Step By Step Install Ti On Solaris 10

Installing Sun Solaris 10 by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Overview Using Serial Console Connection Starting the Installation Answering the Screen Prompts Post-Installation Tasks

Overview This article documents installing the 6/06 (June 2006) release of Solaris 10 from CDROM. For the purpose of this example, I will be installing Solaris 10 on a Sun Blade 150 with the following configuration: • • • • •

Sun Blade 150 (UltraSPARC-IIe 650MHz), No Keyboard, OpenBoot 4.6 1,792 MB RAM Memory Two - 40 GB IDE Western Digital Hard Drives - (/dev/dsk/c0t0d0 and /dev/dsk/c0t2d0) Built-in Ethernet - (eri0) CDROM - (/dev/dsk/c0t1d0)

Installing Solaris 10 will require 5 CDs found in the Solaris media kit labeled "Solaris 10 Software" or downloaded from http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/ - (Solaris 10 6/06). Before starting the installation process, ensure that you have noted the following items: • • •

Determine the host name of the system you are installing Determine the language and locales you intend to use on the system If you intend to include the system in a network, gather the following information: o Host IP address o Subnet mask o Type of name service (DNS, NIS, or NIS+, for example) o Domain name o Host name of server o Host IP address of the name server

Using Serial / Console Connection

For a complete discussion of connecting to a Sun serial console from Linux, see my article "Using Serial Consoles - (Sun Sparcs)". For this particular installation, I will NOT be using a VGA monitor connected to the built-in frame-buffer (video card). The installation will be done using the serial port of the Sun Blade as a console. A serial cable (null modem) will be connected from the serial port of a Linux machine to the serial port of the Sun Blade. Keep in mind that you will not be able to make use of the serial console of the Sun Blade if it was booted with the keyboard/mouse plugged in. In order to make use of the serial console, you will need to disconnect the keyboard/mouse and reboot the Sun server. On the Sun Blade 100/150, if the keyboard/mouse are plugged in during the boot phase, all console output will be redirected to the VGA console. From the Linux machine, you can use a program called minicom. Start it up with the command "minicom". Press "Ctrl-A Z" to get to the main menu. Press "o" to configure minicom. Go to "Serial port setup" and make sure that you are set to the correct "Serial Device" and that the speed on line E matches the speed of the serial console you are connecting to. (In most cases with Sun, this is 9600.) Here are the settings I made when using Serial A / COM1 port on the Linux machine: +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A Serial Device : /dev/ttyS0 | | B - Lockfile Location : /var/lock | | C Callin Program : | | D - Callout Program : | | E Bps/Par/Bits : 9600 8N1 | | F - Hardware Flow Control : Yes | | G - Software Flow Control : No | | | | Change which setting? | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ After making all necessary changes, hit the ESC key to go back to the "configurations" menu. Now go to "Modem and dialing". Change the "Init string" to "~^M~". Save the

settings (as dflt), and then restart Minicom. You should now see a console login prompt. [root@bertha1 root]# minicom Welcome to minicom 2.00.0 OPTIONS: History Buffer, F-key Macros, Search History Buffer, I18n Compiled on Feb 17 2004, 04:52:10.

Press CTRL-A Z for help on special keys alex console login: root Password: Last login: Tue Nov 4 18:55:41 on console Nov 7 12:17:24 alex login: ROOT LOGIN /dev/console Sun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.8 Generic Patch # # init 0 INIT: New run level: 0 The system is coming down. Please wait. System services are now being stopped. Print services stopped. Nov 7 12:17:38 alex syslogd: going down on signal 15 The system is down. syncing file systems... done Program terminated ok

October 2001

Starting the Installation The installation process starts at the ok prompt. The previous section of this document provides the steps required to not only gain access to the console port of the Sun SPARC server, but also how to get the server to an ok prompt. If when logging on, the machine is already booted into the O/S, (you have a console login like the following: "alex console login:"), you will need to bring the machine to its EEPROM (ok prompt) by initiating init 0 like in the Using Serial / Console Connection section above. The first step in installing Solaris 10 is to boot the machine from Disk 1 of the Solaris 10 Software CDs. You will need to get the machine to the ok prompt. You can do this by shutting the system down using init 0. Once at the ok prompt, type in boot cdrom. (Or in some cases, you can use reboot cdrom). From here, the installation program prompts you for system configuration information that is needed to complete the installation. If you were performing a network installation, you would type: ok boot net

In almost all cases, you will be installing the Solaris 10 software on a new system where it will not be necessary to preserve any data already on the hard drive. Using this assumption, I will partition the first single 40 GB IDE hard drive (/dev/dsk/c0t0d0) as the system disk. Answering the Screen Prompts Let's start the installation process! Put the Solaris 10 Software (Disk 1 of 5) in the CDROM tray and boot to it: Solaris Installation Boot Screen

ok boot cdrom Resetting ... Sun Blade 150 (UltraSPARC-IIe 650MHz), No Keyboard Copyright 1998-2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. OpenBoot 4.6, 1792 MB memory installed, Serial #52928138. Ethernet address 0:3:ba:27:9e:8a, Host ID: 83279e8a. Rebooting with command: boot cdrom Boot device: /pci@1f,0/ide@d/cdrom@1,0:f File and args: SunOS Release 5.10 Version Generic_118833-17 64-bit Copyright 1983-2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Configuring devices. Using RPC Bootparams for network configuration information. Attempting to configure interface eri0... SUNW,eri0 : 100 Mbps full duplex link up Configured interface eri0 Beginning system identification... Searching for configuration file(s)... Search complete. Discovering additional network configuration...

The boot process may take several minutes to complete, but once done, you will start answering a series of prompts. The following section will walk you through many of the screen prompts from the installation. The first two prompts are from the command line interface (CLI) and are used to specify the language and terminal. Use English for the Language. As for a terminal setting, I commonly telnet to a Linux server (that is connected from the serial port of the Linux server to the serial port of the Sun machine). From the Linux server, I use "minicom" to connect from the Linux server to the Sun server. The best terminal for this type of installation is "DEC VT100": Language : English What type of terminal are you using? : 3) DEC VT100

You should be able to use a terminal type of "DEC VT100" or "X Terminal Emulator (xterms)". Depending on the terminal being used for installation while using the command line interface, it may be required to precede any of the function key responses (i.e. F2_Continue) with the ESC key (i.e. ESC - F2_Continue). For the purpose of this installation, I am using minicom 2.0 and configured the installation to use a DEC VT100 terminal. Given this configuration I did not have to precede any of the function key responses with the ESC key.

Many of the screens to follow will ask you about networking information. When asked if the system will be connected to a network, answer Yes. Many of the screens should be easy to complete except for the "Names Services" section. In almost all cases, you will want to use DNS naming services, but if your machine is not currently configured within DNS, this section will fail and no information entered about Names Services will be stored and configured. If this is the case, you will need to select None under the Names Services section. The network configuration will then need to be completed after the installation process by updating certain network files on the local hard drive. This will be documented in the "Post Installation Procedures" of this document.

Screen 1 : The Solaris Installation Program This is the Solaris Installation Welcome screen. Hit F2 to continue Screen 2 : Identify This System This screen informs you about how you will need to identify the computer as it applies to network connectivity. Hit F2 to continue Screen 3 : Network Connectivity Networked --------[X] Yes [ ] No

Hit F2 to continue Screen 4 : DHCP Use DHCP -------[ ] Yes [X] No

Hit F2 to continue

Screen 5 : Host Name for eri0 Enter the host name which will identify this system on the network. For the purpose of this example, I will use the host name "alex". Host name for eri0: alex

Hit F2 to continue Screen 6 : IP Address for eri0 Enter the Internet Protocol (IP) address for this network interface. IP address for eri0: 192.168.1.102

Hit F2 to continue Screen 7 : Subnet for eri0 On this screen you must specify whether this system is part of a subnet. For the purpose of this example, this interface will be part of a subnet. System part of a subnet ----------------------[X] Yes [ ] No

Hit F2 to continue Screen 8 : Netmask for eri0 Netmask for eri0: 255.255.255.0

Hit F2 to continue Screen 9 : IPv6 for eri0 In this example, I will not be enabling IPv6. Enable IPv6 for eri0 -------------------[ ] Yes [X] No

Hit F2 to continue Screen 10 : Set the Default Route for eri0

I will manually specify the IP address of my router. Default Route for eri0 ---------------------[ ] Detect one upon reboot [X] Specify one [ ] None

Hit F2 to continue Screen 11 : Default Route IP Address for eri0 Router IP Address for eri0: 192.168.1.1

Hit F2 to continue Screen 12 : Confirm Information for eri0 This is a confirmation screen. Verify all data is correct. Host name: IP address: System part of a subnet: Netmask: Enable IPv6: Default Route: Router IP Address:

alex 192.168.1.102 Yes 255.255.255.0 No Specify one 192.168.1.1

Hit F2 to continue Screen 13 : Configure Security Policy Configure Kerberos Security --------------------------[ ] Yes [X] No

Hit F2 to continue Screen 14 : Confirm Information This is a confirmation screen. Verify all data is correct. Configure Kerberos Security: No

Hit F2 to continue

Screen 15 : Name Service Name service -----------[ ] NIS+ [ ] NIS [X] DNS [ ] LDAP [ ] None

Hit F2 to continue Screen 16 : Domain Name Host name: idevelopment.info

Hit F2 to continue Screen 17 : DNS Server Addresses Server's IP address: 63.67.120.23 Server's IP address: 63.67.120.14 Server's IP address:

Hit F2 to continue Screen 18 : DNS Search List Search Search Search Search Search Search

domain: domain: domain: domain: domain: domain:

Hit F2 to continue Screen 19 : Confirm Information This is a confirmation screen. Verify all data is correct. Name service: DNS Domain name: idevelopment.info Server address(es): 63.67.120.23 63.67.120.14

Hit F2 to continue

Screen 20 : Time Zone Continents and Oceans --------------------[ ] Africa [X] Americas [ ] Antarctica [ ] Arctic Ocean [ ] Asia [ ] Atlantic Ocean [ ] Australia [ ] Europe [ ] Indian Ocean [ ] Pacific Ocean [ ] other - offset from GMT [ ] other - specify time zone file

Hit F2 to continue Screen 21 : Country or Region Countries and Regions --------------------[X] United States [ ] Anguilla [ ] Antigua & Barbuda [ ] Argentina [ ] Aruba [ ] Bahamas [ ] Barbados [ ] Belize [ ] Bolivia [ ] Brazil [ ] Canada [ ] Cayman Islands [ ] Chile [ ] Colombia [ ] Costa Rica [ ] Cuba [ ] Dominica [ ] Dominican Republic [ ] Ecuador [ ] El Salvador [ ] French Guiana [ ] Greenland [ ] Grenada [ ] Guadeloupe [ ] Guatemala [ ] Guyana [ ] Haiti [ ] Honduras [ ] Jamaica [ ] Martinique [ ] Mexico

[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]

Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St Kitts & Nevis St Lucia St Pierre & Miquelon St Vincent Suriname Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos Is Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands (UK) Virgin Islands (US)

Hit F2 to continue Screen 22 : Time Zone Time zones ---------[X] Eastern Time [ ] Eastern Time - Michigan - most locations [ ] Eastern Time - Kentucky - Louisville area [ ] Eastern Time - Kentucky - Wayne County [ ] Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - most locations [ ] Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - Crawford County [ ] Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - Starke County [ ] Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - Switzerland County [ ] Central Time [ ] Central Time - Michigan - Wisconsin border [ ] Central Time - North Dakota - Oliver County [ ] Mountain Time [ ] Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon [ ] Mountain Time - Navajo [ ] Mountain Standard Time - Arizona [ ] Pacific Time [ ] Alaska Time [ ] Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle [ ] Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle neck [ ] Alaska Time - west Alaska [ ] Aleutian Islands [ ] Hawaii

Hit F2 to continue Screen 23 : Date and Time Date and time: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM

Year Month Day Hour Minute

(4 digits) (1-12) (1-31) (0-23) (0-59)

: : : : :

<enter <enter <enter <enter <enter

year> month> day> hour> minute>

Hit F2 to continue Screen 24 : Confirm Information This is a confirmation screen. Verify all data is correct. Time zone: Eastern Time (US/Eastern) Date and time: 2006-11-26 15:11:00

Hit F2 to continue Screen 25 : Solaris Interactive Installation There are two ways to install your Solaris software: "Standard" or "Flash". Choose the "Standard" method (F2_Standard). Hit F2 to continue Screen 26 : Eject a CD/DVD Automatically? During the installation of Solaris software, you may be using one or more CDs/DVDs. You can choose to have the system eject each CD/DVD automatically after it is installed or you can choose to manually eject each CD/DVD. [X] Automatically eject CD/DVD [ ] Manually eject CD/DVD

Hit F2 to continue Screen 27 : Reboot After Installation? After Solaris software is installed, the system must be rebooted. You can choose to have the system automatically reboot, or you can choose to manually reboot the system if you want to run scripts or do other customizations before the reboot. You can manually reboot a system by using the reboot(1M) command. [X] Auto Reboot [ ] Manual Reboot

Hit F2 to continue Screen 28 : Solaris Interactive Installation This screen recognizes if a previous version of Solaris is installed and whether you would like to upgrade or not. Always select the install option (F4_Initial). Hit F4 to continue Screen 29 : Initializing The system is being initialized. Loading install media, please wait... Screen 30 : License Read through the software license agreement. Hit F2 to accept the license and continue Screen 31 : Select Geographic Regions Select the geographic regions for which support should be installed. -------------------------------------------------------------------> [ ] Australasia > [ ] Asia > [ ] Eastern Europe > [ ] Northern Europe > [ ] Northern Africa > [ ] Middle East > [ ] Southern Europe > [ ] South America > [ ] Central America > [ ] Central Europe V [/] North America [ ] Canada-English (ISO8859-1) [ ] Canada-French (ISO8859-1) [ ] French [ ] Mexico (ISO8859-1) [ ] Spanish [X] U.S.A. (UTF-8) [X] U.S.A. (en_US.ISO8859-1) > [ ] Western Europe

Hit F2 to continue

Screen 32 : Select System Locale Select the initial locale to be used after the system has been installed. -----------------------------------------------------------------------[X] POSIX C ( C ) North America [ ] U.S.A. (UTF-8) ( en_US.UTF-8 ) [ ] U.S.A. (en_US.ISO8859-1) ( en_US.ISO8859-1 ) [ ] U.S.A. (en_US.ISO8859-15) ( en_US.ISO8859-15 )

Hit F2 to continue Screen 33 : Select Products Select the products you would like to install. ---------------------------------------------V [X] Solaris 10 Extra Value Software................. 87.26 MB [X] Sun Validation Test Suite 6.2................... 69.92 MB [X] Sun Install Check 2.0.2......................... 17.34 MB > [ ] Java Enterprise System.......................... 0.00 MB

Hit F2 to continue Screen 34 : Additional Products To scan for additional products, select the location you wish to scan. Web Start Ready product scan location: -------------------------------------[X] None [ ] CD/DVD [ ] Network File System

Hit F2 to continue Screen 35 : Select Software Select the Solaris software to install on the system. ----------------------------------------------------[ ] Entire Distribution plus OEM support ....... 5641.00 [X] Entire Distribution ........................ 5593.00 [ ] Developer System Support ................... 5468.00 [ ] End User System Support .................... 4452.00 [ ] Core System Support ........................ 958.00 [ ] Reduced Networking Core System Support ..... 916.00

Hit F2 to continue

MB MB MB MB MB MB

Screen 36 : Select Disks You must select the disks for installing Solaris software. If there are several disks available, I always install the Solaris software on the boot disk c0t0d0. NOTE: ** denotes current boot disk ---------------------------------------------------------Disk Device Available Space =============================================== [X] ** c0t0d0 38162 MB (F4 to edit) [ ] c0t2d0 38162 MB Total Selected: Suggested Minimum:

38162 MB 4319 MB

I generally select F4 to edit the c0t0d0 disk to ensure that the root directory is going to be located on this disk. ---------------------------------------------------------On this screen you can select the disk for installing the root (/) file system of the Solaris software. Original Boot Device : c0t0d0 Disk ============================== [X] c0t0d0 (F4 to select boot device)

On this screen, I typically select F4 to select boot device to ensure the root file system will be located on slice zero, c0t0d0s0. ---------------------------------------------------------On this screen you can select the specific slice for the root (/) file system. If you choose Any of the Above, the Solaris installation program will choose a slice for you. Original Boot Device : c0t0d0s0 [X] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

c0t0d0s0 c0t0d0s1 c0t0d0s2 c0t0d0s3 c0t0d0s4

[ [ [ [

] ] ] ]

c0t0d0s5 c0t0d0s6 c0t0d0s7 Any of the Above

Hit F2 to after selecting Disk Slice Hit F2 to continue with your Boot Disk selection Screen 37 : Reconfigure EEPROM? Do you want to update the system's hardware (EEPROM) to always boot from c0t0d0? Hit F2 to Reconfigure EEPROM and Continue Screen 38 : Preserve Data? Do you want to preserve existing data? At least one of the disks you've selected for installing Solaris software has file systems or unnamed slices that you may want to save. Hit F2 to continue Screen 39 : Automatically Layout File Systems? Do you want to use auto-layout to automatically layout file systems? Manually laying out file systems requires advanced system administration skills. I typically perform an "Auto" File System Layout (F2_Auto Layout). Hit F2 to Perform Auto Layout. Screen 40 : Automatically Layout File Systems On this screen you must select all the file systems you want auto-layout to create, or accept the default file systems shown. File Systems for Auto-layout ======================================== [X] / [ ] /opt [ ] /usr [ ] /usr/openwin [ ] /var [X] swap

Hit F2 to continue

Screen 41 : File System and Disk Layout The summary below is your current file system and disk layout, based on the information you've supplied. NOTE: If you choose to customize, you should understand file systems, their intended purpose on the disk, and how changing them may affect the operation of the system. File sys/Mnt point Disk/Slice Size ============================================================= / c0t0d0s0 5267 MB swap c0t0d0s1 513 MB overlap c0t0d0s2 38162 MB /export/home c0t0d0s7 32381 MB

I generally select F4 (F4_Customize) to edit the partitions for disk c0t0d0. If this is a workstation, I make only three partitions: •

• •

/ : I often get the sizes for the individual filesystems (/usr, /opt, and /var) incorrect. This is one reason I typically create only one partition as / that will be used for the entire system (minus swap space). In most cases, I will be installing additional disks for large applications like the Oracle RDBMS, Oracle Application Server, or other J2EE application servers. overlap : The overlap partition represents entire disk and is slice s2 of the disk. swap : The swap partition size depends on the size of RAM in the system. If you are not sure of its size, make it double the amount of RAM in your system. I typically like to make swap 2GB.

