Study

FORIGINAL ARTICLE

DETERMINANTS OF INBREEDING IN A MODERNIZING MUSLIM SOCIETY, KARACHI. PAKISTAN

Key words: Inbreeding, modernizing Muslim Society Karachi, coefficient of inbreeding.

Abstract: Background: First cousin marriages are generally preferred in a large majority of the world’s Islamic societies. However little is known about the significant impact upon inbreeding by modernization. It is likely that upward trend in the late age at marriage of female and declining emphasis on arrange marriage both caused by increase level of education among women, the prevalence of inbreeding more likely declining specially in large cities like Karachi. Design and settings: In 2001 about 4283 currently married Muslim women were selected for interview in Karachi city living in about 4462 randomly selected ‘House Hold sample survey for the study of Housing, Socio-Economic, Demographic and Health situation in Karachi City, People of Karachi information were obtain on their socio economic characteristics along with, age, age at marriage, year, relationship with husband before marriage whether the marriage was arranged. Results: Average age at marriage of these women was 19.32 years. 39.1 %(CI 95% : 37.8%-41.4%) were consanguineous. Among them 92% first cousin marriages, with average coefficient of inbreeding was F= 0.02293.

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Sociodemographic correlates confirm the inverse association between inbreeding and women's education status, age at marriage and spousal choice. Inbreeding had appreciable reduction for cohort recently married and decline in younger age with coefficient of inbreeding decline at Karachi Muslim society. Conclusion The coefficient inbreeding was highly considerable on population although the time changes. Thus the genetic load on the population was also important to assess by parental inbreeding and association with disorders.

Introduction With advances in medicine and public health, genetic disorders will account for an increased proportion of diseases world wide. Predictably this burden will fall more heavily on the countries and communities, in which inbreeding is strongly favored, as the result of the expression of deleterious recessive genes [1]. It is also well known that the more closely related the higher the risk of their offspring having inherited disorders [2]. Despite the obvious high genetic risk, inbreeding constitute over half of the marriages in Muslim countries [3-12] also see [13]http://www.consang.net). Marriages between close biological kin continues to be the predominate form of marital union among Muslims living West and South Asia [14-17] Pakistan is a predominantly Muslim country where according to Pakistan census, 97% of the Muslim population, one of the outstanding features of social relationships is consanguineous marriages with high prevalence of inbreeding.

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The nation wide frequency of consanguineous marriages was 61 percent as reported in Pakistan Demographic Health Survey by 1990- 1991[18]. However the prevalence was lower in urban than in rural areas 39.8% and 58.9% respectively varies above 61 percent in all Pakistan[19] http://www.consang.net. Attribute to the high quotient of parental inbreeding ,20.18% mortality incidence by congenital anomalies and prenatal problems reported by government of Pakistan 2003- 2004 http://www.pakistan.gov.pk[20]. In spite of substantial empirical evidences on offspring morbidity [21-29] the perceptions of health effects associated with consanguineous unions are limited in highly urbanized, multi ethnic society Karachi [30] which is the central force guided society to modernization. The practice of inbreeding has decline remarkably in most developed countries. However societies where Islam prevails, marriage between biological relatives remain common at constant level [31-32]. However trend in consanguineous marriages in more modernized Muslim metropolitan areas of countries is not known. However we took at the trends and determinants of inbreeding in Karachi City

Methodology: The study settings in Karachi the most populous city of Pakistan where had total population of 9.3 million according to the provisional results of the census’1998,[33]

, a typical third world metropolis now throes in globalization

and population explosion represent all cultural and ethnic groups of Pakistan. It is rich culture diversity where people originating form various parts of the subcontinent and other areas of Pakistan live. According to population Census of province Sind Urban area 1998, the female literacy rate has increased to 57% from 42% during 1981 Census , firmly associated with age at marriage and parental education. Urban society such as Karachi, has a large profile of growing population towards modernization in social trends, demographic features make the study of inbreeding in Karachi quite interesting and allows to test the validity of the following hypothesise: the higher the modernization rate, decline the trend in consanguineous marriages over time

