Sunflower Seeds

Chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of sunflower hybrids and their utilization in bread

By MUHAMMAD NADEEM B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Science (Hons.) in Food Technology

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD-PAKISTAN

2009

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To The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

“We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by MUHAMMAD NADEEM, Reg. No. 2003ag-1611, have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation, by the External Examiner (s) for the award of degree”.

Supervisory Committee:

1. Chairman

______________________________ (Prof. Dr. Faqir Muhammad Anjum)

2. Member

______________________________ (Dr. Masood Sadiq Butt)

3. Member

______________________________ (Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises and thanks are for Almightily Allah who is the entire source of all knowledge and wisdom endowed to mankind. Trembling lips and wet eyes praise for Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who is a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity for ever, for his sacredness, due to whom I have been able to achieve this milestone of my academic career. I wish to convey my deepest gratitude to my supervisor and advisor, Dr. Faqir Muhammad Anjum, Director General, National Institute of Food Science & Technology for his guidance and patience during my working towards a Master of Sciences degree from University of agriculture, Faisalabad. I am extremely honored to be one of his students and I want to take the knowledge and confidence he has given me. I would like to thank Dr. Masood Sadiq Butt and Dr. Muhammad Sarwar, my supervisory committee members for their support and interest in my research. Dr. Atif Randhawa, Dr. Moazzam Rafiq Khan, Dr. Ahmad Din and Dr. Shahzad Hussain has been true friends, their laboratory expertise and diligence with the immense amount of sample analyses during my studies are greatly appreciated. Most importantly I cannot thank enough for my friends who has given me the confidence to pursue my aspirations, the love and support to believe in myself. Several people who have had a colossal influence on my life deserve thanks as well, so I would like to express my gratitude to my fellow scholars for making my experience at NIFSAT so uniquely memorable. My most sincere appreciation goes out to my parents who have disciplined and nurtured me throughout life to give me the strength and tools to achieving any goals I may set for myself.

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Dedicated to

NAAT S o f my Be l ov e d Pro p he t

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(Peace Be Upon Him)

C O N T E N T S No.

Title

Page

I

Introduction

1

II

Review of Literature

5

III

Materials and Methods

17

IV

Results and Discussion

26

vi

V

Summary

92

Literature Cited

95

List of Tables

TITLE 3.1 4.1. 1 4.1. 2 4.1. 3 4.1. 4 4.1. 5 4.1. 6 4.1. 7 4.1. 8 4.1. 9

Formulation of sunflower seed flour supplemented flour blends M e a n s q ua r e s f o r m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s o f different sunflower hybrids Moisture contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r a s h c o n t e n t s o f d i f f e r e n t sunflower hybrids As h c o n t e n t s o f d i f f e r e n t s u n f l o w e r h y b r i d s Crude fat contents of different sunflower hybrids Crude fat contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r c r u d e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f different sunflower hybrids Crude protein contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r c r u d e f i b e r c o n t e n t s o f different sunflower hybrids

PAGE 24 28 28 29 29 32 32 33 33 35

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4.1. 10 4.1. 11 4.1. 12 4.2. 1 4.2. 2 4.2. 3 4.2. 4 4.2. 5 4.2. 6 4.2. 7 4.2. 8 4.2. 9 4.2. 10 4.2. 11 4.2. 12 4.2. 13 4.2. 14 4.2. 15 4.2. 16 4.3. 1 4.3. 2 4.3. 3

Crude fiber contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r n i t r o g e n f r e e e x t r a c t o f different sunflower hybrids Nitrogen free contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r i r o n c o n t e n t o f d i f f e r e n t sunflower hybrids

35 36 36 40

Iron contents of different sunflower hybrids

40

M e a n s q ua r e s f o r Z i n c c o n t e n t o f d i f f e r e n t sunflower hybrids

42

Zinc contents of different sunflower hybrids

42

M e a n s q ua r e s f o r c o p p e r c o n t e n t o f different sunflower hybrids Copper contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r m a n ga n e s e c o n t e n t o f different sunflower hybrids M a n g a ne s e c o n t e n t s o f d i f f e r e n t s u n f l o w e r hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r c a l c i u m c o n t e n t s o f different sunflower hybrids Calcium contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r s o d i u m c o n t e n t o f different sunflower hybrids Sodium contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f different sunflower hybrids Potassium contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r m a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f different sunflower hybrids Magnesium contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r t o t a l p h e n o l i c c o n t e n t s o f different sunflower hybrids Total phenolic contents of different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r a n t i o x i d a n t a c t i v i t y v i a DPPH radical scavenging method of different sunflower hybrids

43 43 46 46 47 47 49 49 50 50 52 52 55 55 57

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4.3. 4 4.3. 5 4.3. 6

D P P H R a d i c a l S c a v e n g i n g c a pa c i t y o f different sunflower hybrids M e a n s q ua r e s f o r a n t i o x i d a n t a c t i v i t y v i a b e ta - c a r o t e n e b l e a c h i n g a s s a y o f d i f f e r e n t sunflower hybrids Beta carotene bleaching assay of different sunflower hybrids

57 59 59

4.4.1

Palmitic acid contents of different sunflower hybrids

62

4.4.2

Palmitoleic acid contents of different sunflower hybrids

64

4.4.3

Stearic acid contents of different sunflower hybrids

65

4.4.4

Oleic acid contents of different sunflower hybrids

67

4.4.5

Linoleic acid contents of different sunflower hybrids

68

4.5. 1 4.5. 2 4.5. 3 4.5. 4 4.5. 5

Total-tocopherol contents of different sunflower hybrids Alpha-tocopherol contents of different sunflower hybrids Beta-tocopherol contents of different sunflower hybrids Gamma-tocopherol contents of different sunflower hybrids Delta-tocopherol contents of different sunflower hybrids

4.6. 1

M e a n s q ua r e s f o r e x t e r n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f bread

80

4.6. 2

E x t e r na l c h a ra c t e r i s t i c s o f s u n f l o w e r s e e d supplemented bread

80

4.6. 3

M e a n s q ua r e s f o r i n t e r n a l c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f bread

84

4.6. 4

I n t e r n a l c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s u n f l o w e r s e e d supplemented bread

84

4.6. 5

M e a n s q ua r e s f o r p r o x i m a t e c o m p o s i t i o n o f bread

89

4.6. 6

Effect of sunflower seeds supplementation on proximate composition of bread

89

71 72 74 76 78

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List of Figures

Figur TITLE

PAGE

es 4.3.1 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5

S t a n d a r d c u r v e o f ga l l i c a c i d Palmitic

acid

contents

of

53

different

sunflower

hybrids Palmitoleic acid contents of different sunflower hybrids Stearic

acid

contents

of

different

sunflower

hybrids Oleic acid contents of different sunflower hybrids Linoleic

acid

contents

hybrids Total tocopherol

of

different

contents

of

sunflower

whole

and

d e h u l l e d s u n f l o w e r s e e ds Alpha tocopherol contents of whole and d e h u l l e d s u n f l o w e r s e e ds Beta tocopherol contents

of

whole

and

d e h u l l e d s u n f l o w e r s e e ds Gamma tocopherol contents of whole and d e h u l l e d s u n f l o w e r s e e ds Delta tocopherol contents of whole and d e h u l l e d s u n f l o w e r s e e ds

62 64 65 67 68 71 72 74 76 78

x