. 26.) What Is IMAP Protocol? IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Is a standard protocol for accessing e-mail from your local server. IMAP is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. As this requires only a small data transfer this works well even over a slow connection such as a modem. Only if you request to read a specific email message will it be downloaded from the server. You can also create and manipulate folders or mailboxes on the server; delete messages etc.

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27.) Explain Email Ports? For networks, a port means an endpoint to a logical connection. The port number identifies what type of port it is. Here are the default email ports for: – POP3 – port 110 IMAP – port 143 SMTP – port 25 HTTP – port 80 Secure SMTP (SSMTP) – port 465 Secure IMAP (IMAP4-SSL) – port 585 IMAP4 over SSL (IMAPS) – port 993 Secure POP3 (SSL-POP) – port 995 28.) How To Backup Your .pst File? Outlook stores each user‘s folders, messages, forms, and files in a special file known as a Personal Folder file. You can save, copy, and even move a Personal Folder (.pst) file, although you shouldn‘t move it unless you have a specific reason for doing so and know what you‘re doing. Use Windows Search to find the file quickly using the search string *.pst. Usually, this file is on the local drive. Backing up your .pst file occasionally is a good idea. How often depends on you. But if you get a lot of important mail, every day isn‘t too often. To back up your Personal Folder file and all its subfolders, simply export it, as follows: Choose Import and Export from the File menu to launch the wizard. Choose Export To A File from the Choose An Action To Perform list and click Next. Select Personal Folder File (.pst) from the Create A File Of Type list and click Next. Choose Personal Folders from the Select The Folder To Export From list. Check the Include Subfolders option and click Next.

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Specify a folder and filename for the backup file. From Options, specify how to treat duplicate items. Click Finish. 29) Main difference in POP3 and IMAP4 are as follows.

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1

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1) Describe the layers of OSI model? OSI model stands for Open System Interconnection It is a framework which guides the applications how they can communicate in a network. OSI model has seven layers. They are listed below, Physical Layer (Deals with transmission and reception of unstructured data through a physical medium) Data Link Layer (Helps in transferring error-free data frames between nodes) Network Layer (Decides the physical path that should be taken by the data as per the network conditions) Transport Layer (Ensures that the messages are delivered in sequence and without any loss or duplication) Session Layer (Helps in establishing a session between processes of different stations) Presentation Layer (Formats the data as per the need and presents the same to Application layer) Application Layer (Serves as the mediator between Users and processes of applications). 2.)What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP is Transport control protocol and Internet protocol this contains Four layers Transport, Network,Datalink,Physical layers.

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2) Explain various types of networks based on their sizes? Size of the Network is defined as the geographic area and the number of computers covered in it. Based on the size of the network they are classified as below, Based on the size of the Network they are classified as below, Local Area Network (LAN): A network with a minimum of two computers to a maximum of thousands of computers within an office or a building is termed as LAN.Generally, it works for a single site where people can share resources like printers, data storage etc. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): It is larger than LAN and used to connect various LAN‘s across small regions, a city, campus of colleges or universities etc which in turn forms a bigger network. Wide Area Network (WAN): Multiple LAN‘s and MAN‘s connected together form a WAN. It covers a wider area like a whole country or world. 3) Define various types of internet connections? There are three types of internet connections. They are listed below 1) Broadband Connection – This type of connection gives continuous high-speed internet. In this type, if we log off from the internet for any reason then there is no need to log in again. Eg: Modems of cables, Fibres, wireless connection, satellite connection etc.

2) Wi-Fi – It is a wireless internet connection between the devices. It uses radio waves to connect to the devices or gadgets. 3) WiMAX – It is the most advanced type of internet connection which is more featured than Wi-Fi. It is nothing but the high-speed and advanced type of broadband connection.

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4) Few important terminology we come across networking concepts? Below are few important terms we need to know in networking Network – A set of computers or devices connected together with a communication path to share data. Networking – The design and construction of a network are termed as networking. Link – The physical medium or the communication path through which the devices are connected in a network is called as a Link. Node – The devices or the computers connected to the links are named as nodes. Router / Gateway – A device/computer/node that is connected to different networks is termed as a Gateway or Router. The basic difference between these two is that Gateway is used to control the traffic of two contradictory networks whereas router controls the traffic of similar networks. The router is nothing but a switch which processes the signal/traffic using routing protocols. Protocol – A set of instructions or rules or guidelines that are used in establishing communications between computers of a network is called as Protocol. Unicasting – When a piece of information or a packet is sent from a particular source to a specified destination then it is called as Unicasting.

Anycasting – Sending the datagrams from a source to the nearest device among the group of servers which provide the same service as the source is termed as Anycasting. Multicasting – Sending one copy of data from a single sender to multiple clients or receivers (selected clients) of the networks which are in need of such data. Broadcasting – Sending a packet to each device of the network is termed as broadcasting.

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5) Explain the characteristics of networking? The main characteristics of networking are mentioned below, Topology: This deals with how the computers or nodes are arranged in the network. The computers are arranged physically or logically. Protocols: Deals with the process how the computers communicate with one another. Medium: This is nothing but the medium used by the computers for communication. 6) Name the different types of Network Topologies and brief its advantages? Network Topology is nothing but the physical or logical way in which the devices (like nodes, links, and computers) of a network are arranged. Physical Topology means the actual place where the elements of a network are located. Logical Topology deals with the flow of data over the networks. A Link is used to connect more than two devices of a network. And more than two links located nearby forms a topology. The network topologies are classified as mentioned below 1) Bus Topology: In Bus Topology, all the devices of the network are connected to a common cable (also called as the backbone). As the devices are connected to a single cable, it is also termed as Linear Bus Topology.