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and relationships between inbreeding, measures of education status, later age at marriage evaluated by randomized study sampling. The paper uses the subset of, “Household sample survey of housing, SocioEconomic, Demographic and Health situation in Karachi City, People of Karachi (PKS) data 2001 consisted of individual 4462 ever married women age 14-49 years. Survey collected information on consent informed to all participants. The population was subdivided for analysis by Religion other than Muslim (Christian 3.2%, Hindu 0.6%, Parsi 0.1%) were excluded due to minorities and their religious constraint, disapproval form the Roman Catholic Church towards close kin marriages, final represented majority Muslim 4283 active participants of the population. The targeted population of the study was defined as women in the randomly selected households. Standardized criteria of questionnaire design and administration was accomplished. Factual points were abstracted form data on the basis of religion “Muslim women” in analysis indexed age, age at marital cohabitation, premarital kinship status, literacy status of spouses, choice dependency of spouses selection and favour in relative marriages with their offspring intentions of choice. Helpful perception to consider Marriages being first-cousins marriages define spouses who had ‘one set of grandparents in common’. Second cousin union would judge on criterion of the’ parents of the spouses had one set of the grandparent in common’, Moreover, geneticists usually classify unions between second cousins or closer as consanguineous, because the genetic risk for the less closely related couples differs only marginally form that the non consanguineous unions [34]. Marriages classified first cousins union in which spouses shared 1/8 of their gene inherited form a common ancestor so their progeny are homozygous (or more correctly Autozygous) at 1/16 of all loci. Conventionally expressed as the coefficient inbreeding (F) and for first cousin (F= 0.0625) that is, the progeny are predicted to have inherited identical gene copies from each parent at 6.25% of all gene loci, over and above the baseline level of homozygosity in the general 4

population.[35]; second cousin union (“2C” coefficient of inbreeding F= 0.0156); marriages beyond second cousins (“>2C” coefficient of inbreeding F<0.0156); and (F =0) among unrelated offspring of breeding [36]. The second level of classification was subdivides the marriages into several types according to sex of the individuals occupying the different points in the pedigree: first cousins may be either the children of two brothers (Paternal cousins), of two sisters (Maternal cousins).The structure of consanguineous marriages can change the degree of genetic correlation regarding sex linked genes[37]. The incidence of the inbreeding for the whole population was estimated ‘The average inbreeding of coefficient ‘(F) = (∑Pi Fi) [38] where Pi is the proportion of each marriage with theoretical inbreeding coefficient Fi.

Data Analysis: Statistical analysis proceeded with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 11.5 for window,) frequency & concentration of different variables age, kinship etc., Chi-square’ test was used for categorical variables. Incidence rate of kinship status with 95 percent confidence intervals was calculated. Mean & Standard deviations of age was also calculated. As the dependent variable the logistic regression with kinship status was conducted and the crud odds ratios examined. The independent variables were used to estimate the impact of modernization on the natural log of the odds of a consanguineous marriage. Variable eliminate form regression analysis if they were not satisfying the criterion of P<0.05.

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Results Data and population Measurement Our aim of this investigation was obtaining baseline information, on the frequency of inbreeding along average coefficient inbreeding in modernizing Muslim society; hence 4283 ever married Muslim women were subtracted for this analysis. The age distribution (Table: I) shows largest age categories (25-39) years of senior youth to adult women were 61% of total interviewed population. The median (range) age of women was 33 (14-49) years. The mean (±SD) age of women was 33.2 (± 7.7) years. (Insert Table I about here)

Prevalence of inbreeding:

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The incidence rate, as a whole population, the inter-relative marriages were recorded more than half (50.1%). Table II shows rates of first cousin marriages constitute 36% of all marriages, 91.8% were first cousins of all cousin unions. Second cousin relationship among husband and wives were 3.2% of all marriages and 8.1% among cousin marriages. Subdivision of marriages according to sex pedigree of relationship, paternal first cousin unions constitute (14.8%) of all marriages and (41.2%) among first cousin, while the institution of Maternal first cousin unions was (21.1%) of total marriages and (58.7%) of first cousin unions. The rest (11.0%) were inter- relative unions allied beyond second cousins of all marriages and (23.0%) of inter-relative marriages. The Percentage (95% CI) of inbreeding (1st PC+1st MC +2nd C) in Muslim urban population of Karachi was 39.1% (36.8-41.4%).

Fixation index (F): We found (Table: III) the average inbreeding coefficient (Fixation Index) in the modernized Muslim inbred population F = 0.02293. (Insert Table II and III about here)

Inbreeding: The Chronological trend In the mirror of comparison with the incidence of inbreeding in successive cohort of women grouped according to the respondent’s year of marriage the analysis revealed inbreeding, contract between other relatives and non relatives. Graph 1 shows temporal inbreeding trend decreased before The 1970s to 1980s however inbreeding speck modest by 1985-90 while later decline significantly (p<0.007). Other relatives union remarkably increased by 1971 to The 1980s and real decreased after The 1980s over 2000. Whereas contraction between non relative

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were progressively high in all marital years of marriage but remarkably increased after The 1990s while the inbreeding decline dramatically. As seen in Table IV the results indicated that the first cousin marriages were continued to be very common among all cohort years of marriage contraction among non relatives increased parallel the significant p(<0.007) reduction of inter relatives (cousin and other relatives )marriages by cohort years of marital cohabitation. The observed rate steadily decline compared before The 1980s and later till the 2001 the average coefficient of inbreeding also decline thus the percentage of homozygosity decreases through the prevalence rate diminish by the modernization of Muslim society. These findings were favor to what might be expected if Muslim Society modernized. Observed change in the patterns of inbreeding was more likely function with social correlates of women. These associated social factors influenced dominantly changing marriage patterns in society. (Insert Graph I and Table IV about here)

At the time of marital cohabitation the median (range) age of women was 19 (1141) years, and average (±SD) age at marriage of women was19.3 (±3.8) years. The mean (±SD) age of marital cohabitation of cousin unions was 18.6(±3.51) years, 18.8 (±3.6) years for other- relative unions and highest form all marriage patterns 20(±4) years were assess for unrelated. The age at marital cohabitation, 23.5% of women had marriage in early age (≤15) years, statistically significant (p<0.0001). The early marriages among interrelative population (inbred and distant relatives cumulatively) was almost 60% significantly higher (p<0.0001), than that of non –inbred population where (Table V) early marriages were 48.2% found among inbreeds. The prevalence of inbreeding was decrease significantly (p<0.0001) as age at marital cohabitation increased. The impact of female age at marriages was both negative and significant in explaining the variability in dependent variable women marring at

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ages 20 and older (the oldest marriages cohort), relate to women marring at age 18 and younger <18, decreases the odds ration of being in a cousin marriages significantly (p<0.0001). As for the trend in inbreeding results indicated the coefficient was positive and significant, confirming the prevalence of inbreeding had decrease over the time by modernizing Karachi, principally the last marriage cohort. (Insert Tables V about here)

Educational attainment among inbreed unions(1stPC+1stMC+ 2ndC) were lowest (p<0.0001) significantly than other relatives and non relative married women, (Table V) .While the literacy have compact correlations later age at marriage and education. Results form the bivariate analysis showed statistically significant impact of the highest educational level in lowering inbreeding potent these outcome that there was, significant (P<0.0001), difference found across the lower categories of education. Studying affiliation of inbreeding between urban and urbanized status of women, the frequency of total inbreeding were significantly (p<0.0001) higher among rural and town populace residing at Karachi. Almost 53% (162 out of 306) in town , 51.8% (158 out of 305) seen in rural(data not shown)

whereas the inbred

unions(1stPC+1stMC+ 2ndC) who were urban by origin, 37.0% (1327 out of 3589) found among 52.0% of non relative and 11.0% other relatives(Table V).