------------------------------------------------Boot Device: c0t0d0s0 ================================================= Slice Mount Point Size (MB) 0 / 36112 1 swap 2049 2 overlap 38162 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 ================================================= Capacity: 38162 MB Allocated: 38161 MB Rounding Error: 1 MB Free: 0 MB

Hit F2 to continue This is what the File System and Disk Layout screen looks like now. File sys/Mnt point Disk/Slice Size ============================================================= / c0t0d0s0 36112 MB swap c0t0d0s1 2049 MB overlap c0t0d0s2 38162 MB

Hit F2 to continue Screen 42 : Mount Remote File Systems? Do you want to mount software from a remote file server? This may be necessary if you had to remove software because of disk space problems. Hit F2 to continue Screen 43 : Profile This is a confirmation screen. Verify all data is correct. Installation Option: Initial Boot Device: c0t0d0 Client Services: None Locales: U.S.A. (UTF-8) U.S.A. (en_US.ISO8859-1) System Locale: C ( C ) Software: Solaris 10, Entire Distribution File System and Disk Layout: / swap

c0t0d0s0 36112 MB c0t0d0s1 2049 MB

Products: Solaris 10 Extra Value Sof ...> Sun Validation Test Suite 6 Sun Install Check 2.0.2

87.26 MB 69.92 MB 17.34 MB

Hit F2 to Begin the Installation Screen 44 : Initial Installation Progress Afterwards it starts configuring disks, making partitions, and installing software indicating the progress. Preparing system for Solaris install

Configuring disk (c0t0d0) - Creating Solaris disk label (VTOC) Creating and checking UFS file systems - Creating / (c0t0d0s0) ================================================================== Solaris Initial Install MBytes Installed: 422.08 MBytes Remaining: 3648.09 Installing: JavaVM run time environment ***** | | 0

20

|

|

|

|

40

60

80

100

================================================================== Solaris 10 software installation succeeded Customizing system files - Mount points table (/etc/vfstab) - Unselected disk mount points (/var/sadm/system/data/vfstab.unselected) - Network host addresses (/etc/hosts) - Network host addresses (/etc/hosts) - Environment variables (/etc/default/init) Cleaning devices Customizing system devices - Physical devices (/devices) - Logical devices (/dev) Installing boot information - Installing boot blocks (c0t0d0s0) Installation log location - /a/var/sadm/system/logs/install_log (before reboot) - /var/sadm/system/logs/install_log (after reboot) Install of CD 1 complete. Executing SolStart postinstall phase... Executing finish script "patch_finish"... Finish script patch_finish execution completed. Executing JumpStart postinstall phase... The begin script log 'begin.log' is located in /var/sadm/system/logs after reboot. The finish script log 'finish.log'

is located in /var/sadm/system/logs after reboot. Pausing for 90 seconds at the "Reboot" screen. The wizard will continue to the next step unless you select "Pause". Enter 'p' to pause. Enter 'c' to continue. [c] syncing file systems... done rebooting... Resetting ...

Sun Blade 150 (UltraSPARC-IIe 650MHz), No Keyboard Copyright 1998-2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. OpenBoot 4.6, 1792 MB memory installed, Serial #52928138. Ethernet address 0:3:ba:27:9e:8a, Host ID: 83279e8a.

Rebooting with command: boot Boot device: /pci@1f,0/ide@d/disk@0,0:a File and args: SunOS Release 5.10 Version Generic_118833-17 64-bit Copyright 1983-2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Hostname: alex Configuring devices. SUNW,eri0 : 100 Mbps full duplex link up Loading smf(5) service descriptions: 91/91 Creating new rsa public/private host key pair Creating new dsa public/private host key pair This system is configured with NFS version 4, which uses a domain

name that is automatically derived from the system's name services. The derived domain name is sufficient for most configurations. In a few cases, mounts that cross different domains might cause files to be owned by "nobody" due to the lack of a common domain name. Do you need to override the system's default NFS version 4 domain

nfs(4)

name (yes/no) ? [no] : no For more information about how the NFS version 4 default domain name is derived and its impact, refer to the man pages for and nfsmapid(1m), and the System Administration Guide: Network Services.

Starting Solaris Install Launcher in Command Line Mode.

Screen 45 : Continue Installation (Part 2) After the system reboots, the installer will start the Solaris Install Launcher in command line mode. You will then be asked for disk 2 of 5. ================================================================== Please specify the media from which you will install Solaris 10 Software 2 for SPARC Platforms. Alternatively, choose the selection for "Skip" to skip this disc and go on to the next one. Media: 1. CD/DVD 2. Network File System 3. Skip Media [1]: 1 Please insert the CD/DVD for Solaris 10 Software 2 for SPARC Platforms. After you insert the disc, please press Enter. Enter S to skip this disc and go on to the next one. To select a different media, enter B to go Back. Reading Solaris 10 Software 2 for SPARC Platforms.... /

Launching installer for Solaris 10 Software 2 for SPARC Platforms. Please Wait... The following items will be installed: Product: Solaris 10 packages (part 2) Location: / Size: 887.16 MB ------------------------------------Solaris 10 packages (part 2) 887.16 MB

Ready to Install

1. Install Now 2. Start Over 3. Exit Installation What would you like to do [1]? 1 Solaris 10 packages (part 2) |-1%--------------25%-----------------50%----------------75%--------------100%| Pausing for 30 seconds at the "Summary" screen. The wizard will continue to the next step unless you select "Pause". Enter 'p' to pause. Enter 'c' to continue. [c]

Screen 46 : Continue Installation (Part 3) You will then be asked for disk 3 of 5. Please specify the media from which you will install Solaris 10 Software 3 for SPARC Platforms. Alternatively, choose the selection for "Skip" to skip this disc and go on to the next one. Media: 1. CD/DVD 2. Network File System 3. Skip Media [1]: 1 Please insert the CD/DVD for Solaris 10 Software 3 for SPARC Platforms. After you insert the disc, please press Enter. Enter S to skip this disc and go on to the next one. To select a different media, enter B to go Back. [] Reading Solaris 10 Software 3 for SPARC Platforms.... /

Launching installer for Solaris 10 Software 3 for SPARC Platforms. Please Wait...

The following items will be installed: Product: Solaris 10 packages (part 3) Location: / Size: 726.4 MB ------------------------------------Solaris 10 packages (part 3) 726.4 MB

Ready to Install 1. Install Now 2. Start Over 3. Exit Installation What would you like to do [1]? 1 Solaris 10 packages (part 3) |-1%--------------25%-----------------50%----------------75%--------------100%| Pausing for 30 seconds at the "Summary" screen. The wizard will continue to the next step unless you select "Pause". Enter 'p' to pause. Enter 'c' to continue. [c]

Screen 47 : Continue Installation (Part 4) You will then be asked for disk 4 of 5. Please specify the media from which you will install Solaris 10 Software 4 for SPARC Platforms. Alternatively, choose the selection for "Skip" to skip this disc and go on to the next one. Media: 1. CD/DVD 2. Network File System 3. Skip Media [1]: 1 Please insert the CD/DVD for Solaris 10 Software 4 for SPARC Platforms. After you insert the disc, please press Enter. Enter S to skip this disc and go on to the next one. To select a different media, enter B to go Back.

[] Reading Solaris 10 Software 4 for SPARC Platforms.... /

Launching installer for Solaris 10 Software 4 for SPARC Platforms. Please Wait... Java Accessibility Bridge for GNOME loaded. The following items will be installed: Product: Solaris 10 packages (part 4) Location: / Size: 557.77 MB ------------------------------------Solaris 10 packages (part 4) 557.77 MB

Ready to Install 1. Install Now 2. Start Over 3. Exit Installation What would you like to do [1]? 1 Solaris 10 packages (part 4) |-1%--------------25%-----------------50%----------------75%--------------100%| Pausing for 30 seconds at the "Summary" screen. The wizard will continue to the next step unless you select "Pause". Enter 'p' to pause. Enter 'c' to continue. [c]

Screen 48 : Continue Installation (Part 5) You will then be asked for disk 5 of 5. Please specify the media from which you will install Solaris 10 Software 5 for SPARC Platforms. Alternatively, choose the selection for "Skip" to skip this disc and go on to

the next one. Media: 1. CD/DVD 2. Network File System 3. Skip Media [1]: 1 Please insert the CD/DVD for Solaris 10 Software 5 for SPARC Platforms. After you insert the disc, please press Enter. Enter S to skip this disc and go on to the next one. To select a different media, enter B to go Back. [] Reading Solaris 10 Software 5 for SPARC Platforms.... /

Launching installer for Solaris 10 Software 5 for SPARC Platforms. Please Wait... Java Accessibility Bridge for GNOME loaded. The following items will be installed: Product: Solaris 10 packages (part 5) Location: / Size: 733.65 MB ------------------------------------Solaris 10 packages (part 5) 733.65 MB Product: Sun Validation Test Suite 6.2 Location: /opt Size: 58.84 MB -------------------------------------Test binaries 44.77 MB Man Pages and Documentation 8.69 MB Core Framework 5.39 MB Product: Sun Install Check 2.0.2 Location: /opt Size: 17.06 MB -------------------------------SUNWinck - Sun Install Check 256.6 KB SUNWeke - Embedded Knowledge Engine 4.29 MB SUNWicisr - Sun Install Check Input Source (Root) 9.76 MB SUNWicis - Sun Install Check Input Source 2.78 MB SUNWinckr - Sun Install Check (Root) 785 bytes

Ready to Install 1. Install Now 2. Start Over 3. Exit Installation What would you like to do [1]? 1 Solaris 10 packages (part 5) |-1%--------------25%-----------------50%----------------75%--------------100%| Installing Sun Validation Test Suite 6.2 |-1%--------------25%-----------------50%----------------75%--------------100%| Installing Sun Install Check 2.0.2 |-1%--------------25%-----------------50%----------------75%--------------100%| Pausing for 30 seconds at the "Summary" screen. The wizard will continue to the next step unless you select "Pause". Enter 'p' to pause. Enter 'c' to continue. [c] Launching installer. Please Wait... Java Accessibility Bridge for GNOME loaded. Installing Additional Software |-1%--------------25%-----------------50%----------------75%--------------100%| Pausing for 30 seconds at the "Summary" screen. The wizard will continue to the next step unless you select "Pause". Enter 'p' to pause. Enter 'c' to continue. [c] Pausing for 90 seconds at the "Reboot" screen. The wizard will continue to the next step unless you select "Pause". Enter 'p' to pause. Enter 'c' to continue. [c] Nov 26 17:43:40 alex reboot: rebooted by root Nov 26 17:43:41 alex syslogd: going down on signal 15 syncing file systems... done rebooting... Resetting ...

Post-Installation Tasks After successfully installing the Solaris operating platform software, there may be several tasks that need to be performed depending on your configuration. •

Networking: If you will be using networking database files for your TCP/IP networking configuration, several files will need to be manually created and/or modified. I provided a step-by-step document on how to manually configure TCP/IP networking files to manually enable TCP/IP networking using files: Configuring TCP/IP on Solaris - TCP/IP Configuration Files - (Quick Config Guide)

•

Solaris 10 Patch Cluster: It is advisable to install the latest Sun Solaris Patch Cluster to ensure a stable operating environment. I provided a step-by-step document on how to download and install the latest Sun Solaris 10 Patch Cluster: Patching Sun Solaris 10

Patching Sun Solaris 9 by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview This article documents the process of downloading and installing the latest Sun Solaris 9 Patch Cluster. Starting the Installation The Sun Solaris 9 Patch Cluster can be downloaded from the following URL: sunsolve.sun.com/pub-cgi/show.pl?target=patches/patch-access Download and unzip the file 9_Recommended.zip to a temporary directory. It will create the directory called 9_Recommended. Change to this directory and run the install_cluster shell script. The process may take up to several hours depending on the system. # # # #

su unzip 9_Recommended.zip cd 9_Recommended ./install_cluster

During the patch process you may encounter several failures with either error code 2 and/or error code 8. These are normal. They represent "package already at current rev"

and "underlying package not installed". Anything other than 2 or 8 you should look more closely at. KVM Switches For the Home and the Enterprise - (Avocent) Contents 1. Introduction 2. SwitchView® 1000 3. AutoView® 1415

Figure 1 - Example KVM Switch Click to enlarge

Introduction Businesses of all sizes and even many home offices face the difficulty of managing an ever growing number of servers. These may include mail servers, file servers, web servers, application servers, and database servers. Although each server may be accessible through the network for management purposes (Telnet or SSH), many administrators need direct access to the console. When managing a very small number of servers, it might make sense to connect each server with its own monitor, keyboard, and mouse in order to access its console. However, as the number of servers to manage increases, this solution becomes unfeasible. A more practical solution would be to configure a dedicated computer which would include a single monitor, keyboard, and mouse that would have direct access to the console of each server. This solution is made possible using a Keyboard, Video, Mouse Switch — better known as a KVM Switch (see Figure 1).

A KVM switch is a hardware device that allows a user to control multiple computers from a single keyboard, video monitor and mouse. The maximum number of computers that can be controlled from a single KVM switch depends on the number of available ports provided with the switch. Generally, the more available ports (and number of advanced features), the more expensive the switch. Scores of vendors provide economical switches which include 2, 4, 8, or even 16 available ports which many small businesses will find practical. For larger IT shops, several high end vendors provide switches with a capacity of 32 or 64 available ports as well as the option to daisy-chain switches together. For example, the SwitchView® 1000 switch from Avocent Corporation features up to 16 attached switches (via a daisy-chain cable) which provides for a maximum capacity of 256 servers, while the 8-port switch has a 128 server limit. Other combinations are possible as well — for example, a 16-port and 8-port SwitchView 1000 switch can be daisy-chained to connect a maximum of 24 servers! As illustrated in Figure 1, a user connects a keyboard, monitor, and mouse to the KVM switch, then uses special cables to connect the KVM switch to the servers to be managed. Control is switched from one computer to another by the use of buttons on the KVM switch with the KVM passing the signals between the computers and the keyboard, monitor, and mouse depending on which computer is currently selected. Most KVM switches also allow control to be switched through keyboard commands such as hitting a certain HotKey Sequence (often Scroll Lock) rapidly two or three times. As with any computer device, not all KVM switches are made the same. Some vendors offer high-end data center KVM switches with advanced capabilities while others market smaller switches made for the SOHO. Finding the right KVM switch for your environment can sometimes be tricky. While it may be easy to find a switch from a reputable vendor that offers the appropriate number of available ports, careful planning is imperative to ensure the KVM solution you chose works for your environment. For example, a data center with a mix of Windows, Mac, Sun, and Linux will want to make certain the vendor provides support for this type of diverse environment. Vendors like Belkin and Rose Electronics, for example, are notorious for not working well in a Linux environment. See the article "Erratic Mouse Behavior with Mouse on Linux and Belkin KVM Switch" which discusses the difference between Basic PS/2 Mouse Mode and Advanced PS/2 Mouse Mode. KVM switching devices use two different types of technology — Analog KVM and KVM over IP Analog KVM Switches With Analog KVM switching, the keyboard, video and mouse signals are passed from a user console to a specific target (server) connected to the switch. This provides easy plug and play installation operating completely independent of software and network operating systems, and provides real-time access between a user and multiple computers. Analog

KVM switches are optimized for environments where users and systems reside in the same location and is ideal for accessing centralized multi-PC and multi-rack environments. Vendors like Avocent offer analog KVM solutions with their SwitchView®, AutoView®, and AMX® line of KVM switches. KVM over IP Switches KVM over IP digitizes the keyboard, video and mouse data and uses IP technology to move the KVM data. KVM over IP connects directly to KVM signals on any computer (target server) and is completely non-invasive to the computer — no additional software or hardware is required. This technology leverages a customer's already existing network infrastructure and supports both local and remote users. Remote users would access the KVM switching device by navigating to a web page. This provides users with the flexibility to access managed servers over an internet while not requiring them to be tethered to a user console in order to access the switch. KVM over IP works in heterogeneous hardware environments and is ideal for managing multi-location data centers and branch offices. Avocent KVM over IP solutions, for example, include full multi-location failover, a direct interface into the new server management standard (IPMI), and the ability to map local storage media to a remote location. This article highlights two popular 8-port analog KVM switches from Avocent — a world class leader in KVM switch technology. Avocent offers a wide range of affordable and high-quality switches backed by quality customer service and seamless integration in a mixed operating environment (Windows, Sun, Mac, and Linux).

SwitchView® 1000

Figure 2 - Front of the SwitchView® 1000 Click to enlarge

The Avocent SwitchView® 1000 switch is a 4, 8, or 16-port keyboard, video, and mouse (KVM) device that supports both USB and PS/2

interfaces. The images included in this section are of the SwitchView® 1000 8-port KVM Switch (8SV1000-001).

This single user switch has an On-Screen Display (OSD) that supports a 2048 x 1536 high video resolution which is ideal for even the most demanding server room graphics applications. With a 1U high design, the compact SwitchView 1000 switch does not compete for valuable rack space in SMB server rooms. The time-out and password protection feature of the SwitchView KVM provides users with the benefit of added security when accessing business-critical servers. Setting the time-out and password can be done using the "OSD Setup Menu". Installation Tasks Installing the SwitchView 1000 switch takes only minutes. The SwitchView 1000 can be rack mounted using the included brackets or used on a table top with the supplied rubber feet. The first step is to connect the power cord into the back to the SwitchView 1000 switch and then to an appropriate power source. Next, connect the local keyboard, monitor, and mouse of the User Computer Console to the rear of the SwitchView 1000 switch. This is the local computer (sometimes called the console) users Figure 3 - Back of the SwitchView® 1000 will utilize to Click to enlarge access the servers connected to the SwitchView 1000 switch. The SwitchView 1000 switch provides two types of interfaces for the local keyboard and mouse — PS/2 and USB. If you are installing the SwitchView 1000 to a PS/2 interface, it is required to power down all servers that may already be connected to the switch before connecting the local PS/2 keyboard and mouse to ensure proper installation. If you will be using the USB interface to connect the user computer, then you do not need to power down servers that may already be connected before installing the local keyboard and mouse. Note that the PS/2 and USB interfaces for the local keyboard and mouse cannot be used simultaneously. You must use either the PS/2 or USB interface — not both. Finally, connect all of the servers to be managed to an available port on the back of the SwitchView 1000 switch using the cable appropriate for the server's interface. The SwitchView 1000 switch uses a special three-in-one combo KVM cable that supports PS/2 or USB target devices. The DB25 end will plug into an available port on the SwitchView 1000 switch while the keyboard, monitor, and mouse end plugs into the server. Note that servers configured with a USB interface for the keyboard and mouse will only use the one USB connector on the three-in-one combo KVM cable — the

purple mouse connector should not be connected to the server when using the USB interface. Although I have never experienced a problem with mouse failures when hotplugging a Linux system directly to the SwitchView 1000 switch, it can happen. If the mouse ever fails or becomes locked, simply use the hotkey sequence ScrLk + ScrLk + M to reset the mouse or power off the Linux server before connecting it to the SwitchView 1000. After all of the servers are connect, power them all up. Both keyboard and mouse recognition should now be activated and the SwitchView 1000 switch ready for use. Basic Operations After powering on all connected servers and the user computer, one of the first things you will notice is that the "Title Bar" is activated by default. This is the blue box in the upper right corner of the screen that displays the default Port Name of the currently selected server. To some people, having the Title Bar on all the time is annoying. To toggle the Title Bar On/Off, use the hotkey sequence ScrLk + ScrLk + T. The two consecutive ScrLk (Scroll Lock) keystrokes should be pressed within two seconds and then followed by the command key which also must be pressed within two seconds. To switch between servers, use the buttons on the front of the SwitchView 1000 switch or the OSD menu. To access the OSD menu, use the hotkey sequence ScrLk + ScrLk + Spacebar. From the OSD menu, use the Up/Down arrow keys to select the server (port) to switch to. To deactivate the OSD menu at any time, press ESC (the escape key). The OSD menu also allows you to assign server names for each port, configure time-outs, set autoscan capabilities, apply firmware upgrades, and much more. The manual included with the SwitchView 1000 provides a detailed description for every feature available from the OSD menu. Cascading SwitchView Switches Another popular feature of the SwitchView 1000 is that it supports up to 16 levels of attached switches using the supplied daisy-chain cable. For example, users can daisychain a maximum of 16 SwitchView 1000 16-port switches (via a daisy-chain cable) to support up to 256 servers! Other example configurations include 16 SwitchView 1000 8port switches which has a 128 server limit or even mixing a single 16-port and 8-port SwitchView 1000 for a maximum of 24 servers. Cascading multiple switches is a straightforward task. Simply plug one end of the daisy-chain cable into the "Daisy Chain Out" port on the rear of the primary SwitchView 1000 switch. Then connect the other end of the daisy-chain cable into the "Daisy Chain In" port of the secondary SwitchView