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2) Star Topology: In Star Topology, there is a central controller or hub to which every node or device is connected through a cable. In this topology, the devices are not linked to each other. If a device needs to communicate with the other, then it has to send the signal or data to the central hub. And then the hub sends the same data to the destination device.

The advantage of the star topology is that if a link breaks then only that particular link is affected. The whole network remains undisturbed. The main disadvantage of the star topology is that all the devices of the network are dependent on a single point (hub). If the central hub gets failed, then the whole network gets down.

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3) Ring Topology: In Ring Topology, each device of the network is connected to two other devices on either side which in turn forms a loop. Data or Signal in ring topology flow only in a single direction from one device to another and reaches the destination node.

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4) Mesh Topology: In a Mesh Topology, each device of the network is connected to all other devices of the network. Mesh Topology uses Routing and Flooding techniques for data transmission.

7) Define IEEE in networking world? IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer. This is used to design or develop standards that are used for networking. 8) What is the use of encryption and decryption? Encryption is the process of converting the transmission data into another form that is not read by any other device other than the intended receiver. Decryption is the process of converting back the encrypted data to its normal form. An algorithm called cipher is used in this conversion process.

9) How are networks classified based on their connections? Networks are classified into two categories based on their connection types. They are mentioned below, Peer-to-peer networks (P2P): When two or more computers are connected together to share resources without the use of a central server is termed as a peer-to-peer network. Computers in this type of network act as both server and client. Generally used in small companies as they are not expensive. Server-based networks: In this type of network, a central server is located to store the data, applications etc of the clients. The server computer provides the security and network administration to the network.

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10) What are the basic differences between Internet, Intranet and Extranet? The terms Internet, Intranet and Extranet are used to describe how a network application should be accessed. In Internet anyone can access the application from anywhere in world. In Intranet only the authorized users from the company for which the application was built can access the application. In Extranet selected external users are allowed to access the application which was built for Internet. 11) A company has offices in Jaipur and Delhi. What type of computer network it will use to connect these offices? WAN (Wide Area Network) network is used to connect the networks which are spread over the different geographical location. 12.) What is the backbone network? The network which connects two or more networks together is considered as a backbone network. Usually backbone network contains high speed data transferring devices such as routers and switches. Backbone network should never be used for end user connectivity. The network which provides end user connectivity should be connected through the backbone network. 13) What is the maximum distance of UTP cable? Maximum distance of UTP cable is 100 meter. 14) Which connector UTP cable uses to connect with NIC? The connector RJ45 15) Which cable uses RJ11 connector? The telephone cable uses RJ11 connector. 16) Can we use Cateogry1 (UTP) cable for data transmission? No Category1 (UTP) cable is used only for voice transmission.

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17) What is the maximum data transmission speed of Category 2, Category 3 and Category 4 in UTP cable? The maximum transmission speed of Category 2, Category 3 and Category 4 in UTP cable is 4Mbps, 10Mbps and 16Mbps respectively. 18) How many wires does UTP cable has? UTP cable has four pairs of wires. Each pair has two wires, twisted with each other. So there are total eight wires in UTP cable. How many wires are used for data transmission in UTP cable? Only four wires from eight wires are used in data transmission. 19) Which wires are used for data transmission in UTP cable? The wires 1, 2, 3 and 6 are used for data transmission in UTP cable. The wires 1 and 2 are used to transmit the data while wires 3 and 6 are used to receive the data. 20) What is the maximum data transmission speed of Category 5, Category 5e and Category 6 in UTP cable? The maximum transmission speed of Category 5, Category 5e and Category 6 in UTP cable is 100Mbps, 1000Mbps and 10Gbps respectively.

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21) How Straight-through UTP cable is built? In Straight through UTP cable all pins are matched on both sides. Pin-1 connects with Pin-1; Pin2 connects Pin2, this way each pin connects with the same number of pin on other side.

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22)Where do we use Straight-through UTP cable? The straight-through cable is used to connect the following: -



  

Hub / Switch to System Hub / Switch to Router Hub / Switch to Server

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24) How Cross-over cable is built? In Cross-over cable the pins which send data from one end connect with the pins which receive data on other end. Pin1 connects with Pin3 while Pin2 connects with Pin6.

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25)Where do we use Cross-over cable? The Cross-over cable is used to connect the following: -



   

Hub/Switch to Hub/Switch System to System Router to Router Router to System

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26) What is FTP and what port does it use? FTP or File Transfer Protocol, is one of the big legacy protocols that probably should be retired. FTP is primarily designed for large file transfers, with the capability of resuming downloads if they are interrupted. Access to an FTP server can be accomplished using two different techniques: Anonymous access and Standard Login. Both of these are basically the same, except Anonymous access does not require an active user login while a Standard Login does. Here‘s where the big problem with FTP lies however- the credentials of the user are transmitted in cleartext which means that anybody listening on the wire could sniff the credentials extremely easily. Two competing implementations of FTP that take care this issue are SFTP (FTP over SSH) and FTPS (FTP with SSL). FTP uses TCP ports 20 and 21.