Ethnical groups were representative of provincial culture and norms in Karachi had great impact on urban Muslim population showed statistically significant (p<0.0001) association with consanguinity. Where major ethnic group of ‘Urdu speaking’ shown lowest rate (34.3%) of consanguinity prevalence, although Punjabi speaking contracted most with first cousins 56.4 (1st PC+1st MC and2nd C) ,12.5% were beyond cousin unions also common but least common were non relatives contraction (Table V).

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On spousal selection, 98.8 % choice dependency (Table: VI) were on parents. Decision of inter- relative unions 50.4% were taken solely by parents and 39.7% preferably consanguineous Spouses selected 73.8% solely by parent, where no involvement of bride approval had reported (data not shown) Estimating literacy status of parent (Table: VI), (n=334) responded don’t know their parental literacy status, and (n=1326) cases were missing by system; ultimately 61.2% of response were received for analysis. Parental illiteracy findings demonstrate illiteracy and high rate of decision for spousal selection were obtained within family (63%), preferentially 51.2% consanguinity. (Insert Tables VI and VII about here)

Table VII showed Support affirmatively, 72% women reply the question ‘Are they favor the marriages into relatives?’ Respond form 86.7% of consanguineous union seen strong acquiescence in support (p<0.0001).

Whereas the

predominant favoritism of inter relative marriages form beyond cousin was found 76.5%. (Insert Table VIII about here) In terms of intention for their offspring marriages the question asked ‘Do you have intention for your children to get marry within relatives ‘As over 78% and 73% of consanguineous and beyond cousins Muslim unions respectively have intention for their children to marry within relatives significantly (Table VIII) higher than non relatives inclinations while 59.7 of non relatives unions have intention to not extend choices within relatives.

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Logistic regression analysis The independent variables were age at marriage, women level of education, Ethnicity by native language and decision dependency for spousal selection (table IX) were selected by descriptive analysis of Muslim women variables. The independent variable “Age at marriage “was treated as continuous variable in regression analysis. Muslim women were more qualifying to get married with their cousins if they married early by age and illiterate. In all other findings these two factors were highly significant (P<0.0001) statistically. As far as impact of rural origin ‘urbanized woman’ appear ‘modern’ showed compact association with modernizing stage of Muslim rural originate women. Ethnicity by native language, and decision dependency for spousal selection were adjusted, potent the hypotheses of modernizing impact on women with P<0.001 significance. In context of older age at marriage, literacy, least obligatory to follow culture, joy independent decision for spousal selection could not be agreeable option for consanguinity suggested in final measuring of fitted model.

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Discussion: The Muslim study population consisted 61% of young to senior youth age (25-39) years. Among total groups of 4283 women these two major groups provide accurate information considered only about present generation weighted for this analysis. In all married unions, 39.1% inbreeding incidence were recorded. By comparison among national urban and semi-urban areas, Mian and Muhstaq reported 31.6% in Quetta (Mian and Mushtaq., 1994). Though Quetta is a semi urban and less modernized by culture, were more likely gave lesser incidence rate due to limited sample size, also obtain none randomized manner form city. In mirror of other national urban areas this study result was lower than Rawalpindi 48.1%, Gujrat 48.5%, Lahore 46.2%, Faisalabad 52.1%, (Shami And Siddiqui., 1984; Shami and Hussain., 1984; Yaqoob st al., 1993;Bittles et al.1993) of Pakistan and represent total minorities with Muslim majorities of population. With world wide Muslim urban areas, the comparison of our results with Bombay India, 21.8% estimated among Muslims (Sanghvi et al.1956) where Muslim are living as minorities. Jordon urban 29.82% (Khoury SA, Massad D.1993), Dubai 32.0%, Al Ain 37.4% (Al Ghazali et al.1997) considered highly developed urban Muslim societies so recorded lower inbreeding incidences in assessment of this study. 12