1000 switch. Repeat this task for any subsequent SwitchView 1000 switches. Plug the "Ground Terminator" into the "Daisy Chain Out" port on the rear of the last daisychained SwitchView 1000 switch. When cascading multiple SwitchView 1000 switches, each switch in the daisy-chain will perform "Auto Initialization" which means users are free from the hassle of complicated configuration tasks. SwitchView® 1000 Quick Facts The SwitchView 1000 is a single user, rack mount KVM switch with 4, 8 or 16-ports specifically designed for SMB server rooms 1U design is a space saver in SMB server rooms Supports PC, Mac, and Sun servers configured with a USB or PS/2 interface Supports a local / single user console configured with either PS/2 or USB interface Servers connect to the KVM switch using a three-inone combo KVM cable that supports PS/2 or USB target devices On-Screen Display (OSD) provides simple control through an on screen menu Supports 2048 x 1536 high video resolution which is ideal for even the most demanding server room graphics applications Daisy-chaining with auto initialization means users can connect multiple switches together without complicated configuration Time-out and password protection feature provides users with the benefit of added security when accessing business-critical servers Programmable autoscan allows users to customize scanning times between attached systems Flash upgradeable means that the product never goes out of date Cables for the SwitchView® 1000 Cable PS2/USB for SV1000 (6FT)

Click to enlarge

Cable PS2/USB for SV1000 (9FT)

Click to enlarge

Cable PS2/USB for SV1000 (15FT)

Click to enlarge

AutoView® 1415 Focused primarily on midsize data centers, Avocent offers the AutoView® line if KVM switches. AutoView KVM switching systems Figure 4 - Front of the AutoView® 1415 provide users with Click to enlarge advanced cabling options, local virtual media support, and easier access to servers and other network devices. Sun keyboard localization is built-in to support international markets. Users can make use of PS/2 keyboards with Sun target and Sun keyboard transaction. This allows special Sun keys to be emulated using specific keystrokes on the PS/2 keyboard. One of the key features of the AutoView KVM switching systems is advanced cable management. The AVRIQ intelligent modules with CAT 5 design dramatically reduce bulky cable clutter, while providing optimal resolution and video settings. The AVRIQ intelligent modules also offer built-in memory which simplifies configuration by assigning and retaining unique server names and Electronic ID (EID) numbers for each attached server. Every AVRIQ module is powered directly from the server and provides Keep Alive functionality even if the AutoView switch is powered down. For more information about module and cable options for the AutoView KVM switching systems, please see the section labeled "AutoView Modules and Cables". Also available with all AutoView KVM switching systems is a graphical / multilingual On-Screen Display (OSD) named OSCAR®. OSCAR is an advanced graphical OSD that eases system configuration and makes it easy for users to switch, monitor, and locate target devices. The OSCAR OSD supports multiple languages and is fast and easy to use because of its mouse-driven functionality. With the powerful user access control (controlled through OSCAR), an administrator has complete control over the KVM switch settings and allows granting KVM access to only certain users. The administrator can also limit the user accounts KVM access to only specific targets on the switch.

Avocent offers a wide variety of AutoView models from single to dual user support along with 8-port and 16-port configurations. The table below presents all available AutoView KVM switching systems - (seven at the time of this writing): Available AutoView® KVM Switching Systems Users Computers AutoView 1415

AutoView 1515

Single

Dual

Platforms

Key Features

8

PS/2, USB, Sun and Serial

Provides support for user's USB and/or PS/2 keyboards and mice. Support for USB, PS/2, Sun, and serial target devices.

8

PS/2, USB, Sun and Serial

Provides support for user's USB and/or PS/2 keyboards and mice. Support for USB, PS/2, Sun, and serial target devices. Provides support for user's USB and/or PS/2 keyboards and mice. Support for USB, PS/2, Sun, and serial target devices.

AutoView 2015

Dual

16

PS/2, USB, Sun and Serial

AutoView 2020

Dual

16

PS/2, USB, Sun and Serial

Capable of Local virtual media, local USB and PS/2 peripheral support.

AutoView 2030

Dual

16

PS/2, USB, Sun and Serial

Local virtual media, local USB and PS/2 peripheral support.

AutoView 3100

Single

16

PS/2, USB, Sun and Serial

Single-user IP connectivity with onboard Web interface.

AutoView 3200

Dual

16

PS/2, USB, Sun and Serial

Dual-user IP connectivity with on-board Web interface.

This section and the images included describe the AutoView® 1415 8-port KVM Switch (AV1415-001). The Avocent AutoView 1415 is an 8-port single-user KVM switch which provides user support for USB and/or PS/2 keyboards and mice for the user console. This KVM switch also provides support for USB, PS/2, Sun, and serial Figure 5 - Back of the AutoView® 1415 target devices. Click to enlarge The AutoView 1415 has a graphical On-Screen Display (OSCAR) and supports high video resolutions ideal for even the most demanding server room graphics applications. Achieve video resolutions of up to 1280 x 1024 with a 100 foot (30 meter) cable and up

to 800 x 600 with a 50 foot (15 meter) cable. Obviously the video resolution will vary depending on the length of cable between the switch and target (server). Installation Tasks Installing the AutoView 1415 switch takes only minutes. The AutoView 1415 can be rack mounted using the included brackets or used on a table top with the supplied rubber feet. The first step is to connect the power cord into the back to the AutoView 1415 switch and then to an appropriate power source. Turn on the power to the AutoView 1415 switch. Next, connect the local keyboard, monitor, and mouse of the User Computer Console to the local analog port labeled A on the rear of the AutoView 1415 switch. This is the local computer (sometimes called the console) users will utilize to access the servers connected to the AutoView 1415 switch. The AutoView 1415 switch provides two types of interfaces for the local keyboard and mouse — PS/2 and USB. Finally, connect all of the servers to be managed to an available Avocent Rack Interface (ARI) port on the back of the AutoView 1415 switch using with an AVRIQ module or an IAC module. For more information about module and cable options for the AutoView KVM switching systems, please see the section labeled "AutoView Modules and Cables". To connect a server (target) using an AVRIQ module: 1. Locate the AVRIQ module(s) that will be used to connect the servers to the AutoView switch. 2. Attach the appropriately color-coded cable ends to the keyboard, video, and mouse ports on the first server being connected to the switch. 3. Attach one end of a CAT 5 or CAT 6 cable to the RJ-45 connector on the AVRIQ module. 4. Connect the other end of the CAT 5 or CAT 6 cable to the desired ARI port on the back of the AutoView switch. 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for each server being connected to the switch. To connect a server (target) using an IAC module: 1. Locate the IAC module(s) that will be used to connect the servers to the AutoView switch. 2. Attach the appropriately color-coded cable ends of the IAC module to the keyboard, video, and mouse ports on the first server being connected to the switch. 3. Attach the other end of the IAC module to an open ARI port on the back of the AutoView switch. 4. Repeat steps 1 through 3 for each server being connected to the switch.

The AutoView switching system enables users to auto detect and manually configure each port on the AutoView switch using the OSCAR interface setup and configuration. Cascading AutoView Switches As with the SwitchView 1000, the AutoView switching systems can support up to 16 levels of attached switches providing users access up to 256 servers. Users can cascade multiple 1415/1515/2015 switches as well as adding legacy switches. In a cascaded switching system, an Avocent Rack Interface (ARI) port on the back of the main AutoView switch will be connected to the Avocent Console Interface (ACI) port on each cascaded AutoView switch. Each cascaded switch can then be connected to a server with an AVRIQ module or IAC. Chapter 2 in the AutoView Switch Installer/User Guide provides detailed instructions cascading AutoView switches. Basic Operations Controlling target servers from the AutoView 1415 switch is done from the keyboard, video, and mouse connected to the analog port in the rear of the switch. The AutoView 1415 switch users the OSCAR GUI interface which features intuitive menus to configure the system and selected servers. To access the main dialog box, press Print Screen to launch the OSCAR interface. By default, the OSCAR interface can be initiated by pressing either Print Screen or by pressing the Control key twice within one second. Using the Setup - Menu option in OSCAR, users can also configure the OSCAR interface to be invoked by pressing the Alt key twice or the Shift key twice. Turning off all options will leave Print Screen as the default option. From the OSCAR main window, users can view connected servers by name, port, or even by Electronic ID Number (EID) which is enabled in each AVRIQ module and IAC. The Port column indicates the Avocent Rack Interface (ARI) port which the server is connected to. Also available to the right of each server is a set of icons representing the status of each connected server — online, offline and not available, cascaded status, or the AVRIQ module is being upgrade. It also displays which server (or servers if broadcasting is enabled) is being accessed. Notice that OSCAR provides default names for each server which can be which can be changed to reflect the actual name of the server if desired. Using the arrow keys from the Main dialog, select a server and press [ENTER] or doubleclick with the mouse. After selecting a server, the switch will reconfigure the keyboard and mouse to the proper settings for that server. Note that while this is the most popular way to select which server to work with, there are other options. For example, pressing Print Screen and Backspace toggles the user between the previous and current

connections. Another method, referred to as Soft Switching, allows the user to press Print Screen and then type the first few characters of the servers name or the port number. To soft switch by name, the display order of the server list must be by name. To soft switch by port number, the display order of the server list must be by port number. Finally, users can completely disconnect from a server by pressing Print Screen followed by Alt+0. This leaves the user in a free state, which no server selected. This option is also available from the OSCAR main dialog window. Note that the status flag on the desktop displays as Free. Using the OSCAR interface, users have access to a wide variety of setup and configuration options. For example, providing a user friendly and unique name for each server in the server list, configuring security, setting up custom scan patterns, choosing the language supported by the OSD, and choosing the appropriate keyboard country code settings. Other advanced features are also available like setting up broadcasting to simultaneously control multiple servers through keyboard and mouse actions and identifying the appropriate number of ports on an attached cascaded switch. Chapter 3 in the AutoView Switch Installer/User Guide provides a wealth of information on configuring as well as basic operations of the switch. Flash Upgrades Flash upgrades are available to all AutoView switching systems to ensure the switch is always running the most current version of the firmware. All firmware upgrade files are available from http://www.avocent.com/support under the section Popular Links / All Product Upgrades. Users will need to connect the serial port (COM port) of an available PC (running Microsoft Windows) to the serial port on the back of the switch using a null model serial cable (DB-male). After downloading the upgrade file to the connected Microsoft Windows PC, run it and select the appropriate COM Port from the COM Port menu. Clicking Update will upgrade the firmware. After the firmware is updated, an Update Completed message is displayed. Clicking the Close button exits the application and the switch automatically reboots. Appendix A in the AutoView Switch Installer/User Guide provides detailed instructions for upgrading the firmware of the switch. With a 1U high design, the compact AutoView 1415 switch does not compete for valuable rack space in SMB server rooms. Integrates with Avocent AutoView 3100 and 3200 KVM switches. Allows users to add alternative method of access via an IP network Operating System (OS) independent. Ensures connection to the attached servers regardless of the health or type of OS. AutoView® 1415 Quick Facts The AutoView 1415 is a single user, rack mount KVM switch with 8 ports specifically designed for SMB server rooms 1U design is a space saver in SMB server rooms

Supports PS/2, USB, Sun, and serial target (server) devices Supports a local / single user console configured with either PS/2 or USB interface Unique cable design based on CAT 5 to help reduce bulky cable clutter Servers connect to the KVM switch using either an Integrated Access Cable (IAC) or a AVRIQ Server Interface Module (with a user supplied CAT 5 cable up to 100 feet) High-quality, multi-language, graphical On-Screen Display (OSD) named OSCAR® making it easy for users to switch, monitor, and locate target devices Time-out and password protection feature provides users with the benefit of added security when accessing business-critical servers Programmable autoscan allows users to customize scanning times between attached systems Flash upgradeable means that the product never goes out of date Sun keyboard localization: Supports international markets Sun keyboard translation: Allows users to use PS/2 keyboards with Sun targets Integrates with Avocent AutoView 3100 and 3200 KVM switches Operating System (OS) independent AutoView Modules and Cables The AutoView switching solutions provide support for USB and/or PS/2 keyboards and mice for the user console and USB, PS/2, Sun or serial support for target devices — all in a single solution switch. All AutoView KVM switches include two unique and advanced cabling options for target devices: Integrated Access Cables (IAC) provide keyboard, video and mouse connectivity for both PS/2 and USB interfaces in one slim CAT 5 cable with lengths of 7, 10 and 15 feet. This unique cable design reduces cable bulk plus saves time and money. The IAC is simply an AVRIQ Server Interface Module already wired with a CAT 5 cable. The Avocent model number for PS/2 and USB integrated access cables are: PS2IAC-7 - (7 feet - P2/2) USBIAC-7 - (7 feet - USB) PS2IAC-10 - (10 feet - P2/2) USBIAC-10 - (10 feet - USB) PS2IAC-15 - (15 feet - P2/2) USBIAC-15 - (15 feet - USB) Users can also purchase just the AVRIQ Server Interface Modules. These

modules provide support for PS/2, USB, Sun, and serial targets as well as cable lengths greater than 15 feet (but less than 100 feet) between the target device and the switch. The AVRIQ server interface module connects to the target server. Users then connect their own CAT 5 or CAT 6 network cable (up to 100 feet) from the AVRIQ server interface module to the AutoView KVM switch. Both cabling options automatically assign and retain unique server names for each attached server, which simplifies installation and eases re-configuration. Modules and Cables for the AutoView® 1415 AVRIQ-PS2

AVRIQ-SRL

AVRIQ-USB

Click to enlarge

Click to enlarge

Click to enlarge

AVRIQ-VSN

PS2IAC-X

USBIAC-X

PS2IAC-7 - (7 feet) PS2IAC-10 - (10 feet) PS2IAC-15 - (15 feet)

Click to enlarge

Click to enlarge

Booting Options and Using EEPROM by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator

USBIAC-7 - (7 feet) USBIAC-10 - (10 feet) USBIAC-15 - (15 feet)

Click to enlarge

EEPROM Command The eeprom command is located in /usr/sbin/eeprom. The eeprom command is used to display or change the values of parameters in the EEPROM. It processes parameters in the order given. When processing a parameter accompanied by a value, eeprom makes the indicated alteration to the EEPROM; otherwise it displays the parameter's value. When given no parameter specifiers, eeprom displays the values of all EEPROM parameters. A '-' (hyphen) flag specifies that parameters and values are to be read from the standard input (one parameter or parameter = value per line). Only the super-user (root) may alter the EEPROM contents. When the eeprom command is executed in user mode, the parameters with a trailing question mark (?) need to be enclosed in double quotation marks (" ") to prevent the shell from interpreting the question mark. Preceding the question mark with an escape character (\) will also prevent the shell from interpreting the question mark. The remainder of this section descibes some of the common usages of the eeprom command in Solaris. Query Values To query all current EEPROM values, simply use the eeprom command with no arguments. If you only want to determine one EEPROM value, specify it as an argument. Here are two examples of using the eeprom command: # eeprom auto-boot? auto-boot?=true # eeprom test-args: data not available. diag-passes=1 pci-probe-list=7,c,3,8,d,13,5 local-mac-address?=false fcode-debug?=false ttyb-rts-dtr-off=false ttyb-ignore-cd=true ttya-rts-dtr-off=false ttya-ignore-cd=true silent-mode?=false scsi-initiator-id=7 oem-logo: data not available. oem-logo?=false oem-banner: data not available. oem-banner?=false ansi-terminal?=true screen-#columns=80 screen-#rows=34 ttyb-mode=9600,8,n,1,ttya-mode=9600,8,n,1,output-device=screen input-device=keyboard load-base=16384 auto-boot?=true

boot-command=boot diag-file: data not available. diag-device=disk net boot-file: data not available. boot-device=disk net use-nvramrc?=false nvramrc: data not available. security-mode=none security-password: data not available. security-#badlogins=0 mfg-mode=off diag-level=max diag-switch?=false error-reset-recovery=boot

auto-boot? Used to control the auto-boot feature. This option controls whether the system directly boots up. You can disable auto-boot so next time it stays at the ok prompt for starting installations. Use the following command and reboot the system: # eeprom "auto-boot?"=false

Configuring Telnet / FTP to login as root (Solaris) Now before getting into the details of how to configure Solaris for root logins, keep in mind that this is VERY BAD security. Make sure that you NEVER configure your production servers for this type of login. Configure Telnet for root logins Simply edit the file /etc/default/login and comment out the following line as follows: # If CONSOLE is set, root can only login on that device. # Comment this line out to allow remote login by root. # # CONSOLE=/dev/console

Configure FTP for root logins First remove the 'root' line from /etc/ftpusers. Also, don't forget to edit the file /etc/ftpaccess and comment out the 'deny-uid' and 'deny-gid' lines. If the file doesn't exist, there is no need to create it. NOTE: If you are using Solaris 9 or Solaris 10, the ftp* files are located in /etc/ftpd Configuring Power Management (Sun Blades Only) Hard drive and system power management are adjustable with the dtpower application with Solaris 8 7/01 release and higher. However, the power management features were

not present in Solaris 8 10/00 and Solaris 8 1/01 releases. By default, power management is enabled on all new Sun Blade systems. (I really wish Sun would change this!) When the system is in low-power mode, the hard drive eventually spins down to conserve power. Later, when you perform a task that accesses the hard drive, the hard drive spins up again. You might have to wait a few seconds for the hard drive to spin up to full speed. If you find that the delay is inconvenient, you can turn off Energy Star power management using one of the two methods provided below: Method #1 •

You can disable the Energy Star power management feature by using the dtpower application. Login as the "root" account and at the system prompt type: # /usr/openwin/bin/dtpower

The dtpower application is displayed. Under the Current power saving scheme menu, select Disabled. Press the OK button. Method #2 The main configuration file for controller Power Management is /etc/power.conf. •

As the root user ID, edit the /etc/power.conf file as follows to disable all Automatic Power Management: # # Copyright (c) 1996 - 2001 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. # All rights reserved. # #pragma ident "@(#)power.conf 1.14 99/10/18 SMI" # # Power Management Configuration File # # Statefile statefile

Path

/usr/.CPR

# Auto-Shutdown Idle(min) autoshutdown 30

Start/Finish(hh:mm) Behavior 9:00 9:00 noshutdown

device-dependency-property removable-media /dev/fb

autopm

disable

system-threshold •

always-on

Run the command: # /usr/sbin/pmconfig

This utility is run from the command line after manual changes have been made to the /etc/power.conf file. For editing changes made to the /etc/power.conf file to take effect, users must run pmconfig. pmconfig is also run at each system boot.