27) What is SSH and what port does it use? SSH or Secure Shell is most well known by Linux users, but has a great deal that it can be used for. SSH is designed to create a secure tunnel between devices, whether that be systems, switches, thermostats, toasters, etc. SSH also has a unique ability to tunnel other programs through it, similar in concept to a VPN so even insecure programs or programs running across unsecure connections can be used in a secure state if configured correctly. SSH runs over TCP port 22. 28) Name Three Steps Which You Would Use To Troubleshoot Ftp Server Related Problems. Test basic connectivity with ping, Check with nmap if the ports are open (20 and 21). Check if a firewall is restricting traffic to the server. 29) What Are The Types Of Lan Cables Used?

Straight Cable Cross Cable

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30) What Is A Cross Cable? Its used to connect same type of devices without using a switch/hub so that they can communicate. 31)What Could Be The Maximum Length Of The Lan Cable? The theoretical length is 100 meters but after 80 meters you may see drop in speed due to loss of signal. 32) What Would You Use To Connect Two Computers Without Using Switches? Cross cable. 33)What Is Ipconfig Command? Why It Is Used? IPCONFIG command is used to display the IP information assigned to a computer. From the output we can find out the IP address, DNS IP address, gateway IP address assigned to that computer. 34)What Is Apipa Ip Address? Or What Ip Address Is Assigned To The Computer When The Dhcp Server Is Not Available? When DHCP server is not available the Windows client computer assigns an automatic IP address to itself so that it can communicate with the network computers. This ip address is called APIPA. It‘s in the range of 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 APIPA stands for Automatic Private IP addressing.

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35)What Is Ping Utility? PING: Packet Internet Gropper. It's a diagnostic utility, which diagnose connectivitybetween computers. It use ICMP: Internet Control Messaging protocol to send echorequests ( usually 4 packets) and receive echo replies (4 packets) 36)What Is The Difference Between Physical Address And Logical Address? Physical Address: It‘s called as MAC Address (48 bit) Logical Address : It‘s Called as Ip Address (IPv4 -32 bit & IPv6 -128 bit) 36) How many class of IP address and the Range Of Addresses ? There are five Class of IP address. ClassA : 1-126 N.H.H.H 1.0.0.1 to126.255.255.254 hosts on each of 127 networks.

- 16 million

ClassB : 128 -191 N.N.H.H 1 28.1.0.1 to191.255.255.254 - 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks. ClassC: 192- 223 N.N.N.H each of 2 million networks.

192.0.1.1 to223.255.254.254 - 254 hosts on

ClassD : 224-239

- Reserved for multicast groups.

ClassE: 240-254

- Reserved for future use.

Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for loopback or local host Range of 169.254.X.X is APIPA, stands for automatic private IP addressing

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37)What Is The Difference Between Public And Private Ip Addresses? Public IP addresses: A public IP address is any valid address, or number, that can be accessed over the Internet. Internet standards groups, such as the Network Information Center (NIC) or the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), are the organizations responsible for registering IP ranges and assigning them to organizations, such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs).

Private IP addresses: A private IP address is any number or address assigned to a device on a private TCP/IP Local Area Network that is accessible only within the Local Area Network. For a resource inside the Local Area Network to be accessible over the Internet, a device within the Local Area Network must be connected to the Internet with a public IP address, and the networking must be appropriately configured. The same Internet standards organizations have reserved the following three IP address ranges that will never be registered publicly: First IP in block Last IP in block

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

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38) What Is A Gateway? A default gateway is a routing device used to forward all traffic that is not addressed to a destination within the local network or local subnet. If you don‘t have a default gateway, it is not possible to communicate with the network device/host of different networks. 39)What Is Subnet Mask? Subnet mask is used for identify the Network. For a class A address, a standard subnet mask is 255.0.0.0, For a class B address, a standard subnet mask is 255.255.0.0, For a class C address, a standard subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. 40. What is ARP? Arp is Address Resolution Protocol which is used to resolve the IP address through the MAC Address 41) How do find the MAC address of the computer? Go to Command prompt the type following command: C:\ getmac 42) What is Hub and Switch? A switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). A Hub connects multiple Ethernet devices together, making them act as a single segment.

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42) What is Difference between Hub and Switch? SI.No HUB 1 Layer 1 Device

SWITCH Layer 2 device

2.

No of Ports 4/8/12

No of Ports 8/16/24/48

3

Passive Device (Without Software)

Active Device (With Software) & Networking device

4

Transmission Mode Half duplex Speed 10Mbps non intelligent device Data Transmission form Electrical signal or bits Collisions occur commonly in setups using hubs.

Transmission Mode Full duplex 10/100 Mbps, 1 Gbps intelligent device

5. 6 7 8

Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3 switch) No collisions occur in a fullduplex switch.

43) What is Router? Routers are small electronic devices that join multiple computer networks together via either wired or wireless connections.

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44) What are the Router ports or Interfaces? Following are the important physical interfaces in a Cisco Router. Console Port: Which is used to configure the first time configuration of Router connecting with computer thro console cable. Axillary Port: Which is used to configure the first time configuration of Router connecting with thro Modem Ethernet - Ethernet is typically Ethernet IEEE 802.3 standard based physical interface, which operates at 10 Mbps speed. The media standard used is 10BaseT. Fast Ethernet - Fast Ethernet is typically Ethernet IEEE 802.3u standard based physical interface which operates at 100 Mbps speed. The media standard used is 100BaseT. Gigabit Ethernet - Gigabit Ethernet is typically Ethernet IEEE 802.3ab standard based physical interface which operates at 1000 Mbps speed. The media standard used is1000BASE-T Serial: Serial interfaces are typically used for WAN connections from ISP (Internet Service Providers) for connectivity types like Frame Relay, T1, T3, etc FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface. - FDDI networks operates at 100 Mbps speed and uses a token-passing mechanism to prevent collisions. 45) What are the protocols used in router? Router uses the following Routing protocols to transmit the data from one network to another network: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EGP, EIGRP, BGP and IS-IS routing protocols