Current study presented 92% of first cousin (1st PC+1st MC) higher form total consanguineous unions (1st PC+1st MC+ 2nd C) (table II). First- and second cousins marriages were stressed because their relationship are the most clear and least susceptible to error in definition. Also consider common social factor which reduces incompatibilities between in laws, strengthening family relations, social ties and share understanding in custom of same family irrespective of future irregularities more likely generate after inducement of infertility, congenital malformations in offspring evident outcome of gene deletion inherited form common ancestors. While in various degrees of inbreeding type, the incidence rate of Maternal first cousin (1st MC) marriages were high shown in (Table II) this study of Karachi, all retrospective cohort outcomes by age at marital cohabitation proved Maternal first cousins (1st MC), dominantly more prone to marry inter-relative marital groups decline observed in year of marriages gradually by secular modernization (data not shown). Maternal marriages inclination in Karachi was persuasive evident form R. Hussain A.H Bittles (1998). The reason of most sticking results come form our study likely practiced of adopting a female infant or the child form her close sister become, on maturity , a bride for her son. Thus as a future spouses selection pressure form their parent‘s obligated children to accept words given in their childhood. Another reason, evident form Waris Qidwai, was reduce incompatibility, with more likely the daughter’s in laws and husband, preference come form mother and chose maternal cousins for spousal selection were come form mother affectation with daughter. Coefficient of inbreeding was F = 0.0132 found only by Maternal inbreeding (data not shown). The prevalence of Autozygosity in modern Muslim population had great impact due to highest and commonest trend of marriages between maternal cousins.

However these results more likely influential and potent the

maternal inheritance pattern of highly mutant mitochondrial genome which more

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likely the cause and prevalence of mitochondrial transmitted mother and child diseases. However Paternal first cousin (1st PC) marriages were remain predominant than beyond cousin marriages (Table II), whereas second (2nd C) were continue least common in throughout all cohort years of cousin marriage (Data not shown). Although the trend of Paternal first cousin marriages were most common in Arab Muslim (Khuri FI 1976; Bittles ,1994,)also found in four regions of in Indian Muslim societies (Bittles and Hussain 1999), especially in highly developed societies like Al-Ain and Dubai reported by Al-Gazali ( Al-Gazali LI et al 1997), in Rozzet and Prem study of Yemen, 2001. However H. Hamamy also account the proportion of paternal parallel first cousins among first cousin marriages had decline form next generation by the time changed in Jordon and the rate of consanguinity decline among marriages contracted after the1980s compared to cousin union contracted between the 1950s and 1979(H. Hamamy; 2005). G. Kenan and L.Burck also reported decline consanguinity with the increasing levels of the education and urbanization (G. Kenan and L.Burck:2002).Whereas J. Zoltogora et al stated the changes in family structure during last two decades of a modernizing Israeli Arab Muslim society, seen reduction the preference of marriages between brother’s offspring and preference to marry within the extended family (J. Zoltogora et al, 2002). The average coefficient of inbreeding was 0.0229, presented by this study.(Table III) which was less than 0.0316 observed in Karachi studied by R. Hussain A.H Bittles (1998) consisted difference in trend of consanguinity in respect of randomized sampling technique applied in present study, In all socioeconomic levels of families as the last investigation had non randomized sample represent only slums squatter settlement, the area accessible, population of Karachi where co-rearing of families by space limitation of the squatter settlements were common which more likely enhance inter family marriages contraction, economically poor & less educated house holds is the predictor, evident of high 14

