Study On Cottage Industry

Study on Cottage Industry ( A Ca se S tu d y o n L un g i In d u str y o f Ru h i tpu r, K e r a ni g o nj )

Table of Contents Topics

Page

Table of contents List of tables List of maps List of figures

i ii ii ii

Chapter One : Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objective of the study 1.3 Justification of the study 1.4 Selection of the study area 1.5 Determination of Sample Size 1.6 Location of the site

1 1 1 2 2 2

Chapter Two : Socio-economic condition of Tatiees 2.1 Population Characteristics 2.2 House ownership pattern 2.3 Literacy and Educational Attainment 2.4 Employment status 2.5 Monthly income and expenditure pattern 2.6 Migration status 2.6.1 In-migration 2.6.2 Out-migration 2.7 Services and facilities

4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6

Chapter Three : Tat activities in the study area 3.1 Historical background of Tat 3.2 Working procedure of Lungi production 3.3 Condition of Tat in the study area 3.3.1 Types of products 3.3.2 Volume of product 3.3.3 Investment for production 3.3.4 Workers involvement 3.3.5 Marketing system of products

7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9

Chapter Four : Barriers of Tat industry in the study area 4.1 Low access to raw materials 4.2 Financial 4.3 Lack of improved technology 4.4 Inadequate manpower 4.5 Others

10 10 11 11 11

Chapter Five : Recommendation and suggestion Chapter Six : Conclusion References Appendices

12 13

i

List of Tables Table 1.1 : Sample size determination Table 2.1 : Age sex structure Table 2.2 : Level of education of the household’s member over 5 years of age Table 2.3 : Tat as a occupation among the households Table 2.4 : Monthly income of the households Table 2.5 : Expenditure pattern of the households Table 3.1 : Involvement of household workers Table 3.2 : Involvement of employed workers Table 4.1 : Barriers in development of Tat industries Table 4.2 : Cost variation of Yarn and Labor between Rohitpur and Pabna

2 4 5 5 5 6 8 9 10 10

List of Maps Map 1.1 : Location of the Study Area

3

List of Figures Figure 2.1 : Age-sex distribution Figure: 3.1 Ratio of workers engaged in Tat industries

4 9

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Chapter One : Introduction

Chapter One : Introduction 1.1 Background The study area, Rohitpur Mouza under Keranigonj Upazila has its economical and historical value achieved through a long period of time. The heritage of Tat activities flourished by the people of the area, now famous in all over the country. They are still in superior position in terms of quality of products. It serves local market as well as the market of Dhaka City have a remarkable contribution in the economy of this region. As a fringe area of capital Dhaka provides a strong backup which makes the locality more important. When the name of Ruhitpur come then a scenario of a locality rise in our mind with one-two or more tat in every houses and all the members of every households are busy in producing lungi. But it is a matter of sorrow that this view of Ruhitpur is now past. The scenario has been changed. Now very few people are producing lungi in this locality. This study is to describe the present situation of this cottage industry (lungi) in Ruhitpur Mouza. 1.2 Objective of the Study Existing problem identification of goals and objectives, and finding out their appropriate reason will serve as fundamental factor for selecting strategies and investigating the prospects of their applicability. The specific objectives for the study are given below: •

To explore the existing situation of TAT industries in the study area.

•

To identify the barriers of this industries.

•

To provide some suggestions to overcome the barriers and increase the potentialities of this sector.

1.3 Justification of the Study Cottage industry (lungi) was the main occupation of the people of Ruhitpur. Its contribution on local and regional economy was great. However in this age of modern technology this industry has come to an end and people become fading up with this profession. Gradually they are changing their traditional occupation which was profound all over the country. This occupational change impacts badly on local and regional economy. For this reason their livelihood pattern is also gradually changing. In this study we will try to find out the potentialities and barriers of this sector and to analyze the present situation of this industry in Ruhitpur. 1.4 Selection of the Study Area Lungi of Ruhitpur is famous all over the country. Lungi is also produced in the surrounding locality of Ruhitpur village or Ruhitpur Mouza. However according to the local people there is a great difference in quality between the Lungi of Ruhitpur Mouza and it’s surroundings. For this study only Ruhitpur Mouza has been selected which is situated at the southern portion of Keranigonj upazila. Ruhitpur Mouza is constituted by Ruhitpur, Mohonpur, Anarpur, Char- Ruhitpur, Nayapara

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Chapter One : Introduction and a part of Ruhitpur Kacha. The survey was conducted with the direct interaction with the existing TAT operators which helped to find out some deep rooted problems which are considered as the barriers of this industry. This study has covered almost every aspects of this industry. The area is selected for the study because of the following reasons – •

Tat industry of Rohitpur has a great historical and economical value.