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46) what is the difference between Router and Switch? SI.NO 1

Features OSI layer

Router Network Layer (Layer 3 devices)

2

No of Ports

2/4/8

3

Data Transmission form Function

Packet

Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3 switch)

Directs data in a network. Passes data between home computers, and between computers and the modem. LAN,WAN

Allow to connect multiple

In Router, every port has its own Broadcast domain. IP Address

Switch has one broadcast domain [unless VLAN implemented]

4

5

Used in (LAN, MAN, WAN)

6

Broadcast Domain

7

Address used for data transmission

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Switch Data Link Layer. Network switches operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model. Switch is multi port Bridge. 24/48 ports

device and port can be manage, Vlan can create security also can apply LAN

MAC Address

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47) What is VLAN ? A virtual LAN (Local Area Network) is a logical subnet work that can group together a collection of devices from different physical LANs. Larger business computer networks often set up VLANs to re-partition their network for improved traffic management. 48) What is the Advantages of VLAN? VLANs provide a number of advantages, such as ease of administration, confinement of broadcast domains, reduced broadcast traffic, and enforcement of security policies. VLANs provide the following advantages: VLANs enable logical grouping of end-stations that are physically dispersed on a network. When users on a VLAN move to a new physical location but continue to perform the same job function, the end-stations of those users do not need to be reconfigured. Similarly, if users change their job functions, they need not physically move: changing the VLAN membership of the end-stations to that of the new team makes the users' end-stations local to the resources of the new team.

VLANs reduce the need to have routers deployed on a network to contain broadcast traffic. Flooding of a packet is limited to the switch ports that belong to a VLAN. Confinement of broadcast domains on a network significantly reduces traffic. By confining the broadcast domains, end-stations on a VLAN are prevented from listening to or receiving broadcasts not intended for them. Moreover, if a router is not connected between the VLANs, the end-stations of a VLAN cannot communicate with the end-stations of the other VLANs.

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49) Important network command: Ping: tells you that if any computer is online / connected to network to be Accessed or not. IPCONFIG: find out your IP Address, find your Default Gateway and find your Subnet Mask. Netstat: to display protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections Telnet: commands allow you to communicate with a remote computer that is using Telnet protocol TRACERT: command is a route-tracing utility used to determine the path that an IP packet has Taken to reach a destination. 50) Differences between Hub, Switch and Router? Hub

Switch

Router Network Layer Device

Physical Layer Device

Data Link Layer Device

Simply repeats signal to all ports

Doesn‘t simply repeat, but filters content by MAC or LAN address

Routes data based on IP address

Connects devices within a single LAN

Can connect multiple sub-LANs within a single LAN

Connect multiple LANS and WANS together.

Collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains one. i.e., if signal sent by any two devices can collide.

Switch divides collision domain, but broadcast domain of connected devices remains same.

It divides both collision and broadcast domains,

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51) Important TCP Services and Port Numbers? S.NO TCP/UDP services 1 FTP 2 3 4

Port Numbers 20,21

Telnet

23

SMTP

25

DNS

53

DNCP server

67

5 6

DHCP Client

68

7

HTTP

80

8

HTTPS

443

9

NET BIOS Name service (LDAP) Lightweight Directory Access protocol POP 3

137

IMAP Interim Mail Access Protocol Team Viewer

143

RDC Remote Desktop connections

3389

10

11 12 13 14

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389

110

5983

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ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Libraries)

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ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Libraries) ___________________________________________ What is ITIL?

The ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) framework is designed to standardize the selection, planning, delivery and support of IT services to a business. The goal is to improve efficiency and achieve predictable service levels. The ITIL framework enables IT to be a business service partner, rather than just back-end support. Basics IT Service Management Terminology & Key Concepts Services: It is a means of delivering value to customers without requiring the customer to own specific costs and risks. Service Management: It is a set of specialized capabilities for delivering value to customers in the form of services. Service Assets: Service Assets or assets refer to the ‗resources‘ and ‗capabilities‘ which a Service Provider must allocate in order to offer a service. Value, Utility and Warranty: The value of a service consists of two components: utility and warranty. Services must offer both utility and warranty in order to have value. Utility, also called ‗fitness for purpose‘, refers to the ability of the service to remove constraints or increase the performance of the customer. Warranty, also called ‗fitness for use‘ is the ability of the service to operate reliably. Processes: Processes are structured sets of activities designed to achieve a specific objective. The four basic characteristics of processes are: 1) They transform inputs into outputs 2)They deliver results to a specific customer or stakeholder 3) They are measurable 4)They are triggered by specific events

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Functions: Functions are self-contained subsets of an organization intended to accomplish specific tasks. They usually take the form of a team or group of people and the tools they use. Roles: Roles are defined collections of specific responsibilities and privileges. Roles may be held by individuals or teams. Resources: Resources are the raw materials which contribute to a service, such as money, equipment, time, staff etc. Capabilities: Capabilities are the specialized skills or abilities an organization applies to resources in order to create value. The ITIL Service Lifecycle The entire framework of ITIL is divided into five broad components/categories: ITIL ITIL ITIL ITIL ITIL

Service Strategy Service Design Service Transition Service Operation Continual Service Improvement

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These components form the skeleton of the ITIL Service Lifecycle.