consanguinity prevalence rate, inclusion of minorities (three religious groups) in which clearly stated Christians communities (included ethnic group of Punjabis reported inbreeding effect rate 28.0% ) had rare preference of consanguineous marriages, which might not reflect the actual level of All Punjab 50.3% reported by Bittles et al.,(1993) whereas in Muslim Punjabi population of Karachi 56.4% in (Table IV) current study had high prevalence of inbreeding, the previous study also differ in sample size and may not truly represent the cumulative of Karachi Muslim population. Rural culture has proven the predictor of consanguinity evident by Hussain and Bittles (1998). The urbanized consider modernizing (in term of education and married women at age of less than 18 years was urbanized less modern than the entire urban population was more likely the sign of protective effect form consanguinity. Nativity always has strong impact in social contraction according to their culture of origin. By origin urbanized women were belongs to the town or rural areas of Pakistan showed general practices of cousin marriage significantly.

While present study project modernization, form the late 1970s to the mid of the 1980s decade, has led to remarkably decreases but time frame changed guide the consanguinity trend little increased by the 1981s and decreased (7%) in the proportion of women in Pakistan with more education and a later age at marriage. Women in this modern role are less likely to marry their cousins than are women in more traditional status. By using the years 1986-90 as a cut off point, these trends were apparent proportion of consanguineous marriages significantly (P=0.007) decreased in the capital of Sind province. It might more decline if the parental consanguineous information were available. Thus average coefficient of inbreeding diminished by modernization progressed and contracted from broader gene pool (F = 0) of potential marriage pattern rather than stagnating gene pool (F ≤ 0.125)

bring to

impede genetic diversity in

generations by inter- familial marriages .

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The reasons of incidence decline as individual begin to enjoy greater freedom in the process of mate selection. But here the findings showed marvellous impact of modernization slow and real on the incidence of consanguineous marriages firmly associate(Table IV)

with increases age at marriage, women literacy

status, (Table VI) independent in decision making process for spousal selection, decision taker literacy status of parent/ guardian important determining factors, decline the institution of arrange inter- familial marriage. Increase literacy status of women may thought to generate idea that interaction with other than family members enhance the outbreak of marriage among relative and prevalence decline from traditional family forms and ties extended on ethnic roots. The key intervening variables predicting consanguinity showing the most vulnerable group of consanguinity related genomic disorders were designated as illiterate young age at marriage group. Women who married relatively late (≥ 20 years of age) may be able to avoid having her marriage to be arranged. This should increase her chance of marring non relatives (Benjamin et al; 1994). Modern Muslim women who married later age of 20 were less and above 24 least likely to marry within relatives. (Table V) 48% less then 16 year of ages at marriage direct to prove women early marriage leads to consanguinity. Thus high correlates with early age of marriage the chance of F = 1/16 Autozygosity were greatest in <20 youngest age at marriage groups of Muslim women. As age at marriages would increases the chance of homozygosity would decreases as the modernization would progress in society. Hance In this study out come the age of marriage increased gradually as the society modernized (data not shown) and incidence of consanguinity was decreases significantly (p<0.0001) as age at marital cohabitation increases.

Cultural dominancy guided consanguinity to high rate into its own cultural mode of existence extended noted in multi ethnic population “Karachi”. Karachi has true microcosmic features of all Provinces of Pakistan population represented by native languages, sub grouped for ethnic analysis presented ethnicity with