•

Concentration of TAT is relatively high in Rohitpur Mouza than other areas in Keranigonj Upazila.

•

Products of TAT (Longi) are more qualitative than other areas in Keranigonj Upazila.

1.5 Determination of Sample Size Few years ago, there was a great concentration of Tat in Rohitpur mouza but in present its activities is limited in some villages. The number of Tat in each village and sample size from each village is given in the table below. About 55 percent sample size of total number of households has been taken. In this case, number of households means households who are currently engaged in Tat activities. Table 1.1 : Sample size determination. Name of the Villages

Number of households

Sample Size

Ruhitpur

7

4

Mohonpur

5

3

Anarpur

6

3

Char- Ruhitpur

0

0

Nayapara

0

0

Ruhitpur Kacha

4

2

Total

22

12

Source : Field Survey, 2006. 1.6 Location of the Site Rohitpur mouza is situated at Rohitpur Union of Keranigonj Upazila under the District of Dhaka. It is at the southern part of Keranigonj Upazila. Baila Mouza is in its North side, Sakta Mouza in its East side, Dharmasur Mouza in South side and on its West Sarashpur and Jonipur Mouza. The area of Rohitpur Mouza is 286 acres. Locational map of the study area is given below.

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Chapter One : Introduction Map 1.1 : Location of the Study Area

Study Area

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Chapter Two : Socio-economic Characteristics of Tatiees

Chapter Two : Socio-Economic Characteristics of Tatiees 2.1 Population Characteristics According to population census 1991, total population of Rohitpur is 2977 in which male population is 1562 and female is 1415. Taking account the annual growth rate 3.9 (BBS 1991) of Keranigonj upazilla, the population of Rohitpur in 2006 is 5300. Age-sex structure Age-sex structure of the area is also constructed on the basis of population census. Young population (18 – 34 age group) is the highest, about 30 percent. About 19 percent are in the age of 35-59 years, about 14 percent are in the age of 5 to 9 and about 13 percent are in the age of 0 to 4 and 10-14 both. Table 2.1 : Age sex structure Male

Age group

Count 0-4 205 5-9 242 10 - 14 191 15 - 17 98 18 - 34 450 35 - 59 297 60 + 79 Total 1562 Source: BBS, 1991

Female Count % 185 6.21 194 6.52 201 6.75 88 2.96 421 14.14 257 8.63 69 2.32 1415 47.53

% 6.89 8.13 6.42 3.29 15.12 9.98 2.65 52.47

Total Count 390 436 392 186 871 554 148 2977

% 13.10 14.65 13.17 6.25 29.26 18.61 4.97 100.00

The age-sex pyramid of the study area given below shows the graphic scenario of the age and gender distribution. Figure 2.1 : Age-sex distribution 60 + 35 - 59 18 - 34 Female

15 - 17

Male

10 - 14 5-9 0-4 0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

Source : Field Survey, 2006. 2.2 House ownership pattern All the people in the study area are living in generation by generation. So they have own household to live.

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Chapter Two : Socio-economic Characteristics of Tatiees 2.3 Literacy and Educational Attainment Like the other part of the country, the literacy rate of the population of the study area is moderate. According to the field survey, 21.42% people of interest group are illiterate. A large number of people acquired primarily education (48.21). However, the percentage of higher education is very low (only 1.79%). The information about the educational status of the group of interest is given bellow: Table 2.2 : Level of education of the household’s member over 5 years of age Educational qualification Illiterate Primary

No. of household member

Percentages

12

21.43

27

48.21

Secondary

13

23.21

Higher Secondary

3

5.36

Degree and Above

1

1.79

Source : Field Survey, 2006. 2.4 Employment status This is not so far ago when most of the household were depended on this cottage industry. Now a day’s very few families are involved with this industry. The households depended on this industry are the group of interest of this study. According to the survey it is the Primary Occupation of 60% members of these households. The detail information is given bellow Table 2.3 : Tat as a occupation among the households Occupation type

No. of household member

Percentages

Primary

30

60

Secondary

20

40

Source : Field Survey, 2006. 2.5 Monthly income and expenditure pattern Socio-economic condition of any study area is reflected by income expenditure pattern. From the income-expenditure pattern, savings of the individuals can also be assumed. In the study area, 16.67 percent of the surveyed households earn Tk. 2000-2999 per month. About 25 percent households have income range Tk. 4000-4999 and most of the household, about 58 percent earn Tk. 5000 and above. Table 2.4 : Monthly income of the households Income (tk)

No. of households

Percentages

2000-2999

2

16.67

3000-3999

0

0

3 7

25 58.33

4000-4999 5000 and above Source : Field Survey, 2006.