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ITIL Key Concepts: Processes, Functions The five broad components of the ITIL Service Lifecycle cover various other sub-categories/aspects, including Demand Management, Capacity Management, Release Management, Incident Management, Event Management, and so on. These are aspects that are meant to cover all areas of ITSM (IT Service Management). Each of the sub-categories/aspects of the five components of the ITIL framework may be labelled either as a „Process‟ or as a „Function‟. Here‘s a diagram that better explains the sub-categories/aspects of the five broader components, classifying them as either a process or as a function.

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ITIL Core Components Service Strategy Process The Service Strategy process is concerned with the development of service concepts in preparation for the selection of services to be provided.

1) Service Portfolio Management Process: The Service Portfolio is the entire set of services under management by a Service Provider. It consists of three major parts: Service Pipeline, Service Catalog and Retired Services. The Service Portfolio Management process is concerned with management of services that concern information in the Service Portfolio. Service Portfolio Management organizes the process by which services are identified, described, evaluated, selected, and chartered. 2) Demand Management Process: The Demand Management process is concerned with understanding and influencing customer demand. Demand Management models demand in terms of: - User Profiles, which characterize different typical groups of users for a given service. - Patterns of Business Activity, which represent the way users in different user profiles access a service over the course of a given time period. 3) Financial Management Process: IT Financial Management provides a means of understanding and managing costs and opportunities associated with services in financial terms. IT Financial Management includes three basic activities: Accounting -- tracking how money is actually spent by a Service Provider Budgeting – planning how money will be spent by a Service Provider Charging – securing payment from customers for services provided 4) Strategy Operations: Strategy Operations ensure that services like fulfilling user requests, resolving service failures, fixing problems as well as carrying out routine operational tasks, are performed efficiently and effectively.

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Service Design The Service Design lifecycle phase is about the design of services and all supporting elements for introduction into the live environment. The „Four Ps of Service Design‟ represent areas which should be taken into consideration when designing a service. They are: 1. People – Human resources and organizational structures required to support the service 2. Processes – Service Management Processes required to support the service 3. Products – Technology and other infrastructure required to support the service 4. Partners – Third parties which offer additional support required to support the service Processes under Service Design are as follows: Service Catalog Management The Service Catalog is the subset of the Service Portfolio which contains services currently available to customers and users. The Service Catalog is often the only portion of the Service Portfolio visible to customers. The Service Catalog commonly acts as the entry portal for all information services in the live environment. Service Catalog Management involves management and control of the Service Catalog which contains information about services currently available to customers for use. Service Level Management Service Level Management is the process charged with securing and managing agreements between customers and the service provider regarding the levels of performance (utility) and levels of reliability (warranty) associated with specific services. Service Level Management results in the creation of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) between customers and the provider.

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Operational Level Agreements (OLAs) are performance agreements nearly identical in nature to SLAs Availability Management The Availability Management process is concerned with management and achievement of agreed-upon availability requirements as established in Service Level Agreements. In ITIL, availability is defined as the ability of a system, service, or configuration item to perform its function when required. Capacity Management Capacity Management is concerned with ensuring that cost-effective capacity exists at all times which meets or exceeds the needs of the business as established in Service Level Agreements. In ITIL, capacity is defined as the maximum throughput a service, system, or device can handle. Capacity Management is divided into three major activities: - Business Capacity Management (BCM) - Service Capacity Management (SCM) - Component Capacity Management (CCM)

Service Continuity Management The IT Service Continuity Management process (ITSCM) is ensures that the IT Service Provider can always provide the minimum, agreed-upon levels of service. IT Service Continuity Management uses techniques such as Business Impact Analysis (BIA) and Management of Risk (MOR). ITSCM results in the production of the IT Service Continuity Plan which is an aspect of the overall Business Continuity Plan.

IT Security Management IT Security Management focuses on protection of five basic qualities of information assets: Confidentiality – Assurance that the asset is only available to appropriate parties Integrity -- Assurance that the asset has not been modified by unauthorized parties Availability -- Assurance that the asset may be utilized when required

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Authenticity -- Assurance that the transactions and the identities of parties to transactions are genuine Non-Repudiation -Assurance that transactions, once completed, may not be reversed without approval Supplier Management Supplier Management is the process charged with obtaining value for money from third-party suppliers. Supplier Management plays a very similar role to that of Service Level Management, but with respect to external suppliers rather than internal suppliers and internal/external customers. Supplier Management handles supplier evaluation, contract negotiations, performance reviews, renewals and terminations.

Service Transition The objective of the Service Transition process is to build and deploy IT services by also making sure that changes to services and Service Management processes are carried out in a coordinated way. In this phase of the lifecycle, the design is built, tested and moved into production to enable the business customer achieve the desired value. This phase addresses managing changes: controlling the assets and configuration items (the underlying components such as hardware, software, etc.) associated with the new and changed systems, service validation, and testing and transition planning to ensure that users, support personnel and the production environment have been prepared for the release to production. Change Management The objective of this process activity is to control the lifecycle of all the changes. The primary objective of Change Management is to enable beneficial changes to be made with minimum disruption to IT services. Change Evaluation The objective of the change evaluation process is to assess major changes, like the introduction of a new service or a substantial change to an existing service, before those changes are allowed to proceed to the next phase in their lifecycle.

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Project Management (Transition Planning and Support) This process is aimed at planning and coordinating use of resources to deploy a major release within the predicted cost, time and quality estimates. Application Development This makes available the applications and systems which provide the required functionality of IT services. This process includes the development and maintenance of custom applications as well as the customization of products from software vendors. Release and Deployment Management The objective of this process is to plan, schedule and control the movement of releases to test and live environments. The primary goal of this management activity is to ensure that the integrity of the live environment is protected and that the correct components are released.