Using Package Manager on Solaris Adding a Package # pkgadd -d samba-2.0.5-sol7-sparc-local

Checking for Packages # pkginfo | grep -i samba application SMCsamba

samba

Removing a Package # pkgrm SMCsamba

Diagnostic Command - (Sun Solaris) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator prtdiag Use the following command to obtain detailed diagnostics information about your system configuration: # /usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v System Configuration: Sun Microsystems (UltraSPARC-IIe 650MHz) System clock frequency: 93 MHZ Memory size: 1.75GB

sun4u Sun Blade 150

==================================== CPUs ==================================== E$ CPU CPU Temperature CPU Freq Size Impl. Mask Die Ambient --- -------- ---------- ------ ---- -------- -------0 650 MHz 512KB US-IIe 3.3 56 C 29 C

================================= IO Devices ================================= Bus Freq Brd Type MHz Slot Name Model --- ---- ---- ---------- ----------------------------------------------------0 pci 33 7 isa/dma-isadma (dma) 0 pci 33 7 isa/serial-su16550 (serial) 0 pci 33 7 isa/serial-su16550 (serial) 0 pci 33 8 sound-pci10b9,5451.10b9.5451.1 (+ 0 pci 33 12 network-pci108e,1101.1 (network) SUNW,pci-eri 0 pci 33 12 firewire-pci108e,1102.1001 (fire+ 0 pci 33 13 ide-pci10b9,5229.c3 (ide) 0 pci 33 19 SUNW,m64B (display) ATY,RageXL ============================ Memory Configuration ============================ Segment Table: ----------------------------------------------------------------------Base Address Size Interleave Factor Contains ----------------------------------------------------------------------0x0 256MB 1 Label DIMM0 0x40000000 512MB 1 Label DIMM1 0x80000000 512MB 1 Label DIMM2 0xc0000000 512MB 1 Label DIMM3 =============================== usb Devices =============================== Name -----------device

Port# ----4

=============================== device#4 Devices =============================== Name Port# ------------ ----keyboard mouse ============================ Environmental Status ============================ Fan Speeds: ---------------------------Fan Device Speed ---------------------------system 100% ================================ HW Revisions ================================ ASIC Revisions: --------------ebus: Rev 1 System PROM revisions: ----------------------

OBP 4.6.5 2002/06/03 16:49 POST 2.0.1 2001/08/23 17:13

prtconf Use the following command to obtain detailed system information about your Sun Solaris installation: # /usr/sbin/prtconf System Configuration: Sun Microsystems Memory size: 1792 Megabytes System Peripherals (Software Nodes):

sun4u

SUNW,Sun-Blade-100 packages (driver not attached) SUNW,builtin-drivers (driver not attached) deblocker (driver not attached) disk-label (driver not attached) terminal-emulator (driver not attached) obp-tftp (driver not attached) dropins (driver not attached) kbd-translator (driver not attached) ufs-file-system (driver not attached) chosen (driver not attached) openprom (driver not attached) client-services (driver not attached) options, instance #0 aliases (driver not attached) memory (driver not attached) virtual-memory (driver not attached) pci, instance #0 ebus, instance #1 flashprom (driver not attached) eeprom (driver not attached) idprom (driver not attached) isa, instance #0 dma, instance #0 floppy, instance #0 parallel (driver not attached) power, instance #0 serial, instance #0 serial, instance #1 network, instance #0 firewire, instance #0 usb (driver not attached) pmu, instance #0 i2c, instance #0 temperature, instance #0 card-reader (driver not attached) dimm (driver not attached) dimm (driver not attached) dimm (driver not attached) dimm (driver not attached) ppm, instance #0

beep, instance #0 fan-control, instance #0 sound (driver not attached) ide, instance #0 disk (driver not attached) cdrom (driver not attached) dad, instance #0 dad, instance #1 sd, instance #0 pci (driver not attached) SUNW,m64B, instance #0 SUNW,UltraSPARC-IIe, instance #0 pseudo, instance #0

Configuring apropos and whatis - (The windex file) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview Many UNIX users are familiar with the apropos and whatis commands. The whatis command is used to display a one-line summary about a keyword as in the following example: # whatis scsi scsi drivers

scsi (4)

- configuration files for SCSI target

The apropos command is used to locate commands by keyword lookup. The apropos utility displays the man page name, section number, and a short description for each man page whose NAME line contains keyword as in the following example: # apropos IDE dad uata

dad (7d) uata (7d)

- driver for IDE disk devices - IDE Host Bus Adapter Driver

Creating /usr/share/man/windex Before using either the apropos, whatis, or make -k commands, it is necessary to create the system generated index file: /usr/share/man/windex. Failing to have this file generated will result in the following error when attempting to use any of the above commands: # apropos IDE /usr/share/man/windex: No such file or directory

To create the /usr/share/man/windex, use the catman, as in the following example: # /usr/bin/catman -w

This utility will search the MANPATH and create the windex file. If you would like to specify which directories yourself, you can use the -M switch.

Using Serial Consoles - (Solaris / Linux) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview The following article documents some of the tips for connecting the serial port of a UNIX Server (Sun SPARC / Linux) to the serial port (console) of a Sun Server. This is often helpful and even necessary when performing routine administrative tasks or initiating critical and/or long running processes. Access to the serial console for many Sun servers is the only way to perform administrative tasks given these servers do not come with a frame buffer (i.e. video card). There are times when I need to initiate a long running job but cannot remain connected to the network for the duration of its execution. In cases like this, I can connect to the serial console of the Sun server, initiate the job and disconnect. The job will remain running even when I drop my connection to the serial port. I can, at a later time, reconnect to the serial console to determine the results. The first two sections of this article explain the applications (programs) used from a Sun SPARC server and then a Linux server for obtaining a serial console connection. The remainder of this article attempts to describe the details (cables, connections, adapters) of obtaining a serial console connection to/from different Sun SPARC servers. Connect From Sun SPARC Serial Port From a Sun machine, if you wanted to access the serial console of another computer (ie. Linux, Sun, etc.), you would use the tip command. The configuration file for tip is /etc/remote. In most cases, you will be concerned with the hardwire entry in this file. First, connect the two machines by their serial ports (null modem if required), and from the Sun SPARC (Solaris) machine, type the following at the command-line to connect to the serial console of the other machine (Solaris / Linux): # tip hardwire

Below is an example /etc/remote file from the Sun SPARC (Solaris) machine that contains the hardwire entry to go through serial port B (/dev/term/b). If you wanted to change this entry to go out through serial port A instead, change "/dev/term/b" to "/dev/term/a". cuab:dv=/dev/cua/b:br#2400 dialup1|Dial-up system:\ :pn=2015551212:tc=UNIX-2400: hardwire:\ :dv=/dev/term/b:br#9600:el=^C^S^Q^U^D:ie=%$:oe=^D: tip300:tc=UNIX-300: tip1200:tc=UNIX-1200: tip0|tip2400:tc=UNIX-2400:

tip9600:tc=UNIX-9600: tip19200:tc=UNIX-19200: UNIX-300:\ :el=^D^U^C^S^Q^O@:du:at=hayes:ie=#$%:oe=^D:br#300:tc=dialers: UNIX-1200:\ :el=^D^U^C^S^Q^O@:du:at=hayes:ie=#$%:oe=^D:br#1200:tc=dialer s: UNIX-2400:\ :el=^D^U^C^S^Q^O@:du:at=hayes:ie=#$%:oe=^D:br#2400:tc=dialer s: UNIX-9600:\ :el=^D^U^C^S^Q^O@:du:at=hayes:ie=#$%:oe=^D:br#9600:tc=dialer s: UNIX-19200:\ :el=^D^U^C^S^Q^O@:du:at=hayes:ie=#$%:oe=^D:br#19200:tc=diale rs: VMS-300|TOPS20-300:\ :el=^Z^U^C^S^Q^O:du:at=hayes:ie=$@:oe=^Z:br#300:tc=dialers: VMS-1200|TOPS20-1200:\ :el=^Z^U^C^S^Q^O:du:at=hayes:ie=$@:oe=^Z:br#1200:tc=dialers: dialers:\ :dv=/dev/cua/b: -------------------------------------------------------------------The attributes are: dv el du pn at ie oe cu br fs tc

device to use for the tty EOL marks (default is NULL) make a call flag (dial up) phone numbers (@ =>'s search phones file; possibly taken from PHONES environment variable) ACU type input EOF marks (default is NULL) output EOF string (default is NULL) call unit (default is dv) baud rate (defaults to 300) frame size (default is BUFSIZ) -- used in buffering writes on receive operations to continue a capability

Connect to a Sun Serial Console from Linux Linux provides two methods (programs) that can be used to connect to a serial console of a Sun server. Connecting Using minicom The first application I'll talk about is "minicom". Most Linux distributions (i.e. Red Hat) already include minicom. If your particular distribution does not include minicom, you can download it from the following URL: http://www.pp.clinet.fi/~walker/mcdevel.html. Once you have Minicom installed, start it up with the command "minicom". Press "CtrlA Z" to get to the main menu. Press "o" to configure minicom. Go to "Serial port setup" and make sure that you are set to the correct "Serial Device" and that the speed on line E matches the speed of the serial console you are connecting to. (In most cases with Sun,

this is 9600.) Here are the settings I made when using my Serial A / COM1 port on my Linux box: +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A Serial Device : /dev/ttyS0 | | B - Lockfile Location : /var/lock | | C Callin Program : | | D - Callout Program : | | E Bps/Par/Bits : 9600 8N1 | | F - Hardware Flow Control : Yes | | G - Software Flow Control : No | | | | Change which setting? | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

After making all necessary changes, hit the ESC key to go back to the "configurations" menu. Now go to "Modem and dialing". Change the "Init string" to "~^M~". Save the settings (as dflt), and then restart Minicom. You should now see a login prompt. Connecting Using UUCP Another common application to use in Linux for connecting to a serial console is UUCP. Most Linux distributions include the UUCP application. Start UUCP with the command "cu -l [device] -s [speed]", where [device] is the serial port you are using, such as ttyS0 (COM1) or ttyS1 (COM2), and [speed] is the speed of the serial console that you are connecting to. Here is an example: # cu -l /dev/ttyS0 -s 9600

You may need to hit enter before you see the login prompt. If you see a bunch of weird characters, then you probably specified the wrong speed. To exit, just type "~.". Sun Blade 100/150 •

Connecting to a Blade 100/150

To obtain a serial console connection to a Sun Blade 100/150 you will need the following (These procedures will work to an Ultra 5/10 as well): o

o o

Connect the serial port of your local PC/workstation to the DB9 Serial port on the back of the Sun Blade (or Ultra 5/10) using a serial cable (straight through). You will need to use a null modem adapter. Communication settings: Bits per second:

9600

Data bits:

8

Parity:

None

Stop bits:

1

Flow Control:

Hardware

NOTE: You will not be able to make use of the serial console if the Sun server was booted with the keyboard/mouse plugged in. In order to make use of the serial console, you will need to disconnect the keyboard/mouse and reboot the Sun server. On the Sun Blade 100/150, if the keyboard/mouse are plugged in during the boot phase, all console output will be redirected to the VGA console. •

Connecting from a Blade 100/150 To obtain a serial connection from a Sun Blade 100/150 to another server (possibly another Sun SPARC machine) you will need the following (These procedures will work from an Ultra 5/10 as well): o

On the back of a Sun Blade 100/150 (or Ultra 5/10) there is only one serial port that is dedicated to serial A (/dev/ttya). This serial port is typically being used by the console and will often require you to use Serial B (/dev/ttyb). This is where it gets fun. There is a second serial port connector located on the motherboard (actually the PCI riser card) labeled J13. The PCI riser card is a PWA-GROVER-PLUS_RISERCARD 411707500011 and requires a special cable. The special cable connects to the PCI riser card (J13) on one end while the other end is a DB9 male port that will use one of your available PCI dust cover slots. This is the only way I have found to make a connection from a Sun Blade (or Ultra 5/10); using serial port B out which requires this special cable to be installed in order to have access to serial port B. Click here or here to see an exploded view of an Ultra 10 Workstation System Breakdown. The special cable I am refering to is Sun Manufacturing Part# 370-3165 - Serial B and Parallel Cable Assembly (Code 3a) in the Ultra 10 Workstation System Breakdown. I needed to order the Ultra 10 Cable Service Kit/FRU (370-3267) in order to obtain

this cable. You can order this kit from Ajava, Partsolver, Trident Computer Resources, Inc., Asset Conversion Specialists, Inc., or Sun Microsystems. o

o o

After installing the the Serial B and Parallel Cable Assembly in your Sun Blade, you will have access to serial port B (/dev/ttyb). Connect the new DB9 serial port (serial B) from the Sun Blade to the back of the server (Sun, Linux) you want to make a serial console connection to. In most cases, this will be using a straight through serial cable. For most connections to a Sun SPARC, you will need to use a null modem adapter. From the Sun Blade (or Ultra 5/10) use the tip program to initiate the serial console connection to the other server. Ensure that you edit the /etc/remote file from the Sun Blade you are connecting from and change the hardwire entry to use serial B - /dev/term/b. # tip hardwire

Sun E450 •

Connecting to a Sun E450 To obtain a serial console connection to a Sun E450 you will need the following: o

o o

•

Connect the serial port of your local PC/workstation to the DB25 Serial A/B port on the back of the Sun E450 using a serial cable (straight through). There is only one serial port on the back of an E450 that contains both Serial A and Serial B. When you plug directly into the serial port on the back of the E450, you are accessing Serial A. You will need to use a null modem adapter. Communication settings: Bits per second:

9600

Data bits:

8

Parity:

None

Stop bits:

1

Flow Control:

Hardware

Connecting from a Sun E450 To obtain a serial connection from a Sun E450 to another server (possibly another Sun SPARC machine) you will need the following: o

On the back of a Sun E450, there is only one DB25 (female) serial port (labeled Serial A/B) that is used to contain wiring for both Serial A and Serial B. The system provides two serial communications ports through a single, shared DB25 connector located on the rear panel. If you are to plug a serial cable directly into the DB25 serial port on the back of an E450, you will only be accessing the primary port (Serial A). This will not work

to get a serial connection out from since it is reserved for the console of the machine. You will need to obtain access to Serial B (which is contained within the shared Serial A/B port) by using a special Y-Cable (serial splitter). In order to access the secondary port (Serial B), a serial port splitter cable (Sun Part#: X985A or 530-1869) must be attached to the rear panel serial port A/B connector. The serial splitter connects to the Serial A/B - DB25 (female) connection on the back of the E450 to give you two DB25 (female) connections - one for Serial A and the other for Serial B. Here are several places where I found the serial splitter:  Sun Store - (Spare Parts)  Ultra Spec Cables  Computer Giants  anything & everything 4 SUN Microsystems Computers  Sun E450 Serial Port and Cable Pinouts (From Stokely Consulting) You will need to use Serial Port B to make a connection from the E450 to another server. Connect the Sun E450 from its Serial B to the back of the other server (Sun, Linux) you want to make a serial console connection to. In most cases, this will be using a straight through serial cable. If you are connecting from the Sun E450 to another machine (i.e. Sun Blade, Sun Ultra, etc) that has a normal DB9 male port, you can use a Belkin F2L088-06 DB9 Female/DB25 Male Modem Cable (often with a null modem adapter): Belkin Pro Series AT Serial Modem Cable 6ft Belkin PRO Series - Serial cable - DB-9 (F) - DB-25 (M) - 6 ft Belkin F2L088-06 DB9 Female/DB25 Male Modem Cable Belkin Pro Series AT Serial DB9F to DB25M 6' Modem cable For most connections to a Sun SPARC, you will need to use a null modem adapter. From the E450 use the tip program to initiate the serial console connection to the other server. Ensure that you edit the /etc/remote file from the machine you are connecting from (the E450) and change the hardwire entry to use serial B - /dev/term/b.    

o o

# tip hardwire

Sun E250 •

Connecting to a Sun E250 To obtain a serial console connection to a Sun E250 you will need the following: o

Connect the serial port of your local PC/workstation to the DB25 Serial A port on the back of the Sun E250 using a serial cable (straight through).

o o

•

There are two DB25 serial ports on the back of an E250. Make sure you connect to Serial A. You will need to use a null modem adapter. Communication settings: Bits per second:

9600

Data bits:

8

Parity:

None

Stop bits:

1

Flow Control:

Hardware

Connecting from a Sun E250 To obtain a serial connection from a Sun E250 to another server (possibly another Sun SPARC machine) you will need the following: o

On the back of a Sun E250, there are two DB25 (female) Serial Ports for Serial A and Serial B. Serial A is used for other machines to obtain a serial console connection into the E250. You will need to use Serial Port B to make a connection from the E250 to another server. Connect the Sun E250 from its second serial port (serial B) to the back of the server (Sun, Linux) you want to make a serial console connection to. In most cases, this will be using a straight through serial cable. If you are connecting from the Sun E250 to another machine (i.e. Sun Blade, Sun Ultra, etc) that has a normal DB9 male port, you can use a Belkin F2L088-06 DB9 Female/DB25 Male Modem Cable (often with a null modem adapter): Belkin Pro Series AT Serial Modem Cable 6ft Belkin PRO Series - Serial cable - DB-9 (F) - DB-25 (M) - 6 ft Belkin F2L088-06 DB9 Female/DB25 Male Modem Cable Belkin Pro Series AT Serial DB9F to DB25M 6' Modem cable For most connections to a Sun SPARC, you will need to use a null modem adapter. From the E250 use the tip program to initiate the serial console connection to the other server. Ensure that you edit the /etc/remote file from the machine you are connecting from (the E250) and change the hardwire entry to use serial B - /dev/term/b.    

o o

# tip hardwire

Sun V100 •

Connecting to a Sun V100 To obtain a serial console connection to a Sun V100 you will need the following:

o

Connect the serial port of your local PC/workstation to the serial port (serial port B) on the back of the Sun V100. The Sun V100 has two serial ports on the back of it. To make a serial connection to the Sun V100, you will be connecting to Serial A (LOM A). This is the "Lights Out Management" port used for issuing LOM commands. Depending on the type of device you use to connect to the Sun V100 server, you may need to use either a DB25 or DB9 serial adapter (both included with the Sun V100).

o

Connecting Sun SPARC to Sun V100 To connect to a Solaris tip session or to a VT100 terminal, you need to use either the DB25 (25-Pin DSUB Male to 8-POS RJ-45 Female) adapter that is supplied by Sun (Sun Part# 530-2889) with the V100, or an alternative adapter that performs the same pin crossovers. The Sunsupplied DB25 adapter (530-2889) enables you to connect to any Sun system. Insert one end of the standard RJ-45 patch cable supplied with the Sun Fire V100 server into Serial A (LOM). Insert the other end of the RJ-45 patch cable into the supplied DB25 adapter. Finally, attach the adapter to the appropriate port in your serial device. Pin Crossovers in the Sun DB-25 (25-Pin) Adapter Serial Port (RJ-45 Connector) Pin

o

25-Pin Connecter

Pin 1 (RTS)

Pin 5 (CTS)

Pin 2 (DTR)

Pin 6 (DSR)

Pin 3 (TXD)

Pin 3 (RXD)

Pin 4 (Signal Ground)

Pin 7 (Signal Ground)

Pin 5 (Signal Ground)

Pin 7 (Signal Ground)

Pin 6 (RXD)

Pin 2 (TXD)

Pin 7 (DSR)

Pin 20 (DTR)

Pin 8 (CTS)

Pin 4 (RTS)

Connecting PC, Laptop or handheld computer to Sun V100 Some devices, such as a PC, laptop or handheld computer, require you to use either a male or female DB-9 adapter. The Sun DB9 adaptor (Sun Part: 530-3100-xx) is a 9-Pin DSUB female to 8-POS RJ-45 female adapter included with the Sun V100. The following table is the pin crossovers: Insert one end of the standard RJ-45 patch cable supplied with the Sun Fire V100 server into Serial A (LOM). Insert the other end of the RJ-45

patch cable into the supplied DB9 adapter. Finally, attach the adapter to the appropriate port in your serial device. Pin Crossovers in the DB-9 (9-Pin) Adapter Serial Port (RJ-45 Connector) Pin

o o

•

9-Pin Connector

Pin 1 (RTS)

Pin 8 (CTS)

Pin 2 (DTR)

Pin 6 (DSR)

Pin 3 (TXD)

Pin 2 (RXD)

Pin 4 (Signal Ground)

Pin 5 (Signal Ground)

Pin 5 (Signal Ground)

Pin 5 (Signal Ground)

Pin 6 (RXD)

Pin 3 (TXD)

Pin 7 (DSR)

Pin 4 (DTR)

Pin 8 (CTS)

Pin 7 (RTS)

You will NOT need to use a null modem adapter for either the DB25 or DB9 connections. Communication settings for both DB25 and DB9 connections: Bits per second:

9600

Data bits:

8

Parity:

None

Stop bits:

1

Flow Control:

Hardware

Connecting from a Sun V100 To obtain a serial connection from a Sun V100 to another server (possibly another Sun SPARC machine) you will need the following: o o o

... ... ...