The amount of income and expenditure is very close, means they have little or no savings. Among the surveyed households, only 16 percent have savings in different NGOs and Banks. The

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Chapter Two : Socio-economic Characteristics of Tatiees expenditure on different items varies with different income level. A large amount of income is spending for food. The households earn less spent higher on food (Table ). Table 2.5 : Expenditure pattern of the households Income range (in tk)

Monthly expenditure (in percentage) Cloth Education Health 5.79 0 1.89

2000-2999

Food 84.64

Others 2.79

3000-3999

0

0

0

0

0

4000-4999

72.22

4.91

2.31

1.62

10.37

5000 and above

56.01

4.35

4.65

2.68

17.42

Source : Field Survey, 2006. 2.6 Migration status 2.6.1 In-migration As a cottage industry, Tat does not require more employed workers. In most cases, only family members are involved with this work. Beside these, most households of the study area had only one Tat and 5-6 family members. In the past, Tat can live a family but it was not too profitable. From our survey, we find no migrated family. All are hereditically local. From survey report we also found that only 14% are employed workers. All of this 14% employed workers are local worker who recently stopped their own Tat activities. 2.6.2 Out-migration In the study area, we found a peculiar picture that Tatiees whose have brick-built house are living by hand to mouth. About 3-5 years ago maximum household has one or two migrated people. Generally, they migrated to Malaysia. Whatever when Malaysia Government stopped to receive migrated workers, they came back. From the survey data, we found no migrated people. At present maximum Tatiees depend only Tat industry. 2.7 Services and facilities Infrastructural condition of Rohitpur Mouza is moderate. People uses various source of water for their every day needs. Near about 97% people use tube-well, 2.5% pond, 0.4% well water for drinking purpose. Pipeline water supply is totally absent in the study area. A sanitary facility is not very good. Only 10.60% use sanitary latrine, 8.90% have no latrine and 80.50% use other type of latrines. About 68.04% household get electricity facility.

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Chapter Three : Tat activities in the Study Area

Chapter Three : Tat Activities in the Study Area Lungi is a garment worn in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Myanmar. It is generally worn around the waist. Though its origin is found in South-India, it is worn by different communities across Southern Asia. It is generally woven in cotton. It has various designs and colors. Lungis are sewn into a circle like a skirt. For daily purposes, it is most popular in our country. The lungi is thought to be quite comfortable because its length can be adjusted easily. It is particularly popular in regions where the heat and humidity create an unpleasant climate. Lungi is the most commonly seen dress of Bangladeshi men. It is not normally worn on formal occasions. In Bangladesh, lungis are worn by most men on a daily basis. Bengali women do not traditionally wear lungis. Non-Bengali tribal women wear similar garments in some parts of southeastern Bangladesh. Some Bengali men do not wear the lungi, because they thought it to be too informal or unsuitable.

3.1 Historical background of Tat Bangladesh is an agro-based country. Agriculture is a seasonal occupation. As a result, farmers stay unemployed in most times of the year. This leaser period invents cottage industries. Tat industries began in this country many years ago. Once, Moslin of Dhaka was famous all over the world. According to local people, Tat industries began in Rohitpur during British period. At the beginning, Tat was the main occupation of Rohitpur but day by day this industry is demolishing. 3.2 Working procedure of Lungi production The working procedure of Lungi production is very simple, but it is a lengthy process. It is fully depended on the labors and there is no automatic process. So, it needs a large number of labors for Lungi production. At least, 5 or 6 labors is needed to run a Tat properly. There are three steps of Lungi production namely – i)

To collect and prepare Yarn for production.

ii)

To set the Yarn in the Tat.

iii)

To wave Lungi and prepare for sell.