Service Validation and Testing This ensures that deployed Releases and the resulting services meet customer expectations, and to verify that IT operations is able to support the new service. Service Asset and Configuration Management The objective is to maintain information about Configuration Items required to deliver an IT service, including their relationships.

Knowledge Management The objective is to gather, analyze, store and share knowledge and information within an organization. The primary purpose of Knowledge Management is to improve efficiency by reducing the need to rediscover knowledge.

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Service Operation Event Management The objective is to make sure CIs and services are constantly monitored, and to filter and categorize Events in order to decide on appropriate actions. Incident Management The objective is to manage the lifecycle of all Incidents. The primary objective of Incident Management is to return the IT service to users as quickly as possible. Request Fulfillment The objective is to fulfill Service Requests, which in most cases are minor Changes (e.g. requests to change a password) or requests for information. Access Management The objective is to grant authorized users the right to use a service, while preventing access to unauthorized users. The Access Management processes essentially execute policies defined in Information Security Management. Access Management is something also referred to as Rights Management or Identity Management.

Problem Management The process objective is to manage the lifecycle of all Problems. The primary objectives of Problem Management are to prevent Incidents from happening, and to minimize the impact of incidents that cannot be prevented. Proactive Problem Management analyzes Incident Records, and uses data collected by other IT Service Management processes to identify trends or significant Problems.

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IT Operations Control The objective is to monitor and control the IT services and their underlying infrastructure. The process objective of IT Operations Control is to execute day-to-day routine tasks related to the operation of infrastructure components and applications. This includes job scheduling, backup and restore activities, print and output management, and routine maintenance. Facilities Management The process objective is to manage the physical environment where the IT infrastructure is located. Facilities Management includes all aspects of managing the physical environment, for example power and cooling, building access management, and environmental monitoring. Application Management Application Management is responsible for managing applications throughout their lifecycle. Technical Management Technical Management provides technical expertise and support for management of the IT infrastructure. The objective of this is to make sure that IT services are delivered effectively and efficiently. The Service Operation process includes fulfilling user requests, resolving service failures, fixing problems, as well as carrying out routine operational tasks. Service operation delivers the service on an ongoing basis, overseeing the daily overall health of the service. This includes managing disruptions to service through rapid restoration after incidents; determining the root cause of problems and detecting trends associated with recurring issues; handling daily routine end-user requests; and managing service access.

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Continual Service Improvement (CSI) The objective of this is to use methods from quality management to learn from past successes and failures. The Continual Service Improvement process aims to continually improve the effectiveness and efficiency of IT processes and services in line with the concept of continual improvement adopted in ISO 2000. CSI offers a mechanism for the IT organization to measure and improve service levels, the technology, efficiency and effectiveness of processes used in the overall management of services. Service Review The objective of Service Review is to review business services and infrastructure services on a regular basis. The aim of this process is to improve service quality where necessary, and to identify more economical ways of providing a service where possible. Process Evaluation The objective here is to evaluate processes on a regular basis. This includes identifying areas where the targeted process metrics are not reached, and holding regular benchmarking, audits, maturity assessments and reviews. CSI Initiatives The objective of CSI initiatives is to define specific initiatives aimed at improving services and processes, based on the results of service reviews and process evaluations. The resulting initiatives are either internal initiatives, pursued by the service provider on his/her own behalf, or initiatives which require the customer‘s cooperation. Monitoring of CSI Initiatives The objective is to verify if improvement initiatives are proceeding according to plan, and to introduce corrective measures where necessary.

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Ticketing Tools An issue tracking system (also ITS, trouble ticket system, support ticket, request management or incident ticket system) is a computer software package that manages and maintains lists of issues, as needed by an organization. What‟s the Difference between Incidents, Service Requests, and Tickets? What is an Incident? Most everyone is probably familiar with your traditional incident. At Samanage, we like to define an incident as something that is a break/fix issue that needs to be resolved. This might be something that is not working properly or could be broken. For example, this would include a broken printer, an application that will not load properly or even a warp core breach. Can we get someone to engineering, immediately? We need warp engines by the end of the day. What is a Service Request? Now, a service request is a request for a pre-approved service that your organization can offer to its end users. You have the option to build service catalog items which can include variable information that can be collected from your end user as well as a ―behind the scenes‖ process that includes tasks and approvals that will be sent off to certain groups within your organization. The service catalog can be used to build out request forms for employee onboarding and offboarding, various equipment or an office move. You may even find your end users requesting shore leave through the service catalog. The service catalog will save you time with upfront data collection and automatic tasks or approvals. All this talk of incidents, service requests, and how we refer to them leads us to another common question…