Determine Which Package a Particular File Belongs To (Sun Solaris) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Use the pkgchk command to determine which package a particular file belongs to. The syntax is:

# /usr/sbin/pkgchk -l -p /absolute/path/todir

For example,

# /usr/sbin/pkgchk -l -p /usr/bin/pgrep Pathname: /usr/bin/pgrep Type: regular file Expected mode: 0555 Expected owner: root Expected group: bin Expected file size (bytes): 14688 Expected sum(1) of contents: 63968 Expected last modification: Mar 16 05:53:45 AM 2000 Referenced by the following packages: SUNWcsu Current status: installed

You can also simply query the packages directory as follows: # grep /usr/bin/pgrep /var/sadm/install/contents /usr/bin/pgrep f none 0555 root bin 14688 63968 953204025 SUNWcsu

Cannot open '/etc/path_to_inst' - (Solaris) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator For those who have ever come across the error: Cannot open '/etc/path_to_inst', this article provides an easy way in which to rebuild this file. The error indicates that the system can not find the /etc/path_to_install file. It is possible that the file may be really missing or corrupted and needs to be rebuild. To rebuild this file, boot the system with -ar option as follows: ok>boot -ar

Press enter to select default values for the questions asked during booting and select yes to rebuild /etc/path_to_install The /etc/path_to_inst on your system does not exist or is empty. Do you want to rebuild this file [n]? y

The system will continue booting after rebuilding the file.

Using NFS - (Solaris) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator This brief article touches on several of the important commands that are used to NFS a file system on Solaris. Now keep in mind that with most Solaris configurations; enabling

a Sun Solaris server to mount or share a file system, the required daemons will already be running. If not, this article may help you with this process. The first thing to ensure is that the proper daemons for running NFS are started. If unsure, I will typically just run them when I cannot determine whether or not they are running: $ $ $ $

su cd /usr/lib/nfs ./mountd ./nfsd

NOTE: RPC server that answers requests for NFS access information and file system mount requests

•

mountd:

•

nfsd: The

daemon that handles client file system requests

Sharing A File System The following example will share a file system /software so that others may be able to mount it: # share /software

If I want to check all file systems being shared from my system: # share -

/software

rw

""

How to NFS A File System Now, from another machine, I want to NFS the file system that is being shared above: # mount -F nfs alex:/software /mnt/software

How to Unmount an NFS File System Finally, let's unmount the previously mounted file system: # umount /mnt/software

Introduction to Solaris Volume Manager - (Solaris 9) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview Solaris Volume Manager is a software product packaged with included with the Sun Solaris 9 operating system that allows the System Administrator to manage a large number of disks and the data contained on those disks. NOTE: Solaris 8 included a product known as "Solstice DiskSuite" and came on an extra CD (that you might only get with the server media set, I'm not sure). In Solaris 9 it has been renamed to "Solaris Volume Manager" and included in the OS, but is

basically just the next rev of DiskSuite. Here's a link to a Sun white paper that talks about it: wwws.sun.com/software/whitepapers/solaris9/volume_manager.pdf There are many uses for Volume Manager but most tasks center around the following: • • •

Large storage capacity Data availability I/O performance enhancements

The Volume Manager software uses virtual disks to manage physical disks. In Volume Manager, a virtual disk is called a volume. NOTE: If you have ever worked with Solstice DiskSuite with Solaris 8 and lower, you should note that the virtual disks were named metadevices back then. It is for these historical reasons that some command-line utilities also refer to a volume as a metadevice. A volume is functionally the same as a physical disk from the applications view. DiskSuite converts all I/O requests directed at a volume into I/O requests to the underlying member disks. Volume Manager volumes are built from slices (disk partitions). Take for example a situation in where you wanted to create more storage capacity, it is simple to use Volume Manager to "fool" the system into thinking that a large collection of small slices is one large physical disk. After you have created a volume from these slices, you can immediately begin using it just as any "real" disk; create a filesystem on it, use it to store database files, etc. But using mirrors and RAID5 metadevices, Volume Manager can also increase the availability of data. Mirrors and RAID5 volumes replicate data so that it is not destroyed if the disk on which it is stored fails. Volume Manager includes a graphical user interface (GUI) program named Solaris Management Console that can be used to build volumes. However, as you become more familiar Volume Manager, you will soon realize that Solaris Management Console cannot perform all administration Volume Manager tasks. In these cases and for system administrators that prefer to work from the command line, Volume Manager includes a command line interface set of tools. Within the Creating / Removing Volumes - (Using Volume Manager Commands) section, I will include articles on Creating, Deleting, and Modifying all types of Volume Manager objects.

These articles will provide a comprehensive overview for creating Volume Manager volumes (stripes, concatenations, mirrors, etc) using the Volume Manager command-line tools. For the most up-to-date source of document for Sun Solaris, navigate to docs.sun.com. Sun Admin Guide for Solaris Volume Manager - (Solaris 9): docs.sun.com/db/doc/806-6111 Transitioning to Solaris' Volume - (Solaris 9): http://wwws.sun.com/software/whitepapers/solaris9/transition_volumemgr.pdf DiskSuite - (Solaris 8): docs.sun.com/db/coll/260.1?q=disksuite&s=t

Installing Solaris Volume Manager - (Solaris 9) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Volume Manager is included and automatically installed with the Solaris 9 operating environment using either the Entire+OEM, Entire, Developer, or End User install option. NOTE: Users of Solaris 8 will recall that Solstice DiskSuite 4.2.1 had to be installed manually after installing the Solaris operating environment! Here is a listing of the packages related to Solaris 9 Volume Manager: • • • • • • •

SUNWmdr - Solaris Volume Manager driver SUNWmdu - Solaris Volume Manager commands SUNWmdx - Solaris Volume Manager drivers (64-bit) SUNWlvma - Solaris Volume Management APIs SUNWlvmg - Solaris Volume Management Application SUNWlvmr - Solaris Volume Management (root) SUNWvolg - Volume Management Graphical User Interface

Command Line Interface - Overview Volume Manager Command Description

growfs(1M)

Expands a UFS file system in a non-destructive fashion.

mdlogd(1M)

The mdlogd daemon and mdlogd.cf configuration file enable DiskSuite to send generic SNMP trap messages.

metaclear(1M)

Deletes active metadevices and hot spare pools.

metadb(1M)

Creates and deletes state database replicas.

metadetach(1M)

Detaches a metadevice from a mirror, or a logging device from a trans metadevice.

metahs(1M)

Manages hot spares and hot spare pools.

metainit(1M)

Configures metadevices.

metaoffline(1M)

Places submirrors offline.

metaonline(1M)

Places submirrors online.

metaparam(1M)

Modifies metadevice parameters.

metarename(1M)

Renames and switches metadevice names.

metareplace(1M)

Replaces slices of submirrors and RAID5 metadevices.

metaroot(1M)

Sets up system files for mirroring root (/).

metaset(1M)

Administers disksets.

metastat(1M)

Displays status for metadevices or hot spare pools.

metasync(1M)

Resyncs metadevices during reboot.

metatool(1M)

Runs the DiskSuite Tool graphical user interface.

metattach(1M)

Attaches a metadevice to a mirror, or a logging device to a trans metadevice.

Starting the Volume Manager Console GUI - (Solaris 9 Volume Manager) by Jeffrey Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Solaris Volume Manager includes a graphic user interview (GUI) named Enhanced Storage which is part of the Solaris Management Console. To start the Volume Manager GUI: 1. First, start the Solaris Management Console (SMC) on the host system using the following command:

# /usr/sbin/smc

NOTE: The first time the SMC is started on the host, it may take several minutes. 2. Expand the item This Computer 3. Expand the item Storage 4. Double-click the item Enhanced Storage. (You may be prompted for the root password for the host.) 5. Double-click the appropriate icon to manage volumes, hot spare pools, state database replicas, and disk sets. Here is a screenshot of the Solaris Management Console and the Enhanced Storage Tool:

Creating Volumes - (Using Solaris 9 Volume Manager Commands) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

Overview Examining the Disks In Our Example Partitioning the Disks State Database - (State Database Replicas) o Creating the (Initial) First Four State Database Replicas o Creating the Next Seven State Database Replicas o Creating Two State Database Replicas On the Same Slice o Query All State Database Replicas o Deleting a State Database Replica Creating a Stripe - (RAID 0) Creating a Concatenation - (RAID 0) Creating Mirrors - (RAID 1) o Create a Mirror From Unused Slices o Create a Mirror From a File System That Can Be Unmounted o Create a Mirror From a File System That Cannot Be Unmounted o Create a Mirror From swap o Create a Mirror From root (/) Creating a RAID 5 Volume - (RAID 5) Creating Hot Spare

Overview

This article provides a comprehensive overview for creating Volume Manager components (volumes, disk sets, state database replicas, hot spare pools) using the Volume Manager command-line tools. Most of the information can also be found in the "Solaris 9 Volume Manager Administration Guide" (Part No: 816-4519-10, April 2003). Examining the Disks In Our Example This article is all about providing definitions and examples of Volume Manager's command line tools. For all examples in this document, I will be utilizing a Sun Blade 150 connected to a Sun StorEDGE D1000 Disk Array containing twelve 9.1GB / 10000 RPM / UltraSCSI disk drives for a total disk array capacity of 108GB. The disk array is connected to the Sun Blade 150 using a Dual Differential Ultra/Wide SCSI (X6541A) host adapter. In the Sun StorEDGE D1000 Disk Array, the system identifies the drives as follows: Controller 1 c1t0d0 - (d0)

Controller 2 c2t0d0 - (d0)

c1t1d0

-

(d0)

c2t1d0

-

(d1)

c1t2d0

-

(d1)

c2t2d0

-

(d1)

c1t3d0

-

(d20)

c2t3d0

-

(d20)

c1t4d0

-

(d3)

c2t4d0

-

(d3)

c1t5d0

-

(d3)

c2t5d0

-

(d4)

d0 : RAID 0 - Stripe d1 : RAID 0 - Concatenation d20 : RAID 1 - Mirror d3 : RAID 5 d4 : Hot Spare From the configuration above, you can see we have plenty of disk drives to utilize for our examples! For the examples in this article, I will only be using several of the disks within the D1000 array - in many cases, just enough to demonstrate the use of the Volume Manager commands and component configuration. Partitioning the Disks Volumes in Volume Manager are built from slices (disk partitions). If the disks you plan on using as volumes have not been partitioned, do so now. For the twelve 9.1GB disk drives within the D1000 Disk Array, I use the same partition sizes and layout. By convention, I will use slice 7 for the entire disk for storing the actual data. I will also use slice 7 to store the state database replicas for each of the tweleve disks. Also by convention, I will use slice 2 as the backup partition.

The following is the partition tables from one of the twelve hard drives: format> verify Primary label contents: Volume name = < > ascii name = <SUN9.0G cyl 4924 alt 2 hd 27 sec 133> pcyl = 4926 ncyl = 4924 acyl = 2 nhead = 27 nsect = 133 Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size 0 unassigned wm 0 0 1 unassigned wm 0 0 2 backup wm 0 - 4923 8.43GB 3 unassigned wm 0 0 4 unassigned wm 0 0 5 unassigned wm 0 0 6 unassigned wm 0 0 7 usr wm 0 - 4922 8.43GB

Blocks (0/0/0) 0 (0/0/0) 0 (4924/0/0) 17682084 (0/0/0) 0 (0/0/0) 0 (0/0/0) 0 (0/0/0) 0 (4923/0/0) 17678493

Use the format(1M) command to edit the partition table, label the disks, and set the volume name. State Database - (State Database Replicas) The Solaris Volume Manager state database is used by Volume Manager to store configuration and state information about volumes, hot spares, and disk sets. Before creating volumes you will need to create state database replicas. The state database replicas ensure that the data in the state database is always valid. When the state database is updated, each state database replica is also updated. At a bare minimum, Volume Manager requires a minimum of three state database replicas. If your system looses a state database replica, Volume Manager will attempt to determine which state database replcas are still valid. Before any of the state database replicas can be considered valid, Volume Manager requires that a majority (half + 1) of the state database replicas be available and in agreement before any of them are considered valid. Solaris Volume Manager calls this algorithm a majority consensus algorithm. The system will not reboot without one more than half the total state database replicas. Instead, it will go into single-user mode for administrative tasks. State database replicas are created on disk slices using the metadb command. Keep in mind that state database replicas can only be created on slices that are not in use. (i.e. have no file system or being used to store RAW data). You cannot create state database replicas on slices on partitions that contain a file system, root (/), /usr, or swap. State database replicas can be created on slices that will be part of a volume, but will need to be created BEFORE adding the slice to a volume.

In the following example, I will create one state database replica on each of the first 11 disk drives in the D1000 Disk Array using the metadb command. On the twelfth disk, I will give an example of how to create two state database replicas on the same slice. In total I will be creating 13 state database replicas on 12 twelve disks. The replicas will be created on slice 7 for each disk. (This is the slice that we created to be be used for each disk in the disk array.) I will create the 13 state database replicas on the tweleve disks using the following methods: 1. The first four initial state database replicas on the first four disks in the disk array using the -a and -f command line options to the metadb command. 2. Then create seven more replicas just using the -a option to the metadb command. 3. Then use the -c option to the metadb command on the twelfth disk to give an example of how to create two replicas on a single slice. Creating the (Initial) First Four State Database Replicas # metadb -a -f c1t0d0s7 c1t1d0s7 c1t2d0s7 c1t3d0s7 •

•

The -a switch tells metadb to attach a new database device. The /etc/lvm/mddb.cf file is automatically updated with the new information to tell the system to reattach the devices at boot-time. An alternate way to create replicas in DiskSuite 4.2.1 was by defining them in the /etc/lvm/md.tab file and specifying the assigned name at the command line in the form, mddbnn, where nn is a two-digit number given to the replica definitions. I do not believe this file is used in Solaris 9 Volume Manager. Refer to the md.tab(4) man page for instructions on setting up replicas in that file. The -f option is used to create the initial state database. It is also used to force the deletion of replicas below the minimum of one. (The -a and -f options should be used together only when no state databases exist.)

Creating the Next Seven State Database Replicas # metadb -a c1t4d0s7 c1t5d0s7 c2t0d0s7 c2t1d0s7 c2t2d0s7 c2t3d0s7 c2t4d0s7 •

The -a switch tells metadb to attach a new database device. The /etc/lvm/mddb.cf file is automatically updated with the new information to tell the system to reattach the devices at boot-time. An alternate way in DiskSuite 4.2.1 to create replicas was by defining them in the /etc/lvm/md.tab file and specifying the assigned name at the command line in the form, mddbnn, where nn is a two-digit number given to the replica definitions. I do not believe this file is used in Solaris 9 Volume Manager. Refer to the md.tab(4) man page for instructions on setting up replicas in that file.

Creating Two State Database Replicas On the Same Slice # metadb -a -c2 c2t5d0s7

•

•

The -a switch tells metadb to attach a new database device. The /etc/lvm/mddb.cf file is automatically updated with the new information to tell the system to reattach the devices at boot-time. An alternate way in DiskSuite 4.2.1 to create replicas was by defining them in the /etc/lvm/md.tab file and specifying the assigned name at the command line in the form, mddbnn, where nn is a two-digit number given to the replica definitions. I do not believe this file is used in Solaris 9 Volume Manager. Refer to the md.tab(4) man page for instructions on setting up replicas in that file. The -c switch is used to determine the number of database replicas that will be created on each of the specified slices. In our case, we're creating two replicas on one slice.

Query All State Database Replicas # metadb flags a m p luo /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c1t1d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c1t2d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c1t4d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c1t5d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c2t0d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c2t1d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c2t2d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c2t3d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c2t4d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c2t5d0s7 a p luo /dev/dsk/c2t5d0s7

first blk 16

block count 8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

16

8192

8208

8192

Deleting a State Database Replica # metadb -d c2t4d0s7 •

The -d deletes all replicas that are located on the specified slice. The /etc/system file is automatically updated with the new information and the /etc/lvm/mddb.cf file is updated.