Collecting and preparing the Yarn for production Yarn is the main raw material of Lungi. When Yarn is collected, it is no fully prepared. To make it suitable for production, it takes several steps as follws_ a) To collect Yarn from local market b) To find out and clean the disqualified Yarn c) To tight qualified Yarn in groups d) To mix arrowroot with the Yarn (in local term they called this process ‘Banna’) e) Again clean the arrowroot mixed Yarn and make it dry

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Chapter Three : Tat activities in the Study Area

Setting the Yarn in the Tat After making the Yarn suitable for production, following steps are done_ a) First, the Yarn is divided into to groups.

b) To set a part in a Hana1. c) To spin the other part with a Bim2. d) To set these two parts in Tat. (in local term this process is called ‘Bau’) Waving the Lungi and prepare for sell When all things are fully prepared following steps are done for finished products_ a) To wave Lungi in Tat b) Mixing arrowroot with the products c) Clean the products and make it dry. d) Prepare the finished product for sell 3.3 Condition of Tat in the study area Before 1980, condition of Tat in Rohitpur Mouza was very good. About all household belongs at least one Tat. After 1980s, Tat industries began to decrease. Around 1980s to 1990s number of Tat in Rohitpur Mouza was less than 400 and at present total number of Tat is 22. 3.3.1 Type of products Various types of cloths are produced in Tat industries namely – Shari, Lungi, Chador, Gamsa, Genji, etc. Whatever in Keranigonj Upazila, only Lungi is produced from Tat industries. As our study area Rohitpur is under Keranigonj Upazila, we worked only for Lungi. 3.3.2 Volume of product Volume of products depends on the quality of products. If all materials are well prepared, normal qualitative one Thaan3 can be produced per day from one Tat. 3.3.3 Investment for production Investment for production also depends on the quality of products. It can be divided into two parts – material cost and production cost. Between these two, production cost remains all most all the same for good and bad qualitative Lungi. Whatever, material cost depends on quality and price of the Yarn and the quality of Lungi. One ‘Thaan’ Lungi requires 9-11 ‘Mora 4’ Yarn where one ‘Mora’ costs tk.20-23. ‘Yarn’ for one ‘Thaan’ Lungi costs tk. 200-260 and all other procedure costs tk.300400.

1

‘Hana’ is local name of an instrument used in Tat which looks like a comb. ‘Bim’ is a calendar made by wood. 3 ‘Thaan’ is a local unit, where one ‘Thaan’ is equal to four pieces of Lungie 4 ‘Mora’ is local unit of measurement of Yarn 2

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Chapter Three : Tat activities in the Study Area

3.3.4 Workers involvement Both household and employed workers are involved with this cottage industry, but the portion of household worker is relatively high. One Tat generally requires 5-6 workers. About all aged people can work in a Tat. Involvement of household and employed workers is illustrated by the following tables_ Table 3.1 Involvement of household workers Household workers Below 3 3–4 5–7 More than 7 Source : Field Survey, 2006.

No. of household 0 7 5 0

Percentage 0 41.67 58.33 0

Table 3.2 Involvement of employed workers Employed workers No worker 1–2 3–4 More than 4 Source : Field Survey, 2006.

No. of household 8 3 1 0

Percentage 66.67 25 8.33 0

From the above tables it is clear that, involvement of household workers in Tat is relatively very high. 86% workers are household worker whereas only 14% are employed workers(Figure 3.1). Because, in the study area, maximum Tatiees have only one Tat and 4-6 family members. So, the portion of employed worker is relatively low. There is another reason is responsible for this situation that is, profit from one ‘than’ is tk.200-350 whereas a worker’s wage is tk.120-150 per ‘than’. If a Tat owner engage a labour then his profit decreases. Figure: 3.1 Ratio of workers engaged in Tat industries Household 86%

Employed 14%

Source : Field Survey, 2006. 3.3.5 Marketing system of products

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Chapter Three : Tat activities in the Study Area A big portion of profit depends on the marketing system of products. Marketing system of Lungi is not favorable to the Tatiees in the study area. Most of the Tatiees sell their products to the local businessperson in a very little profit. Whatever, these businesspersons sell these Lungies mainly in Dhaka City in a high profit. In most case, these businesspersons buy more Lungies during offpeak period in low price and reserve the Lungies. As a result two events occur. Firstly – Tatiees do not get real price of Lungi in the peak period and secondly – price of Lungi remains high during off-peak period.