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What is a Ticket? When an incident occurs, a user submits a ―ticket.‖ The service desk works the ticket according to workflows the organization has set up. Simply put, the incident is the event, and the ticket is the documentation of the event. It is the physical (err… digital) vehicle through which your service desk is alerted of an incident and responds to it. Service requests are not tickets. Service requests are made from a number of predetermined items that the organization has made available to its users through the service catalog. There‘s no need to ―create a ticket‖ to describe a service request. Your organization is already familiar with this type of request, which is why they built it out and made it available in the service catalog. Ticket Priorities and Service Level Agreements (SLA) Support Tickets are assigned a Ticket ID and an auto responder email is relayed to the user who submitted the Ticket ID through one of the mediums above. Your ticket will be assigned a priority automatically. If you feel the assigned priority is not appropriate for your ticket, you can change this priority directly by logging on to http://support.proofpointessentials.com. This site also has a Knowledgebase and a News section to help you keep abreast of the service. Support Priorities are assigned to all tickets and take the entire service and our user base into context when assigned. The following table shows examples of support request response times and assigned priorities. Remember that you can change an assigned priority at any time and that the answers to the most common requests are available in the Knowledgebase at http://support.proofpointessentials.com. The support team reserves the right to change the priority pending review of the criteria of your ticket per the table below. You will be notified via a comment in the ticket if any priority changes are made. Please remember that in your terms of service, your company, our partner, shall provide tier 1 support for your end-users. Proof point Essentials Support will assist in finding a solution for you only after tier 1 resources have been exhausted. Direct end-user support will not be provided and any direct contact will be deferred back to our partner for assistance.

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Different types of Tickets Priority levels Help desk best practices suggest that SLA policies be driven by ticket priorities. In Freshservice you can define your service levels for Urgent, High, Moderate and Low priority tickets. You can then use various automations in Freshservice or manually dictate which ticket constitutes an Urgent Priority issue and which is Low Priority.

Priority Definition and Typical Examples General questions or feature requests

Target Response Time

1 Business Week P4

Questions relating to the Proofpoint Essentials platform and its operations which are for information purposes only. Single group/domain affected. Other email received by and sent by subscribing customers unaffected.

P3

Minor number of users affected by unusual increase in Spam (not all users are affected in the company).

Before end of next Business day

False Positive: User is unable to send/receive a particular type of email. Messaging problems with an unknown cause, affecting a number of users.

Email Deliverability: Most or All email get P2

extraordinary delays and/or email cannot be

sent/received and is being rejected

4 Hour Response

Many users affected by an unusual increase in spam and/or viruses. P1

Email for all users is affected.

1 Hour Response

Normal inbound email is not possible. Admin login page unavailable.

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Editing SLA policies The default SLA policy in Freshservice will be applicable to all tickets coming in to your helpdesk. It will define the due by time on your ticket based on your the priorities of your tickets. Once you have configured it in your system, it will control the way your agents work everyday by telling them what ticket they have to work on next in a sequential order.

You can learn more about how SLA policies work and Due By times here. Quick guide to creating a SLA policy:

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Click on Admin > SLA Policies. Under the Default SLA Policy, click on the Edit button. Optionally, rename the Default Policy and provide a brief description. Complete the time-priority matrix. SLA Policies are determined by the ticket priority. You can define what constitutes a high, or low priority ticket manually, or automate it using the Dispatch'r. Remember to choose whether the SLA times must be calculated based on Business or Calendar hours. If you would like to enable escalations when service levels are violated, toggle the Escalation Email button to On. Next, set up your escalation hierarchy by defining when a ticket must be escalated, and to whom. You can set up to three levels of Escalations, both for ticket responses as well as resolution. Click on the Save button to finish setting up your SLA Policy.

You can also create multiple SLA policies in Freshservice for different customer tiers, products, agent groups etc. For example, you could have an "Express Support" SLA policy for high value clients.

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SLA Matrix Tickets are initially categorized as either Reactive Support or Requests. Reactive Support tickets are for IT service interruptions. Requests are for new functionality that takes less than 4 hours to implement. Requests that take more than 4 hours to implement are considered projects are billed on a fixed-fee basis. Requests are prioritized as either Standard or Urgent. Reactive tickets are prioritized by Severity and Impact, as defined in the chart below.

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Tickets based on Service Level Agreements (SLAs). Once a ticket‘s priority has been established, an SLA timer begins for the ticket. The chart below defines each priority and the expected SLA response and resolution times. Our goal is to hit SLAs 100% of the time.

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Q. ITIL framework consists of which processes? 1. Service Support (Service Desk, Incident Management, Problem Management, Change Management, Configuration Management, and Release Management) 2. Services Delivery (Service Level Management, Capacity Management, Availability Management, Financial Management and IT Service Continuity Management).

Q. Explain one benefit of ITIL? The quality and the costs of the IT services can be controlled more efficiently.

Q. What are the benefits of implementing a service desk? 1. Increased first call resolution 2. Improved tracking of service quality 3. Improved recognition of trends and incidents 4. Improved employee satisfaction 5. Skill based support 6. Rapidly restore service 7. Improved incident response time 8Quick service restoration

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Q. What Processes are utilized by the Service Desk? Workflow and procedures diagrams Q. What is the objective of Incident Management? Minimize the disruption to the business by restoring service operations to agreed levels as quickly as possible. Q. What are the Benefits of an Incident Management Process? 1. Incident detection and recording 2. Classification and initial support 3. Investigation and diagnosis 4. Resolution and recovery 5. Incident closure 6. Incident ownership, monitoring, tracking and communication 7. Repeatable Process Q. What is the goal of Problem Management? The object of problem management is to resolve the root cause of incidents, to minimize the adverse impact of incidents and problems on the business and secondly to prevent recurrence of incidents related to these errors.

Q. What‟s the difference between problem and known error? A `problem‘ is an unknown underlying cause of one or more incidents, and a `known error‘ is a problem that is successfully diagnosed and for which a work-around has been identified. The outcome of known error is a request for change (RFC).

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Q. When can the KE known error be closed? When a review of the change has lead to a satisfactory result.