Ok, now lets put it back! # metadb -a c2t4d0s7

Creating a Stripe - (RAID 0) A RAID 0 volume (often called just a stripe) are one of the three types of simple volumes: • • •

Striped Volumes - (or stripes) Concatenated Volumes - (or concatenations) Concatenated Striped Volumes - (or contatenated stripes)

These components are made from slices. Simple volumes can be used directly or as the basic building block for mirrors. NOTE: Sometimes a striped volume is called a stripe. Other times, stripe refers to the component blocks of a striped concatenation. To "stripe" means to spread I/O requests across disks by chunking parts of the disks and mapping those chunks to a virtual device (a volume). Both striping and concatenation are classified as RAID Level 0. The data in a striped volume is arranged across two or more slices. The striping alternates equally-sized segments of data across two or more slices to form one logical storage unit. These segments are interleaved round-robin, so that the combined space is made alternately from each slice. Sort of like a shuffled deck of cards. 1. The following example creates a striped volume using 3 slices named /dev/md/rdsk/d0 using the metainit command. Of the twelve disks available in the D1000 Disk Array, I will be using slices c1t0d0s7, c2t0d0s7, c1t1d0s7 as follows: 2. # metainit d0 1 3 c1t0d0s7 c2t0d0s7 c1t1d0s7 -i 32k d0: Concat/Stripe is setup

3. Use the metastat command to query your new volume: 4. # metastat d0 5. d0: Concat/Stripe 6. Size: 52999569 blocks (25 GB) 7. Stripe 0: (interlace: 64 blocks) 8. Device Start Block Dbase Reloc 9. c1t0d0s7 10773 Yes Yes 10. c2t0d0s7 10773 Yes Yes 11. c1t1d0s7 10773 Yes Yes 12. 13.Device Relocation Information: 14.Device Reloc Device ID 15.c1t0d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJR76697000019460DB4 16.c2t0d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLV00222700001005J6Q7 c1t1d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJR58209000019461YK2

Let's explain the details of the above example. First notice that the new striped volume, d0, consists of a single stripe (Stripe 0) made of three slices (c1t0d0s7, c2t0d0s7, c1t1d0s7). The -i option sets the interlace to 32KB. (The interlace cannot be less than 8KB, nor greater than 100MB.) If interlace were not specified on the command line, the striped volume would use the default of 16KB. When using the metastat command to verify our volume, we can see from all disks belonging to Stripe 0, that this is a stripped volume. Also, that the interlace is 32k (512 * 64 blocks) as we defined it. The total size of the stripe is 27,135,779,328 bytes (512 * 52999569 blocks). 17. Now that we have created our simple volume (a RAID 0 stripe), we can now pretend that the volume is a big partition (slice) on which we can do the usual file system things. Let's now create a UFS file system using the newfs command. I want to create a UFS file system with an 8KB block size: 18.# newfs -i 8192 /dev/md/rdsk/d0 19.newfs: /dev/md/rdsk/d0 last mounted as /db0 20.newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d0: (y/n)? y 21.Warning: 1 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated 22./dev/md/rdsk/d0: 52999568 sectors in 14759 cylinders of 27 tracks, 133 sectors 23. 25878.7MB in 923 cyl groups (16 c/g, 28.05MB/g, 3392 i/g) 24.super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 25. 32, 57632, 115232, 172832, 230432, 288032, 345632, 403232, 460832, 518432, 26.Initializing cylinder groups: 27................... 28.super-block backups for last 10 cylinder groups at: 29. 52459808, 52517408, 52575008, 52632608, 52690208, 52747808, 52805408, 52863008, 52920608, 52978208,

30. Finally, we mount the file system on /db0 as follows: 31.# mkdir /db0 # mount -F ufs /dev/md/dsk/d0 /db0

32. To ensure that this new file system is mounted each time the machine is started, insert the following line into you /etc/vfstab file (all on one line with tabs separating the fields): /dev/md/dsk/d0 yes -

/dev/md/rdsk/d0

/db0

ufs

2

Creating a Concatenation - (RAID 0) The method used for creating a Concatenated Volume is very similar to that used in creating a Striped Volume - both use the metainit command (obviously using different options) and the same method for creating and mounting a UFS file system for. A Solaris 9 Volume Manager Concatenated Volume (often called just a Concatenation) is one of three types of simple volumes.

• • •

Striped Volumes - (or stripes) Concatenated Volumes - (or concatenations) Concatenated Striped Volumes - (or contatenated stripes)

These components are made from slices. Simple volumes can be used directly or as the basic building block for mirrors. The data for a concatenated volume is organized serially and adjacently across disk slices, forming one logical storage unit. Many system administrators use a concatenated volume to get more storage capacity by logically combining the capacities of several slices. It is possible to add more slices to the concatenated volume as the demand for storage grows. A concatenated volume enables you to dynamically expand storage capacity and file system sizes online! With a concatenated volume you can add slices even if the other slices are currently active. NOTE: You can also create a concatenated volume from a single slice. You could, for example, create a single-slice concatenated volume. Later, when you need more storage, you can add more slices to the concatenated volume. 1. The following example creates a concatenated volume using 3 slices named /dev/md/rdsk/d1 using the metainit command. Of the twelve disks available in the D1000 Disk Array, I will be using slices c2t1d0s7, c1t2d0s7, c2t2d0s7 as follows: 2. # metainit d1 3 1 c2t1d0s7 1 c1t2d0s7 1 c2t2d0s7 d1: Concat/Stripe is setup

3. Use the metastat command to query your new (or in our example all) volumes: 4. # metastat 5. d1: Concat/Stripe 6. Size: 53003160 blocks (25 GB) 7. Stripe 0: 8. Device Start Block Dbase 9. c2t1d0s7 10773 Yes 10. Stripe 1: 11. Device Start Block Dbase 12. c1t2d0s7 10773 Yes 13. Stripe 2: 14. Device Start Block Dbase 15. c2t2d0s7 10773 Yes 16. 17.d0: Concat/Stripe 18. Size: 52999569 blocks (25 GB) 19. Stripe 0: (interlace: 64 blocks) 20. Device Start Block Dbase 21. c1t0d0s7 10773 Yes 22. c2t0d0s7 10773 Yes 23. c1t1d0s7 10773 Yes 24. 25.Device Relocation Information: 26.Device Reloc Device ID

Reloc Yes Reloc Yes Reloc Yes

Reloc Yes Yes Yes

27.c2t1d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJP46564000019451VGF 28.c1t2d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJU8183300002007J3Z2 29.c2t2d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJM7285500001943H5XD 30.c1t0d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJR76697000019460DB4 31.c2t0d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLV00222700001005J6Q7 c1t1d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJR58209000019461YK2

Let's explain the details of the above example. First notice that the new concatenated volume, d1, consists of three stripes (Stripe 0, Stripe 1, Stripe 2,) each made from a single slice (c2t1d0s7, c1t2d0s7, c2t2d0s7 respectively). When using the metastat command to verify our volumes, we can see this is a concatenation from the fact of having multiple Stripes. The total size of the concatenation is 27,137,617,920 bytes (512 * 53003160 blocks). 32. Now that we have created our simple volume (a concatenation), we can now pretend that the volume is a big partition (concatenation) on which we can do the usual file system things. Let's now create a UFS file system using the newfs command. I want to create a UFS file system with an 8KB block size: 33.# newfs -i 8192 /dev/md/rdsk/d1 34.newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d1: (y/n)? y 35./dev/md/rdsk/d1: 53003160 sectors in 14760 cylinders of 27 tracks, 133 sectors 36. 25880.4MB in 923 cyl groups (16 c/g, 28.05MB/g, 3392 i/g) 37.super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 38. 32, 57632, 115232, 172832, 230432, 288032, 345632, 403232, 460832, 518432, 39.Initializing cylinder groups: 40................... 41.super-block backups for last 10 cylinder groups at: 42. 52459808, 52517408, 52575008, 52632608, 52690208, 52747808, 52805408, 52863008, 52920608, 52978208,

43. Finally, we mount the file system on /db1 as follows: 44.# mkdir /db1 # mount -F ufs /dev/md/dsk/d1 /db1

45. To ensure that this new file system is mounted each time the machine is started, insert the following line into you /etc/vfstab file (all on one line with tabs separating the fields): /dev/md/dsk/d1 yes -

Creating Mirrors - (RAID 1)

/dev/md/rdsk/d1

/db1

ufs

2

A mirror is a volume just like any other volume (stripe, concatenation) and is made of one or more submirrors. A submirror is made of one or more striped or concatenated volumes. Mirroring data provides you with maximum data availability by maintaining multiple copies of your data (also called RAID 1). RAID 0 does, however, require an investment in disks. To setup RAID 0, you will need at least twice as much disk space as the amount of data you will have to mirror. Keep in mind also, that since Solaris Volume Manager must write to all submirrors, the process of mirroring can also increase the amount of time it takes for write requests to be written to disk. Before creating a mirror, create the striped or concatenated volumes that will make up the mirror. Any file system including root (/), swap, and /usr, or any application such as a database, can use a mirror. Basically, you can mirror any file system, including existing file systems. You can also mirror large applications, such as the data files for a database. When creating a mirror, first create a one-way mirror, then attach a second submirror. This starts a resync operation and ensures that data is not corrupted. To mirror an existing file system, use an additional slice of equal or greater size than the slice already used by the mirror. You can use a concatenated volume or striped volume of two or more slices that have adequate space to contain the mirror. You can create a one-way mirror for a future two- or three-way mirror. You can create up to a three-way mirror. However, two-way mirrors usually provide sufficient data redundancy for most applications, and are less expensive in terms of disk drive costs. A three-way mirror enables you to take a submirror offline and perform a backup while maintaining a two-way mirror for continued data redundancy. While any submirror is offline, all reading and writing to the submirror is stopped. This enables system administrators to take backups of other system administration responsibilities. Remember, the submirror is in a read-only state. While the submirror is offline, Solaris Volume Manager is keeping track of all writes to the mirror. When the submirror is brought back online, only portions of the mirror that were written while the submirror was offline are resynchronized. Use the same size slices when creating submirrors. Using different size slices creates unused space in the mirror. Avoid having slices of submirrors on the same disk. Also, when possible, use disks attached to different controllers to avoid single points-of-failure. For maximum protection and performance, place each submirror on a different physical disk and, when possible, on different disk controllers. For further data availability, use hot spares with mirrors.

In some cases, mirroring can improve read performance. Write performance, however, will always degrade. If an application is multi-threaded or can take advantage of asynchronous I/O, you will see performance gains. If an application is only singlethreaded reading from the volume, you will see no performance gains. Adding additional state database replicas before creating a mirror can increase the mirror's performance. As a general rule, add one additional replica for each mirror you add to the system. If possible create mirrors from disks consisting of the same disk geometries. The historical reason is that UFS uses disk blocks based on disk geometries. Today, the issue is centered around performance: a mirror composed of disks with different geometries will only be as fast as its slowest disk. This section will contain the following five examples for creating different types of twoway mirrors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Create a Mirror From Unused Slices Create a Mirror From a File System That Can Be Unmounted Create a Mirror From a File System That Cannot Be Unmounted Create a Mirror From swap Create a Mirror From root (/)

To perform the above mirror examples, I will be using the two disks: c1t3d0 and c2t3d0. After creating each two-way mirror example, I will be deleting the newly created mirror to get ready for the next example. Create a Mirror From Unused Slices 1. Use the metainit command to create two volumes - each new concatenation volume (d21 and d22) consists of a single slice (c1t3d0s7 and c2t3d0s7) respectively: 2. # metainit d21 1 1 3. d21: Concat/Stripe 4. 5. # metainit d22 1 1 d22: Concat/Stripe

c1t3d0s7 is setup c2t3d0s7 is setup

6. Using the metainit -m command to create a one-way mirror (named d20) from one of the submirrors. 7. # metainit d20 -m d21 d20: Mirror is setup

8. Finally, use the metattach command to create the two-way mirror (named d20) from the second submirror (d22). 9. # metattach d20 d22 d20: submirror d22 is attached

We now have a two-way mirror, d20. The metainit command was first used to create the two submirrors (d21 and d22), which are actually concatenations. The metainit -m command was then used to create a one-way mirror from the d21 concatenation. We then used the metattach command to attach d22, creating a two-way mirror and causing a mirror resync. (Any data on the attached submirror is overwritten by the other submirror during the resync.) The system verifies that the objects are set up. 10. Use the metastat command to query your new volume: 11.# metastat d20 12.d20: Mirror 13. Submirror 0: d21 14. State: Okay 15. Submirror 1: d22 16. State: Resyncing 17. Resync in progress: 26 % done 18. Pass: 1 19. Read option: roundrobin (default) 20. Write option: parallel (default) 21. Size: 17667720 blocks (8.4 GB) 22. 23.d21: Submirror of d20 24. State: Okay 25. Size: 17667720 blocks (8.4 GB) 26. Stripe 0: 27. Device Start Block Dbase State Reloc Hot Spare 28. c1t3d0s7 10773 Yes Okay Yes 29. 30. 31.d22: Submirror of d20 32. State: Resyncing 33. Size: 17667720 blocks (8.4 GB) 34. Stripe 0: 35. Device Start Block Dbase State Reloc Hot Spare 36. c2t3d0s7 10773 Yes Okay Yes 37. 38. 39.Device Relocation Information: 40.Device Reloc Device ID 41.c1t3d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJV45682000029500HYF c2t3d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJE46028000019291ARS

Let's explain the details of the above example. First notice that the new mirror volume, d20, consists of two submirrors, (d21 and d22) each made from a single slice (c1t3d0s7, c2t3d0s7 respectively). When using the metastat command to verify our volumes, we can see this is a mirror. The total size of the mirror is 9,045,872,640 bytes (512 * 17667720 blocks). 42. Now that we have created our simple volume (a mirror), and the mirror resync is complete, we can now pretend that the volume is just a regular partition (slice) on

which we can do the usual file system things. Let's now create a UFS file system using the newfs command. I want to create a UFS file system with an 8KB block size: 43.# newfs -i 8192 /dev/md/rdsk/d20 44.newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d20: (y/n)? y 45./dev/md/rdsk/d20: 17667720 sectors in 4920 cylinders of 27 tracks, 133 sectors 46. 8626.8MB in 308 cyl groups (16 c/g, 28.05MB/g, 3392 i/g) 47.super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 48. 32, 57632, 115232, 172832, 230432, 288032, 345632, 403232, 460832, 518432, 49. 17123360, 17180960, 17238560, 17296160, 17353760, 17411360, 17468960, 17526560, 17584160, 17641760,

50. Finally, we mount the file system on /db20 as follows: 51.# mkdir /db20 # mount -F ufs /dev/md/dsk/d20 /db20

52. To ensure that this new file system is mounted each time the machine is started, insert the following line into you /etc/vfstab file (all on one line with tabs separating the fields): /dev/md/dsk/d20 yes -

/dev/md/rdsk/d20

/db20

ufs

2

53. The volume, /db20 is now ready for use! Create a Mirror From a File System That Can Be Unmounted 1. The procedures document in this section can be used to mirror a file system that can be unmounted during normal operation. While most file systems can be unmounted during normal operation, there are some which cannot be unmounted like root /, /usr, /opt or swap. Procedures for mirroring those file systems which cannot be unmounted during normal operation are documented in the next section. 2. First, identify the slice that contains the file system to me mirrored. For this example, I will be using /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 that contains an existing file system that I want to have mirrored. This is a file system that can be unmounted. The slice /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 contains an 8K UFS file system and is mounted on /db20. 3. Use the metainit -f to put the mounted file system's slice in a single slice (oneway) concat/stripe. (This will be submirror1) The following command creates one stripe that contains one slice. The new volume will be named d21: 4. # metainit -f d21 1 1 c1t3d0s7 d21: Concat/Stripe is setup

5. Create a second concat/stripe. (This will be submirror2) 6. # metainit d22 1 1 c2t3d0s7 d22: Concat/Stripe is setup

7. Use the metainit -m command to create a one-way mirror with submirror1. 8. # metainit d20 -m d21 d20: Mirror is setup

9. Unmount the file system # umount /db20

10. Edit the /etc/vfstab file so that the existing file system entry now refers to the newly created mirror. In the following example snippet, I commented out the original entry for the c1t3d0s7 slice and added a new entry that refers to the newly created mirrored volume (d20) to be mounted to /db20: 11.# /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s7 /db20 ufs yes /dev/md/dsk/d20 /dev/md/rdsk/d20 /db20 ufs 2 yes -

2

12. Remount the file system: # mount /db20

13. Use the metattach command to attach submirror2 14.# metattach d20 d22 d20: submirror d22 is attached

15. After attaching d22 (submirror2), this triggers a mirror resync. Use the metastat command to view the progress of the mirror resync: 16.# metastat d20 17.d20: Mirror 18. Submirror 0: d21 19. State: Okay 20. Submirror 1: d22 21. State: Resyncing 22. Resync in progress: 15 % done 23. Pass: 1 24. Read option: roundrobin (default) 25. Write option: parallel (default) 26. Size: 17470215 blocks 27. 28.d21: Submirror of d20 29. State: Okay 30. Size: 17470215 blocks 31. Stripe 0: 32. Device Start Block Spare 33. c1t3d0s7 3591 34. 35.

Dbase State Yes

Okay

Hot

36.d22: Submirror of d20 37. State: Resyncing 38. Size: 17470215 blocks 39. Stripe 0: 40. Device Spare c2t3d0s7

Start Block 3591

Dbase State Yes

Hot

Okay

41. From the above example, we didn't create a multi-way mirror right away. Rather, we created a one-way mirror with the metainit command then attach the additional submirrors with the metattach command. When the metattach command is not used, no resync operations occur and data could become corrupted. Also, do not create a two-mirror for a file system without first unmounting the file system , editing the /etc/vfstab file to reference the mirrored volume, and then mount the file system to the new mirrored volume before attaching the second submirror. Create a Mirror From a File System That Cannot Be Unmounted 1. The procedures in this section can be used to mirror file systems, such as /usr and /opt - those that cannot be unmounted during normal system usage. 2. First, identify the slice that contains the file system to me mirrored. For this example, I will be using the /usr file system which is located on c0t0d0s6 that I want to have mirrored. This is a file system that cannot be unmounted. The slice /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 contains an 8K UFS file system and is mounted on /usr. This will be made into submirror1 (d21) using the metainit command. For submirror2 (to make our two-way mirror) I will be using /dev/dsk/c2t3d0s7. 3. Use the metainit -f to put the mounted file system's slice in a single slice (oneway) concat/stripe. (This will be submirror1) The following command creates one stripe that contains one slice. The new volume will be named d21: 4. # metainit -f d21 1 1 c0t0d0s6 d21: Concat/Stripe is setup

5. Create a second concat/stripe. (This will be submirror2) 6. # metainit d22 1 1 c2t3d0s7 d22: Concat/Stripe is setup

7. Use the metainit -m command to create a one-way mirror with submirror1. 8. # metainit d20 -m d21 d20: Mirror is setup

9. Edit the /etc/vfstab file so that the file system (/usr) now refers to the newly created mirror. In the example snippet, I commented out the original entry for the c0t0d0s6 slice and added a new entry that refers to the newly created mirror to be mounted to /usr:

10.# /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 no /dev/md/dsk/d20 /dev/md/rdsk/d20 /usr no -

/usr

ufs

ufs

1

1

11. Reboot the system # reboot

12. Use the metattach command to attach submirror2 13.# metattach d20 d22 d20: submirror d22 is attached

14. After attaching d22 (submirror2), this triggers a mirror resync. Use the metastat command to view the progress of the mirror resync: 15.# metastat d20 16.d20: Mirror 17. Submirror 0: d21 18. State: Okay 19. Submirror 1: d22 20. State: Resyncing 21. Resync in progress: 8 % done 22. Pass: 1 23. Read option: roundrobin (default) 24. Write option: parallel (default) 25. Size: 16781040 blocks 26. 27.d21: Submirror of d20 28. State: Okay 29. Size: 16781040 blocks 30. Stripe 0: 31. Device Start Block Spare 32. c0t0d0s6 0 33. 34. 35.d22: Submirror of d20 36. State: Resyncing 37. Size: 17470215 blocks 38. Stripe 0: 39. Device Start Block Spare c2t3d0s7 3591

Dbase State No

Okay

Dbase State Yes

Hot

Hot

Okay

40. From the above example, we didn't create a multi-way mirror right away for the /usr file system. Rather, we created a one-way mirror with the metainit command then attach the additional submirrors with the metattach command (after rebooting the server). When the metattach command is not used, no resync operations occur and data could become corrupted. Also, do not create a twomirror for a file system without first editing the /etc/vfstab file to reference the mirror volume and then rebooting the server before attaching the second submirror.