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Chapter Four : Barriers of Tat Industry in the Study Area

Chapter Four : Barriers of Tat Industry in the Study Area The people of the study area involved with Tat identify some barriers in improvement of this sector. All the respondent during the survey answered that High price of raw materials and low profit is the major problem. About 66 percent respondent identified high labor wage as a barrier, about 58 percent answered unavailability of raw materials and 50 identified large variation between wholesale and retail price as the problem. Table 4.1 : Barriers in development of Tat industries Reasons Raw materials are not easily available

No of answer

Percentage of total household

7

58.33

High price of raw materials

12

100

High labor wage

8

66.67

Low profit

12

100

Large variation between wholesale and retail price

6

50

Source : Field Survey, 2006. 4.1 Low access to raw materials The main raw materials for Tat industry is Yarn. It produces in different areas like in Dhaka division it produces in Demra, Narayangonj, Tangail, Tongi. It also produces in Chittagong, Khulna and Barishal. With the course of time it becomes difficult for the taties in the study area to collect yarn due to its higher price and this trend is continuing. yarn is sell by a unit called “mora”. The price of one mora yarn jumped to tk 22 whereas it was tk 16 just before six months. To produce 1 “Thaan” lungi 11 mora yarn is used by taties in the study area but in pubna used only 6-7 mora of yarn. Labor cost is also high here. All these things make the sector vulnerable. A comparative analysis of costs to produce one than of lungi in Rohitpur and Pabna is given in the table below: Table 4.2 : Cost variation of Yarn and Labor between Rohitpur and Pabna Origin of

Required yarn

Price per Mora

Lungi

for 1 Than Lungi

(tk)

Rohitpur

11 mora

Cost for Yarn

Labor cost (per Thaan)

242

120-50

132

70-80

22 Pabna

6 mora

Source: Field Survey, 2006 4.2 Financial The price of the yarn become increasing, gradually makes the situation complicated as the taties have not any initial capital to buy the raw materials. Usually they lend the money from Mohajon and impelled to sell their products to mohajon in a price less than the market price. At the end Taties gets little or no profit to survive. 4.3 Lack of improved technology

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Chapter Four : Barriers of Tat Industry in the Study Area The taties of Rohitpur mouzas are technologically backdated than other areas of Bangladesh like Pabna. Where the taties of Pabna goes to mass production with improved equipment and decrease their production cost. So they can sell at a low price than Rohitpur. No households in Rohitpur have no more than two Tats and they produce one or less than one “Than” of lungi in a day by engaging all the household members. 4.4 Inadequate manpower There is a shortage of manpower even if the wage is very high in Rohitpur than other areas. On the other hand, household members become involve in other occupations taking Tat as a secondary one. So productivity is decreasing. 4.5 Others There is no multi-occupational scope in this occupation. If some one is engaged with this occupation, he can not do another work with it.

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Chapter Five : Recommendation and Suggestion

Chapter Five : Recommendation and Suggestion It is clear from the present scenario that Tat industries are demolishing from this region day by day. The people engaged with this occupation are becoming unemployed and it becomes very difficult for them to survive. It is not possible to stop this industry because most of the people engaged with this occupation are unskilled in all other occupations. Again, it is also not preferable to provide surplus for surviving this industry. There are many barriers to survive the Tatiees well. By overcoming these barriers properly, the Tatiees could survive well and Tat industries of this region would not demolish. The following suggestions would be a practical guideline for surviving Tatiees. 1. Some businesspersons buy a huge amount of Lungi in low price during off-peak period and store for peak period. As a result the demand of Lungi fall down in the peak period and the Tatiees cannot sell their according to the actual demand of market, and they are compelled to sell their Lungi in low price during peak period. By protecting this dishonest motivation, Tatiees can survive well. 2. Most of the Tatiees have no primary capital to buy raw material like Yarn, arrowroot etc. Therefore, all they do borrow money from Mohajon and they are compelled to sell their products to them in a low price. However, there are a few numbers of Tatiees who take credit from NGOs and Banks can avoid this situation. If the initial capital can be provided by micro credit programme, they can get rid of this vicious circle. 3. The price of Yarn drastically changed between on a few months and become higher and higher. Some Tatiees claimed that it is not sometime available also. So, by taking national policy if the production and supply of Yarn can be increased, then the price will be more stable and this sector can be more benefited. 4. This sector may not survive if it continue by small scale of production. It may not compete with

the products of other areas, where they go in mass production. Therefore, by

adopting modern technology and with the help of various organizations, stakeholders and government, the situation can be improved. 5. Tatiees are usually unskilled in all other occupation. Again, the present condition of Tat industries in this region is not suitable for the Tatiees to survive. If this industry is stopped, Tatiees could be shifted to another occupation. To shift Tatiees into another occupation Government, NGOs, and the private sector could launch job oriented programmes like – training, education, protection etc.