Q. What is the purpose of Problem Management? 1. Identify potentially recurring incidents 2. Determine the root cause 3. Take steps to prevent the incidents from reoccurring.

Q. What are the Phases in the overall Problem Management Process? 1. Detection and Logging 2. Prioritization and Planning 3. Investigation and Diagnosis 4. Resolution Q. Which ITIL process controls the flow of incident information? Incident Management Q. When must a Post Implementation Review take place? After every change. Q. What are IT Service Continuity Management responsibilities? 1. Analyzing risks. 2. Testing back-out arrangements. 3.

Drawing up back-out scenarios.

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Q. Which ITIL process helps to monitor the IT services by maintaining a logical model of the IT infrastructure and IT services? Configuration Management. Q. Explain Deming quality circle steps must to ensure good performance? Plan-Do-Check-Act Q. Who is responsible for result of the process? Process owner

Q. Explain the difference between a process and a project? A process is continuous and has no end date. Project has a finite life span.

Q. What is the basis of the ITIL approach to service management? Interrelated Activities.

Q. Explain Classification? Its the process of formally grouping Configuration Items (CIs) by type, e.g. hardware, software, accommodation, people, documents, business processes, external services and it takes place immediately after recording and registering an incident.

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Q. What Information is regularly exchanged between Problem Management and Change Management? RFCs resulting from known errors. Q. What‟s the importance of a service desk? 1. The Service Desk is critically important as the very first contact the organization‘s users have with IT Services. 2. This department also distributes information to users. 3. It is responsible for tracking and monitoring an incident also. Q. What is incident management process? Examples? Incident Management (IcM) is an IT service management (ITSM) process area Its objective is to restore a normal service operation as quickly as possible Incidents should be classified as they are recorded, Examples: 1. Application 2. Service not available 3. Application bug 4. Disk-usage threshold exceeded 5. Hardware 6. System-down 7. Automatic alert 8.

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Q. What is Proactive problem management? Finding potential problems and errors in an IT infrastructure before they cause incidents. Q. What‟s the difference between Incident, Problem and Known Error? Incident => an incident is any event that is not part of the standard operation. Example no frees space on user‘s hard disk. Problem =>a problem is the unknown underlying cause of one or more incidents. Incident can never become a problem. Known Error =>is an incident or problem for which the root cause is known and for which a temporary workaround or permanent alternative has been identified. Request for Change (RFC) is needed in order to fix the known error.

Q. What‟s the plan for Desktop rollout projects? 1. Evaluate 2. Plan 3. Build 4. Deploy 5.

Operate

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Q. Which activity in the problem management process is responsible for generating Requests for Change (RFC)? Error Control. One of the tasks of Problem Management. Error Control encompasses identifying, recording, classifying and progressing Known Errors.

Q. Which ITIL process is responsible to identify the cause? Problem Management. Q. What‟s the goal of Problem Management? As per ITIL the goal of Problem Management is to minimize the adverse impact of Incidents and Problems on the business that is caused by errors within the IT Infrastructure, and to prevent recurrence of Incidents related to these errors. Problem Management tries to get to the root cause of Incidents and then initiate actions to improve or correct the situation. Q. When is a known error identified? When the cause of the problem is known. Q. What is Problem Management? ITIL process responsible for tracing the underlying cause of errors. Q. Give an example of proactive problem management? Trend analysis, pain value analysis Q. How does problem management contribute? By making a knowledge database available, it contributes To a higher solution percentage of first-line support.

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Q. What is the primary task of error control? Correcting known errors. Q. What is meant by urgency of an incident? The degree to which the solution of an incident tolerates delay. Q. ITIL process Incident Management. Objective? Restore normal state IT service operations as quickly as possible to minimize the adverse impact on business operations by correcting malfunctions in the services Q. While registering an incident what will be the first step? Giving an incident number. Q. Which ITIL process has the task of classifying incoming interruption reports? Incident Management Q. Who determines whether that an incident can be closed? User Q. Technical expertise in the Incident Management process called? Functional Escalation. Q. Reliability, Serviceability and Maintainability are components of which ITIL process? Availability Management

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Q. What is serviceability? The degree to which the provision of IT services can be supported by maintenance contracts. Q. What‟s “Mean Time To Repair” (MTTR)? Average downtime of a service. Q. A report specifying the duration of an interruption of a configuration item is part of Which ITIL process manager?

Availability Manager Q. What is application sizing? Determining the hardware capacity required to support new or adapted applications. Q What is Service level Management? The goals of SLM as defined by ITIL are to maintain and improve IT service quality through a constant cycle of agreeing, monitoring, and reporting upon IT service achievements and instigation of actions to eradicate inadequate service in line with business or cost justification. Through these methods, a better relationship between IT and its Customers can be developed. Q. What is SLA? SLA is service Level Agreement which is the Agreement between client and service provider or vendor based thos SLA the vendor will provide the service to the client.

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Q. SLA Types? SLA Agreement between External IT service provider and customer. OLA Agreement between Internal IT service provider and customer. SLR Service level requirement list of all services. Q .Service Design Availability, Reliability. Reliability define service run without interruption MTBSI (Mean Time between Service Incidents) MTBSI = Available time in hours /Number of breaks. MTBF = Total downtime in hours /Number of breaks Q. Service Design Availability Maintainability.

How fast service can be restore after failure. MTRS Mean time to restore service. MTRS =Total downtime in hours /Number of service breaks Q .Explain below Availability Terms? Continuous Availability: design the service to get 100 % availability. This Service has no unplanned or plan downtime. Fault Tolerance No interruption in service after the component fail.

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