Create a Mirror From swap 1. The procedures in this section of the documentation can be used to mirror the swap file system. The swap file system, like /usr and /opt, cannot be unmounted during normal system usage. 2. First, identify the slice that contains the swap file system to me mirrored. For this example, the swap file system it is located on c0t0d0s3 that I want to have mirrored. This is a file system that cannot be unmounted. The slice /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 contains the swap file system. This will be made into submirror1 (d21) using the metainit command. For submirror2 (to make our two-way mirror) I will be using /dev/dsk/c2t3d0s7. 3. Use the metainit -f to put the mounted file system (swap) in a single slice (oneway) concat/stripe. (This will be submirror1) The following command creates one stripe that contains one slice. The new volume will be named d21: 4. # metainit -f d21 1 1 c0t0d0s3 d21: Concat/Stripe is setup

5. Create a second concat/stripe. (This will be submirror2) 6. # metainit d22 1 1 c2t3d0s7 d22: Concat/Stripe is setup

7. Use the metainit -m command to create a one-way mirror with submirror1. 8. # metainit d20 -m d21 d20: Mirror is setup

9. Edit the /etc/vfstab file so that the swap file system now refers to the newly created mirror. In the example snippet, I commented out the original swap entry for the c0t0d0s3 slice and added a new entry that refers to the newly created mirror: 10.# /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 /dev/md/dsk/d20 -

-

swap

swap -

no

no -

-

11. Reboot the system # reboot

12. Use the metattach command to attach submirror2 13.# metattach d20 d22 d20: submirror d22 is attached

14. After attaching d22 (submirror2), this triggers a mirror resync. Use the metastat command to view the progress of the mirror resync: 15.# metastat d20 16.d20: Mirror 17. Submirror 0: d21 18. State: Okay

19. Submirror 1: d22 20. State: Resyncing 21. Resync in progress: 32 % done 22. Pass: 1 23. Read option: roundrobin (default) 24. Write option: parallel (default) 25. Size: 2101200 blocks 26. 27.d21: Submirror of d20 28. State: Okay 29. Size: 2101200 blocks 30. Stripe 0: 31. Device Start Block Spare 32. c0t0d0s3 0 33. 34. 35.d22: Submirror of d20 36. State: Resyncing 37. Size: 17470215 blocks 38. Stripe 0: 39. Device Start Block Spare c2t3d0s7 3591

Dbase State No

Okay

Dbase State Yes

Hot

Hot

Okay

40. Verify that the swap file system is mounted on the d20 volume: 41.# swap -l 42.swapfile /dev/md/dsk/d20

dev swaplo blocks free 85,20 16 2101184 2101184

43. From the above example, we didn't create a multi-way mirror right away for the swap file system. Rather, we created a one-way mirror with the metainit command then attach the additional submirrors with the metattach command (after rebooting the server). When the metattach command is not used, no resync operations occur and data could become corrupted. Also, do not create a twomirror for a file system without first editing the /etc/vfstab file to reference the mirror volume and then rebooting the server before attaching the second submirror. Create a Mirror From root (/) 1. Use the following procedures to mirror the root (/) file system on a SPARC system. NOTE: The task for using the command-line to mirror root (/) on an x86 system is different from the task used for a SPARC system. When mirroring root (/), it is essential that you record the secondary root slice name to reboot the system if the primary submirror fails. This information should be written down, not recorded on the system, which may not be available in the event of a disk failure.

2. Use the metainit -f to put the root (/) slice in a single slice (one-way) concat. (submirror1). (This will be submirror1) The following command creates one stripe that contains one slice. The new volume will be named d21: # metainit -f d21 1 1 c0t0d0s0 d21: Concat/Stripe is setup

3. Create a second concat/stripe. (This will be submirror2) 4. # metainit d22 1 1 c0t2d0s0 d22: Concat/Stripe is setup

5. Use the metainit -m command to create a one-way mirror with submirror1. 6. # metainit d20 -m d21 d20: Mirror is setup

7. Run the metaroot command. This will update both the /etc/vfstab and /etc/system files to reflect the new rootslice the system will boot from: # metaroot d20

8. Run the lockfs command: # lockfs -fa

9. Reboot the system # reboot

10. Use the metattach command to attach submirror2 11.# metattach d20 d22 d20: submirror d22 is attached

12. Record/document the alternate boot path in the case of failure.

13.# ls -l /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Nov 12 09:35 /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1f,0/ide@d/dad@2,0:a,raw NOTE: The -f option forces the creation of the first concatenation, d21, which contains the mounted file system root (/) on /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0. The second concatenation, d22, is created from /dev/dsk/c0t2d0s0. (This slice must be the same size or greater than that of d21) The metainit command with the -m option creates the one-way mirror d20 using the concatenation containing root (/). Next, the metaroot command edits the /etc/vfstab and /etc/system files so that the system may be booted with the root file system (/) on a volume. (It is a good idea to run lockfs -fa before rebooting.) After a reboot, the submirror d22 is attached to the mirror, causing a mirror resync. (The system verifies that the concatenations and the mirror are set up, and that submirror d22 is attached.) The ls -l

command is run on the root raw device to determine the path to the alternate root device in

case the system needs to be booted from it.

Creating a RAID5 Volume - (RAID 5) A RAID5 volume uses storage capacity equivalent to one slice in the volume to store redundant information about user data stored on the remainder of the RAID5 volume's slices. The redundant information is distributed across all slices in the volume. Like a mirror, a RAID5 volume increases data availability, but with a minimum of cost in terms of hardware. The system must contain at least three state database replicas before you can create RAID5 volumes. A RAID5 volume can only handle a single slice failure. Follow the 20-percent rule when creating a RAID5 volume: because of the complexity of parity calculations, volumes with greater than about 20 percent writes should probably not be RAID5 volumes. If data redundancy is needed, consider mirroring. There are drawbacks to a slice-heavy RAID5 volume: the more slices a RAID5 volume contains, the longer read and write operations will take if a slice fails. A RAID5 volume must consist of at least three slices. A RAID5 volume can be grown by concatenating additional slices to the volume. The new slices do not store parity information, however they are parity protected. The resulting RAID5 volume continues to handle a single slice failure. The interlace value is key to RAID5 performance. It is configurable at the time the volume is created; thereafter, the value cannot be modified. The default interlace value is 16 Kbytes. This is reasonable for most applications. Use the same size disk slices. Creating a RAID5 volume from different size slices results in unused disk space in the volume. Do not create a RAID5 volume from a slice that contains an existing file system. Doing so will erase the data during the RAID5 initialization process. RAID5 volumes cannot be striped, concatenated, or mirrored. 1. The following example creates a RAID 5 volume using 3 slices that will be named /dev/md/rdsk/d3 with the metainit command. Of the twelve disks available in the D1000 Disk Array, I will be using slices c1t4d0s7, c2t4d0s7, and c1t5d0s7 as follows:

2. # metainit d3 -r c1t4d0s7 c2t4d0s7 c1t5d0s7 d3: RAID is setup

Let's explain the details of the above example. The RAID5 volume d3 is created with the -r option from three slices. Because no interlace is specified, d3 uses the default of 16 Kbytes. The system verifies that the RAID5 volume has been set up, and begins initializing the volume. 3. Use the metastat command to query your new RAID5 volumes. After running the above command, the volume will go through an initialization state. This may take several minutes to complete. When using the metastat command, you will be able to view how far of the initialization is completed. You must wait for the initialization to finish before you can use the new RAID5 volume. The following screenshot shows the RAID5 volume during its initialization phase: 4. # metastat d3 5. d3: RAID 6. State: Initializing 7. Initialization in progress: 32.0% done 8. Interlace: 32 blocks 9. Size: 35331849 blocks (16 GB) 10.Original device: 11. Size: 35334720 blocks (16 GB) 12. Device Start Block Dbase State Reloc Spare 13. c1t4d0s7 11103 Yes Initializing Yes 14. c2t4d0s7 11103 Yes Initializing Yes 15. c1t5d0s7 11103 Yes Initializing Yes 16. 17.Device Relocation Information: 18.Device Reloc Device ID 19.c1t4d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJP248260000194511NU 20.c2t4d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJP1841500002945H5FE c1t5d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJE34597000029290C8N

Hot

When the disks within the RAID5 volume are completed with their initialization phase, this is what it will look like: # metastat d3 d3: RAID State: Okay Interlace: 32 blocks Size: 35331849 blocks (16 GB) Original device: Size: 35334720 blocks (16 GB) Device Start Block Dbase Spare c1t4d0s7 11103 Yes c2t4d0s7 11103 Yes c1t5d0s7 11103 Yes

State Reloc Okay Okay Okay

Yes Yes Yes

Hot

Device Relocation Information: Device Reloc Device ID c1t4d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJP248260000194511NU c2t4d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJP1841500002945H5FE c1t5d0 Yes id1,sd@SSEAGATE_ST39102LCSUN9.0GLJE34597000029290C8N

21. Now that we have created our RAID5 volume, we can now pretend that the volume is a big partition (slice) on which we can do the usual file system things. Let's now create a UFS file system using the newfs command. I want to create a UFS file system with an 8KB block size: 22.# newfs -i 8192 /dev/md/rdsk/d3 23.newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d3: (y/n)? y 24.Warning: 1 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated 25./dev/md/rdsk/d3: 35331848 sectors in 9839 cylinders of 27 tracks, 133 sectors 26. 17251.9MB in 615 cyl groups (16 c/g, 28.05MB/g, 3392 i/g) 27.super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 28. 32, 57632, 115232, 172832, 230432, 288032, 345632, 403232, 460832, 518432, 29.Initializing cylinder groups: 30............. 31.super-block backups for last 10 cylinder groups at: 32. 34765088, 34822688, 34880288, 34933280, 34990880, 35048480, 35106080, 35163680, 35221280, 35278880,

33. Finally, we mount the file system on /db3 as follows: 34.# mkdir /db3 # mount -F ufs /dev/md/dsk/d3 /db3

35. To ensure that this new file system is mounted each time the machine is started, insert the following line into you /etc/vfstab file (all on one line with tabs separating the fields): /dev/md/dsk/d3 yes -

/dev/md/rdsk/d3

/db3

ufs

2

Creating a Hot Spare

Removing Volumes - (Using Solaris 9 Volume Manager Commands) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Overview Examining the Disks In Our Example Removing a State Database Replica Removing a Stripe - (RAID 0) Removing a Concatenation - (RAID 0) Removing Mirrors - (RAID 1) o Unmirror a File System that Can be Unmounted o Unmirror a File System that Cannot be Unmounted o Unmirror swap o Unmirror root (/) 7. Removing a RAID5 Volume - (RAID 5) 8. Removing a Hot Spare Overview This article provides a comprehensive overview for removing Volume Manager components (volumes, disk sets, state database replicas, hot spare pools) using the Solaris 9 Volume Manager command-line tools. Most of the information can also be found in the "Solaris 9 Volume Manager Administration Guide" (Part No: 816-4519-10, April 2003). Examining the Disks In Our Example This article is all about providing definitions and examples of Volume Manager's command line tools. If you followed the examples in the article, "Creating Volumes - (Using Solaris 9 Volume Manager Commands)", most of the disk configuration described below should already exist. For all examples in this document, I will be utilizing a Sun Blade 150 connected to a Sun StorEdge D1000 Disk Array containing twelve 9GB / 10000 RPM / UltraSCSI disk drives for a total disk array capacity of 108GB. The disk array is connected to the Sun Blade 150 using a Dual Differential Ultra/Wide SCSI (X6541A) Host Adapter. In the Sun StorEdge D1000 Disk Array, the system identifies the drives as follows: Controller 1 c1t0d0 - (d0)

Controller 2 c2t0d0 - (d0)

c1t1d0

-

(d0)

c2t1d0

-

(d1)

c1t2d0

-

(d1)

c2t2d0

-

(d1)

c1t3d0

-

(d20)

c2t3d0

-

(d20)

c1t4d0

-

(d3)

c2t4d0

-

(d3)

c1t5d0

-

(d3)

c2t5d0

-

(d4)

d0 : RAID 0 - Stripe d1 : RAID 0 - Concatenation d20 : RAID 1 - Mirror d3 : RAID 5 d4 : Hot Spare Removing a State Database Replica # metadb -d c2t4d0s7 The -d deletes all replicas

that are located on the specified slice. The /etc/lvm/mddb.cf file is automatically updated with the new information. To remove ALL of the database replica with one command, you will need to use the -f option. The following example will remove all database state replicas from all twelve drives: # metadb -f -d /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s7 /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 /dev/dsk/c2t0d0s7 /dev/dsk/c2t3d0s7

/dev/dsk/c1t1d0s7 /dev/dsk/c1t4d0s7 /dev/dsk/c2t1d0s7 /dev/dsk/c2t4d0s7

/dev/dsk/c1t2d0s7 \ /dev/dsk/c1t5d0s7 \ /dev/dsk/c2t2d0s7 \ /dev/dsk/c2t5d0s7

Removing a Stripe - (RAID 0) The process for removing a RAID 0 Striped Volume is fairly easy and straightforward. The same method can be used for a concatenated and RAID 5 volumes as well. The following example unmounts the file system from the mount point, /db0, and then uses the metaclear command to permanently remove the volume from the system. Keep in mind that this example will remove the volume d0 from the system and all data stored on it! 1. First unmount the file system: # umount /db0

2. Next, remove the entry you made to the /etc/vfstab file for automatically mounting the /dev/md/dsk/d0 volume: /dev/md/dsk/d0 yes -

/dev/md/rdsk/d0

/db0

ufs

2

3. Now remove the directory (/db0) that was used to mount the file system: # rmdir /db0

4. Finally, to remove the striped volume, use the metaclear command as follows: 5. # metaclear d0 d0: Concat/Stripe is cleared

6. You can now use the metastat command to verify that the striped volume was removed: 7. # metastat d0 metastat: alex: d0: unit not set up

Removing a Concatenation - (RAID 0) The process for removing a Concatenated Volume is fairly easy and straightforward. The same method can be used for a RAID 0 striped or RAID 5 volume as well. The following example unmounts the file system from the mount point, /db1, and then uses the metaclear command to permanently remove the volume from the system. Keep in mind that this example will remove the volume d1 from the system and all data stored on it! 1. First unmount the file system: # umount /db1

2. Next, remove the entry you made to the /etc/vfstab file for automatically mounting the /dev/md/dsk/d1 volume: /dev/md/dsk/d1 yes -

/dev/md/rdsk/d1

/db1

ufs

2

3. Now remove the directory (/db1) that was used to mount the file system: # rmdir /db1

4. Finally, to remove the concatenated volume, use the metaclear command as follows: 5. # metaclear d1 d1: Concat/Stripe is cleared

6. You can now use the metastat command to verify that the concatenated volume was removed. Notice that the d1 volume no longer exists: 7. # metastat d1 metastat: alex: d1: unit not set up

Removing a Mirror - (RAID 1) This section will contain the following four examples for unmirroring / removing mirrors: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Unmirror a File System that Can be Unmounted Unmirror a File System that Cannot be Unmounted Unmirror swap Unmirror root (/)

Unmirror a File System that Can be Unmounted The process for unmirroring a regular file system (one that can be unmounted) is fairly easy and straightforward. In this example, I have a two-way mirrored volume named d20. It consists of two submirrors d21 and d22. This two-way mirror was created from an already existing UFS file system mounted on /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7. For the purpose of this example, I want to unmirror the file system while preserving the data, remove all volumes that were involved in the mirrored volume, and return the file system back to normal to where it existed; mounted on /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7. The following example unmounts the file system (/db20) from the mirrored volume, d20. We then need to detach both submirrors (d21 and d22) from the mirror using the metadetach command. Finally, we use the metaclear command to permanently remove all volume components from the system. Keep in mind that this example will remove the mirrored volume d20 (plus the submirrors d21 and d22) but will preserve the data that exists on /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 - it just will not be mirrored! 1. First unmount the file system: # umount /db20

2. Next, remove the entry (or comment it out) you made to the /etc/vfstab file for automatically mounting the /dev/md/dsk/d20 volume. Then put the entry that mounted the /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 slice / file system back in the /etc/vfstab file that mounted it to /db20: 3. /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 yes # /dev/md/dsk/d20 yes -

/dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s7

/db20

ufs

2

/dev/md/rdsk/d20

/db20

ufs

2

4. Now lets check the mirror (d20) to determine how many submirrors it contains and what their names are: 5. # metastat d20 6. d20: Mirror 7. Submirror 0: d21 8. State: Okay 9. Submirror 1: d22 10. State: Okay 11. Pass: 1 12. Read option: roundrobin (default) 13. Write option: parallel (default) 14. Size: 17470215 blocks 15. 16.d21: Submirror of d20 17. State: Okay 18. Size: 17470215 blocks 19. Stripe 0:

20.

Device

Start Block

21. c1t3d0s7 22. 23. 24.d22: Submirror of d20 25. State: Okay 26. Size: 17470215 blocks 27. Stripe 0: 28. Device Spare c2t3d0s7

3591

Spare

Start Block 3591

Dbase State Yes

Okay

Dbase State Yes

Hot

Hot

Okay

29. To remove the mirror volume and submirrors, use the metadetach and metaclear commands as follows: 30.# metadetach d20 d22 31.d20: submirror d22 is detached 32. 33.# metadetach d20 d21 34.metadetach: alex: d20: attempt to detach last running submirror 35. 36.# metaclear d22 37.d22: Concat/Stripe is cleared 38. 39.# metaclear d20 40.d20: Mirror is cleared 41. 42.# metaclear d21 d21: Concat/Stripe is cleared

43. You can now use the metastat command to verify that the mirrored and contactenated volumes were removed: 44.# metastat d20 d21 d22 45.metastat: alex: d20: unit not set up 46. 47.metastat: alex: d21: unit not set up 48. metastat: alex: d22: unit not set up

49. You should now be able to mount the file system on /dev/dsk/c1t3d0s7 back to /db20. Keep in mind, that all data has been preserved, but will no longer be mirrored. # mount /db20

Unmirror a File System that Cannot be Unmounted The process for unmirroring a file system (one that cannot be unmounted) is fairly easy and straightforward. Keep in mind that this process can be used for the /usr, /opt, var, and swap file systems. In this example, I will unmirror the /usr file system. The twist here is that the /usr file system (just like /opt and swap) cannot be unmounted during normal system usage. The /usr file system is currently mounted on a two-way mirrored volume named d20 that

consists of two submirrors d21 and d22. Before I created this two-way mirror for the /usr file system, the file system was mounted on the slice /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6. For the purpose of this example, I want to unmirror the file system while preserving the data for the /usr file system, remove all volumes that were involved in the mirrored volume, and return the file system back to normal to where it existed; mounted on /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6. The second part of the mirror (submirror2) is /dev/dsk/c2t3d0s7 and will be made available for other uses after it is no longer part of the mirror. 1. First, run the metastat command to verify that at least one submirror is in the "Okay" state. 2. # metastat d20 3. d20: Mirror 4. Submirror 0: d21 5. State: Okay 6. Submirror 1: d22 7. State: Okay 8. Pass: 1 9. Read option: roundrobin (default) 10. Write option: parallel (default) 11. Size: 16781040 blocks 12. 13.d21: Submirror of d20 14. State: Okay 15. Size: 16781040 blocks 16. Stripe 0: 17. Device Start Block Spare 18. c0t0d0s6 0 19. 20. 21.d22: Submirror of d20 22. State: Okay 23. Size: 17470215 blocks 24. Stripe 0: 25. Device Start Block Spare c2t3d0s7 3591

Dbase State No

Hot

Okay

Dbase State Yes

Hot

Okay

26. Next, run the metadetach command on the mirror that contains the /usr file system. In this case, I will detach d22 to make a one-way mirror: 27.# metadetach d20 d22 d20: submirror d22 is detached