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specific culture of Karachi Muslim population. There is a considerable ethnic provincial variation in the incidence of consanguinity. Frequency and distribution of inbreeding among ethnic groups (Table V) showed low level of consanguinity (34.3%) in Urdu speaking. The Urdu speakers are immigrant form ‘Bihar’ the state of North India, where the Muslim consanguineous marriages generally lower (13.9%), than Pakistan (Ansair and Sinha 1978). The absence of a strong clan culture and relatively high literacy level also might be a responsible for a less traditional out look on marriage within relatives R. Hussain A.H Bittles (1998). The representative population of provinces had endogamy 57.8%, 56.5% and ,56.4%, among ‘Balochi speaking’ native of Balochistan ‘Sindhi speaking’ form Sind and form Province Punjab ‘Punjabi speaking’ ethnic subgroups of population respectively , were mostly shifted for search of employment form native urban, rural and towns of Punjab, Sind, and Balochistan. The Pushtao and Hindko speaker are presenting the mother tongue and culture of Swat district the northern area of Pakistan. Where the prevalence of inbreeding was 52.7% in present study because of limited individuals immigrant natives form urban and rural area of Swat ( Wahab and Ahmad, 1996) reported 31.1% and 37.1% accounted form urban and rural areas. Ultimately the impact of estimation of (Table VIII) urbanized (native of town and rural areas )52.4 percent consanguinity hence there culture keep them unite for persistence of native norms, interact close relatives for spousal choice concluded the chance of homozygosity prevail for sake of by the norms, culture, tradition extension (p<0.0001). In Karachi Muslim society also dominantly existence with 98.8% of arrange marriages and more than half were solely decided by parents for inter relative spouse in choice. (Table VI) Results consideration form women freedom for spousal selection can be predicts the reduction of inter familial marriages and decision would extended for beyond relatives or non relatives. Our results potent the findings associated to common tradition in Muslim population of Karachi ‘arrange marriages’ reported by Waris Qidwai and major constraints were religion, status, cast, family difference, the fear of incompatibility were found the reasons quoted as difficulties in the finding a mate outside the family. 17

Demographic

parameters

of married

women appeared

more

favor of

consanguinity than unmarried women and man. Thus women consider their family offspring to get married with daughters and reduce incompatibility between in laws so the Matrilineage cousin marriages were markedly high in the Karachi studied population among different degrees of kin relatedness (Waris Qidwai et.al;2003). The illiteracy in decision making process also account in support of inbreeding improvement. Overall 62% Illiterate parents (Table VI) have strong preference and decision in favor of formation inter relative unions, the incidence rate F (≤0.0625), highest 63% of inbreeding due to illiteracy of decision taker. 61.1% non relative unions (F=0) form by decision of literate parents. Takahata Y. et.al.2002 have reported different degrees of kin relatedness discriminated by individuals with respect to mate choice. But in our study lead different results in context of women (mother) favor women (daughter) in spousal in favoritism of relative marriages (Table VII), 72% acquiescence received form consanguineous unions in support (p<0.0001), Potent the hypothesis of parental consanguineous union would also constantly predominate in future, (Table VII) 78.6% of consanguineous have intention for children to marry in relatives (Table VIII) which also represents the snap shot of perspective consanguineous prevalence rate but the improvement of literacy of individual, age at marriage (Table V) and parental literacy status (Table VI) will increase by the time change, also liberty of spousal choice is not avoidable by the modernizing society. The multiplicity of the relationships required not only consultation with the relatives such as uncles and aunts, but also there participation for some degree in the final decision –making process. Regarding modalities of the marriage choice the prevalent cultural pattern of the children following their parent wishes was very much evident from both consanguineous and non consanguineous marriages( Hussain R. 1999).Our finding also prove (98.8%) marriages decisions for spousal selection were solely made by parents of respondents reveal the Muslim society tradition. In the case of consanguineous marriages 38.8% was

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preference form parental choices and individual involvement, where as 0.2% of total spousal selection were independently chosen by individual (data not shown). Urbanized Muslim women were also marched to modernization but extension their culture and norm lead them to keep and strengthen their social contraction within relatives. The results finding showed great intention for children spousal selection within relatives in compression of urban women by origin.

Conclusion The modernization of Muslim society were deeply rooted upon sociodemographic factors reduce close biological kindred unions would definite influence on gametic disequilibrium. Our findings recognized the demand of detail determination of inheritance prevail by inbreeding in modernized Muslim Society Karachi Pakistan.

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