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Chapter Six : Conclusion

Chapter Six : Conclusion The Lungi of Rohitpur is famous in all over the country. However, it is now at the diminishing stage. The barriers identified in this study are the main cause for the situation. More over some businessperson and Tatiees are also responsible. They are marketing low quality products using the label of this famous product. It destroys the believe of the users. An overall infrastructural development as well as financial support can make this industry alive. Not a desktop planning approach, but a participatory planning approach is very much needed to run this industry towards its own way and bring the fame of the Lungi of Rohitpur.

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References

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1991; Community Series : Dhaka Zila, Ministry of Planning, Government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, April 1993. http://www.answers.com/library/Dictionary-cid-967628726 (Accessed October 20, 2006)

Appendix: A Questionnaire for Field Survey Study on Cottage Industry ( A C a s e S t u d y o n L u n g i I n d u s t r y o f R u h i t p u r, K e r a n i g o n j )

ID No.: ………

Date: ………………

1. Household Information: a. Name of the respondent (Mainly household head) ………………………………………………………………………………………….. b. Address : Village : …………………………. Upazila : ………………………… c. Residence type:

Own

Post Office : ……………………………. District : ……………………………. Rented

2. Information of the household members: Sl. No.

Age

Sex

Education

Primary Occupation

Secondary Occupations

Monthly Income

Primary Secondary Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Code : Sl. no.:1= Respondent, 2 = Next one, 3,4,5………. Sex : 1 = Male, 2 = Female Education : 1= Primary, 2= Secondary, 3= Higher Secondary, 4= Degree and Above 5= Illiterate 3. Expenditure: Household expenditure: Source of Expenditure Expenditure in tk. Food Cloth Education Health Others Information about Tat industry: 4. How many days are you engaging with this industry? o ………. Years o Hereditical

Consumer price of each ‘Than’

Wholesale price of each ‘Than’

Producing cost for each ‘Than’

Num. of ‘Thans’ produced per day

No. of employed workers

workersNo. of HH

Number of Tat

5. Information about Tat:

6.a. What is the type of Tat industry for this region? o Occasional o Whole Year 6.b. If Tat industry is occasional, which occasions are production period? ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6.c. If Tat industry is not occasional, which months are peak period? ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. How much money do you need to spend for management of Tat per month? Tk. …………… only. 8. Loan: a. Do you have any debt? o Yes o No b. If yes, then Source of Loan

Amount (in tk.)

Year

Interest

Duration

9. Savings: a. Do you any savings? o Yes o No b. If yes, amount of money saved per month: 10. Organizational involvement: a. Are you engaged in / incorporated with any NGO? o Yes o No b. If yes, what are the names of those organizations? ……………………………………………………………………………………… c. If yes, what type of assistance do you get from those organizations? o Micro-credit o Health assistance o Education o Sanitation o Housing

11. Migration: i) In-Migration: a.: Are you migrated here?

Purpose

o o

Yes No

b.: If yes, fill the following table: Previous Place Year of Migration

Reasons for Migration

ii) Out-Migration: c: Has any household member migrated for another place? o Yes o No d: If yes fill the following table: Place of Migration Year of Migration

Reasons for Migration

Problems: 12. What are the barriers for the growth and development of Tat industries in these areas? o Raw materials are not easily available o High price of raw materials o High labor wage o Lack of proper transport system o Lack of proper information system o Low profit o Large variation between wholesale price and retail price 13. Do you expect any support to improve your business? Yes If yes, then what type of support do you want? a) ……………………………………… b) ……………………………………… c) ………………………………………

No

14. Any other opinion : …………………………………………………………………………………… …………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………… Signature of the surveyor

Appendix: B Population projection Population projection for the year 2006 for the study area has been computed by using the following formula – Pn = P0 (1 + r)n Where Pn = Projected population of the year 2006 P0 = Population of 1991 census r = Annual population growth rate n = 15