28. Next, remove the entry (or comment it out) you made to the /etc/vfstab file for automatically mounting the /dev/md/dsk/d20 volume. Then put the entry that mounted the /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 slice back in the /etc/vfstab file that mounted it to /usr. Keep in mind that this step can be used for /usr, /opt, var, and swap file systems. For the root / file system, you would use the metaroot command. 29./dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 no -

/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6

/usr

ufs

1

# /dev/md/dsk/d20 /dev/md/rdsk/d20 no -

/usr

ufs

1

30. Reboot the system # reboot

31. To remove the mirror volume and submirrors, use the metaclear command as follows: 32.# metaclear -r d20 33.d20: Mirror is cleared 34.d21: Concat/Stripe is cleared 35. 36.# metaclear d22 d22: Concat/Stripe is cleared

37. You can now use the metastat command to verify that the mirrored and contactenated volume were removed: 38.# metastat d20 d21 d22 39.metastat: alex: d20: unit not set up 40. 41.metastat: alex: d21: unit not set up 42. metastat: alex: d22: unit not set up

Unmirror swap The process for unmirroring the swap file system (one that cannot be unmounted) is fairly easy and straightforward. Keep in mind that this process can be used for the /usr, /opt, var, and swap file systems. In this example, I will unmirror the swap file system. The twist here is that the swap file system (just like /opt and /var) cannot be unmounted during normal system usage. The swap file system is currently mounted on a two-way mirrored volume named d20 that consists of two submirrors d21 and d22. Before I created this two-way mirror for the swap file system, the file system was mounted on the slice /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3. For the purpose of this example, I want to unmirror the swap file system, remove all volumes that were involved in the mirrored volume, and return the file system back to normal to where it existed; mounted on /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3. The second part of the mirror (submirror2) is /dev/dsk/c2t3d0s7 and will be made available for other uses after it is no longer part of the mirror. 1. First, run the metastat command to verify that at least one submirror is in the "Okay" state. 2. # metastat d20 3. d20: Mirror 4. Submirror 0: d21 5. State: Okay 6. Submirror 1: d22 7. State: Okay 8. Pass: 1 9. Read option: roundrobin (default)

10. Write option: parallel (default) 11. Size: 2101200 blocks 12. 13.d21: Submirror of d20 14. State: Okay 15. Size: 2101200 blocks 16. Stripe 0: 17. Device Start Block Spare 18. c0t0d0s3 0 19. 20. 21.d22: Submirror of d20 22. State: Okay 23. Size: 17470215 blocks 24. Stripe 0: 25. Device Start Block Spare c2t3d0s7 3591

Dbase State No

Hot

Okay

Dbase State Yes

Hot

Okay

26. Next, run the metadetach command on the mirror that contains the swap file system. In this case, I will detach d22 to make a one-way mirror: 27.# metadetach d20 d22 d20: submirror d22 is detached

28. Next, remove the entry (or comment it out) you made to the /etc/vfstab file for automatically mounting the /dev/md/dsk/d20 volume. Then put the entry that mounted the /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 slice back in the /etc/vfstab file that mounted it to /usr. Keep in mind that this step can be used for /usr, /opt, var, and swap file systems. For the root / file system, you would use the metaroot command. 29./dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 # /dev/md/dsk/d20

-

-

swap swap

-

no no

30. Reboot the system # reboot

31. Verify that the swap file system is mounted on the original slice /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3: 32.# swap -l 33.swapfile /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3

dev swaplo blocks free 136,3 16 2101184 2101184

34. To remove the mirror volume and submirrors, use the metaclear command as follows: 35.# metaclear -r d20 36.d20: Mirror is cleared 37.d21: Concat/Stripe is cleared 38. 39.# metaclear d22 d22: Concat/Stripe is cleared

-

40. You can now use the metastat command to verify that the mirrored and contactenated volume were removed: 41.# metastat d20 d21 d22 42.metastat: alex: d20: unit not set up 43. 44.metastat: alex: d21: unit not set up 45. metastat: alex: d22: unit not set up Unmirror root (/)

The process for unmirroring the root file system (keeping in mind that it cannot be unmounted) is fairly easy and straightforward. Keep in mind that this process is very similar to that used for the /usr, /opt, var, and swap file systems. In this example, I will unmirror the root (/) file system. The twist here is that the root file system (just like /opt and swap) cannot be unmounted during normal system usage. The root file system is currently mounted on a two-way mirrored volume named d20 that consists of two submirrors d21 and d22. Before I created this two-way mirror for the root file system, the file system was mounted on the slice /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0. For the purpose of this example, I want to unmirror the file system while preserving the data for the root file system, remove all volumes that were involved in the mirrored volume, and return the file system back to normal to where it existed; mounted on /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0. The second part of the mirror (submirror2) is /dev/dsk/c0t2d0s0 and will be made available for other uses after it is no longer part of the mirror. 1. First, run the metastat command to verify that at least one submirror is in the "Okay" state. 2. # metastat d20 3. d20: Mirror 4. Submirror 0: d21 5. State: Okay 6. Submirror 1: d22 7. State: Okay 8. Pass: 1 9. Read option: roundrobin (default) 10. Write option: parallel (default) 11. Size: 4198320 blocks 12. 13.d21: Submirror of d20 14. State: Okay 15. Size: 4198320 blocks 16. Stripe 0: 17. Device Start Block Spare 18. c0t0d0s0 0 19. 20. 21.d22: Submirror of d20 22. State: Okay 23. Size: 10489680 blocks 24. Stripe 0: 25. Device Start Block Spare

Dbase State No

Hot

Okay

Dbase State

Hot

c0t2d0s0

0

No

Okay

26. Next, run the metadetach command on the mirror that contains the root file system. In this case, I will detach d22 to make a one-way mirror: 27.# metadetach d20 d22 d20: submirror d22 is detached

28. The metaroot command is then run, using the rootslice that the system is going to boot from. This edits the /etc/system and /etc/vfstab files to remove information specifying the mirroring of root (/): # metaroot /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0

29. Reboot the system # reboot

30. To remove the mirror volume and submirrors, use the metaclear command as follows: 31.# metaclear -r d20 32.d20: Mirror is cleared 33.d21: Concat/Stripe is cleared 34. 35.# metaclear d22 d22: Concat/Stripe is cleared

36. You can now use the metastat command to verify that the mirrored and contactenated volume were removed: 37.# metastat d20 d21 d22 38.metastat: alex: d20: unit not set up 39. 40.metastat: alex: d21: unit not set up 41. metastat: alex: d22: unit not set up

Removing a RAID5 Volume - (RAID 5) The process for removing a RAID5 Volume is fairly easy and straightforward. The same method can be used for a sriped and concatenated volume as well. The following example unmounts the file system from the newly created volume, /d3, and then uses the metaclear command to permanently remove the volume from the system. Keep in mind that this example will remove the volume /d3 from the system and all data stored on it! 1. First unmount the file system: # umount /db3

2. Next, remove the entry you made to the /etc/vfstab file for automatically mounting the /dev/md/dsk/d0 volume: /dev/md/dsk/d3 yes -

/dev/md/rdsk/d3

/db3

ufs

2

3. Now remove the directory (/db3) that was used to mount the file system: # rmdir /db3

4. Finally, to remove the RAID5 volume, use the metaclear command as follows: 5. # metaclear d3 d3: RAID is cleared

6. You can now use the metastat command to verify that the RAID5 volume was removed: 7. # metastat d3 metastat: alex: d3: unit not set up

Removing a Hot Spare

Adding SCSI Host Adapter (X6541A) into a Blade 100/150 by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview A Sun Blade 100/150 can accept the following PCI SCSI host adapters: Option # Top Level Part # Manufacturing Part # Description

Substitute Part #

X1032A 595-4258

501-5656

Single-Ended Ultra/Wide SCSI/FastEthernet (SunSwift 501-2741 PCI)

X2222A 595-5624

501-5727

Dual Ultra-2 SCSI/Dual FastEthernet PCI Adapter

X5010A 595-5377

375-0097

Single-Channel Single-Ended n/a Ultra/Wide SCSI (PCI)

X6540A 595-4399

375-0005

Dual Single-Ended Ultra/Wide SCSI (PCI)

X6541A 595-4414

375-0006

Dual Differential Ultra/Wide n/a SCSI (PCI)

n/a

n/a

In this article I will be documenting the steps for installing and configuring a Dual Differential Ultra/Wide SCSI (PCI) host adapter (X6541A) in a Sun Blade 150 running Solaris 8. The above host adapters are designed to be installed in SPARC systems running at least Solaris 2.5.1 Hardware:4/97 operating system.

The host adapters support up to 15 targets on each SCSI bus. Installing the Dual Differential Ultra/Wide SCSI (PCI) The following section documents the steps necessary to install a Dual Differential Ultra/Wide SCSI (PCI) (X6541A) in a Sun Blade 150. 1. Check OS version Check the file /etc/release to ensure you are running Solaris 2.5.1 or higher. # cat /etc/release Solaris 8 2/02 s28s_u7wos_08a SPARC Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Assembled 18 December 2001

2. Exit the OS and power down the system Use either the shutdown command (if this is a server with active users that should be warned) or init 0 (if this is a stand along server). When at the ok prompt power down the system. 3. Unpack host adapter The following items should be included with your host adapter package: 1. PCI UltraSCSI host adapter 2. 2 meter UltraSCSI-compliant cable 3. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) kit 4. Open the computer 5. Attach the wrist strap Attach the wrist strap between your wrist and a metal part of the system chassis. 6. Disconnect power cord from computer 7. Remove the filler panel for the desired slot In most cases this will be just one screw to remove in order to remove the filler panel for the desired PCI slot. 8. Make sure that the switches and jumpers are correctly set. For the single-ended host adapter, confirm the following settings: o o

Make sure that all elements of switches U1 and U2 are off. Make sure that jumper TP9 is open.

For the differential host adapter, confirm the following settings: o

Make sure that all jumpers (TP1, TP2, TP3, TP5, TP6) are open. 2. Install the host adapter Install the host adapter into the PCI slot in your system. Ensure to secure the card in with the screw used in the removed filler panel. Using excessive force can bend or damage the pins. 3.

Close up system

Close up the system and remove the anti-static wrist strap. 4. 5.

Reconnect power cable Connect the SCSI cables

Connect the SCSI cable to your newly installed SCSI host adapter and then to the SCSI peripheral(s). 6.

Power on peripherals / system

Power on your peripherals and then your system. NOTE: If your system starts to reboot, interrupt the reboot process by pressing the Stop and A keys together. If this is not possible, allow the system to complete the boot process and then bring the system to the ok prompt by using init 0. 7.

Make sure the host adapter is recognized by the system

Use the probe-scsi-all command to display the SCSI devices connected to your system. For example: ok probe-scsi-all /pci@1f,2000/scsi@2 Target 8 Unit 0 Disk SEAGATE ST34371W SUN4.2G8254 /pci@1f,2000/scsi@2,1 Target 1 Unit 0 Disk SEAGATE ST34371W SUN4.2G8254

In the example, the first SCSI port (scsi@2) has one disk drive connected (target 8). The second SCSI port (scsi@2,1) also has one disk drive connected (target 1). 8.

Reboot your system (using the -r option)

ok boot -r

9.

Test the installation with SunVTS

You can use the SunVTS diagnostic program exercise your system to verify the functionality, reliability, and configuration of the new host adapter card. It is recommended to run the SunVTS program before attempting to utilize the new host adapter for any applications. The SunVTS program needs to be run as the root userid. # su

Bring up the SunVTS program (GUI Window): # /opt/SUNWvts/bin/sunvts

1. Select a disk drive (any disk) that is attached to the host adapter card you just installed. 2. Start the test by hitting the "Start" button. 3. Verify that no errors have occurred by checking the SunVTS status window. 4. If no problems occur, stop SunVTS by hitting the "Stop" button and exit from the SunVTS application. Your host adapter card is ready to run applications!

Adding Second IDE Hard Drive into a Blade 100/150 by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator There are seven steps, all relatively easy. 1. Install the physical hard drive. Basic instructions are in the Sun Blade 100/150 Service Manual, available from the Sun website: o Sun Blade 100 Service Manual - (Section 7.3.3, page 7-7) o Sun Blade 150 Service Manual - (Section 7.3.3, page 7-8) 2. Reboot the machine and get to the ok prompt. In most cases, you can just init 0. (Ignore error messages about a bad label on the disk, if any) 3. At the ok prompt, probe the new IDE device using probe-ide then reboot the system using the rescan option "-r" as show in the following example: 4. ok probe-ide 5. This command may hang the system if a Stop-A or halt command 6. has been executed. Please type reset-all to reset the system 7. before executing this command. 8. Do you wish to continue? (y/n) y 9. Device 0 ( Primary Master ) 10. ATA Model: WDC WD400BB-22DEA0

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Device 1 ( Primary Slave ) Removable ATAPI Model: LTN486S Device 2

( Secondary Master ) ATA Model: WDC WD400BB-22DEA0

Device 3 ( Secondary Slave ) Not Present ok boot -r

21. Next is to partition the disk. Under Solaris, the command to partition disks is: format. This is an interactive tool similar to FDISK under MS-DOS. In most cases, you will be allocating all available space to one partition. If this is the case, simply allocate all cylinders to a partition on slice 7 of the disk. You will also see that slice 2 is already labeled "backup". You can just leave this as is. When the partition table is ready, then write the table to disk and label the disk. Labeling the disk can also be done within the interactive format session. 22. Put a UFS filesystem on the disk using the newfs command. The device name should be /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s7 if you partitioned as above. # newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s7

23. Create a mount point that will be used to mount the new disk somewhere in you current filesystem. For example, if you wanted to mount the new disk on /db2: # mkdir /db2

24. Edit /etc/vfstab and add a line for the new filesystem. It should look like this (all one line with tabs separating the fields): 25.#device device mount mount mount 26.#to mount to fsck point at boot options 27.# 28.#/dev/dsk/c1d0s2 /dev/rdsk/c1d0s2 /usr yes 29.fd /dev/fd fd no 30./proc /proc proc no 31./dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 swap 32./dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 no 33./dev/md/dsk/d0 /dev/md/rdsk/d0 /db0 ufs 34./dev/md/dsk/d1 /dev/md/rdsk/d1 /db1 ufs 35./dev/dsk/c0t2d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s7 yes swap /tmp tmpfs yes

This will mount the filesystem to /db2 at boot time.

FS

fsck

type

pass

ufs

1

/

no ufs

1

yes yes ufs

-

2 2 /db2 -

2

That's it! It doesn't take long. The hardest part is getting the drive installed into the chassis without damaging all the various cables.

To check your disk configuration use the format command. In the example below, I include settings on a Sun Blade 150 configured with two 40GB IDE disks. First login as the root userid and perform the following. Notice that by convention, slice 2 is always used as a backup partition and is always the size of the entire disk. # format Searching for disks...done AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c0t0d0 <WDC WD400BB-22DEA0 cyl 19156 alt 2 hd 16 sec 255> /pci@1f,0/ide@d/dad@0,0 1. c0t2d0 <WDC WD400BB-22DEA0 cyl 19156 alt 2 hd 16 sec 255> /pci@1f,0/ide@d/dad@2,0 Specify disk (enter its number): 0 selecting c0t0d0 [disk formatted, no defect list found] Warning: Current Disk has mounted partitions. format> verify Primary label contents: Volume name = < > ascii name = <WDC WD400BB-22DEA0 cyl 19156 alt 2 hd 16 sec 255> pcyl = 19158 ncyl = 19156 acyl = 2 nhead = 16 nsect = 255 Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 root wm 0 - 18640 36.27GB (18641/0/0) 76055280 1 swap wu 18641 - 19155 1.00GB (515/0/0) 2101200 2 backup wm 0 - 19155 37.27GB (19156/0/0) 78156480 3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 format> disk AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c0t0d0 <WDC WD400BB-22DEA0 cyl 19156 alt 2 hd 16 sec 255> /pci@1f,0/ide@d/dad@0,0 1. c0t2d0 <WDC WD400BB-22DEA0 cyl 19156 alt 2 hd 16 sec 255> /pci@1f,0/ide@d/dad@2,0 Specify disk (enter its number)[0]: 1

selecting c0t2d0 [disk formatted, no defect list found] Warning: Current Disk has mounted partitions. format> verify Primary label contents: Volume name = < > ascii name = <WDC WD400BB-22DEA0 cyl 19156 alt 2 hd 16 sec 255> pcyl = 19158 ncyl = 19156 acyl = 2 nhead = 16 nsect = 255 Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 1 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 2 backup wm 0 - 19155 37.27GB (19156/0/0) 78156480 3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 7 unassigned wm 0 - 19155 37.27GB (19156/0/0) 78156480

Partition Examples - (Sun) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview This document provides several example disk-partitioning examples that can be used for installing Sun Solaris on. Along with each partitioning example, I provide the filesystems mounted on those partitions. Example #1 /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 swap /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /usr ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 /var ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 /opt ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /db ufs swap /tmp tmpfs Volume name = < > ascii name = <ST315310A cyl 29649 alt 2 hd 16 sec 63> pcyl = 29651 ncyl = 29649 acyl = 2 nhead = 16 nsect = 63 Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size

Blocks

0 root 307440 1 var 1024128 2 backup 29886192 3 swap 4195296 4 unassigned 0 5 usr 3072384 6 usr 3072384 7 usr 18214560

wm

0 -

304

150.12MB

(305/0/0)

wm

305 -

1320

500.06MB

(1016/0/0)

0 - 29648

14.25GB

(29649/0/0)

2.00GB

(4162/0/0)

0

(0/0/0)

wm wu

1321 -

5482

wm

0

wm

5483 -

8530

1.47GB

(3048/0/0)

wm

8531 - 11578

1.47GB

(3048/0/0)

wm

11579 - 29648

8.69GB

(18070/0/0)

Example #2 /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 swap /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 /usr ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 /var ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4 /opt ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /db ufs swap /tmp tmpfs Volume name = < > ascii name = <ST320011A cyl 38790 alt 2 hd 16 sec 63> pcyl = 38792 ncyl = 38790 acyl = 2 nhead = 16 nsect = 63 Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 root wm 2 306 150.12MB (305/0/0) 307440 1 var wm 307 - 2338 1000.12MB (2032/0/0) 2048256 2 backup wm 0 - 38789 18.64GB (38790/0/0) 39100320 3 swap wm 2339 - 6500 2.00GB (4162/0/0) 4195296 4 usr wm 6501 - 9548 1.47GB (3048/0/0) 3072384 5 usr wm 9549 - 12596 1.47GB (3048/0/0) 3072384 6 usr wm 12597 - 38789 12.59GB (26193/0/0) 26402544 7 unassigned wm 0 1 0.98MB (2/0/0) 2016

Example #3 /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3

swap

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4 /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 swap /dev/dsk/c0t2d0s7 Disk 1

/ /usr /var /opt /db /tmp /image

ufs ufs ufs ufs ufs tmpfs ufs

Volume name = < > ascii name = <ST320011A cyl 38790 alt 2 hd 16 sec 63> pcyl = 38792 ncyl = 38790 acyl = 2 nhead = 16 nsect = 63 Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 root wm 2 306 150.12MB (305/0/0) 307440 1 var wm 307 - 2338 1000.12MB (2032/0/0) 2048256 2 backup wm 0 - 38789 18.64GB (38790/0/0) 39100320 3 swap wm 2339 - 6500 2.00GB (4162/0/0) 4195296 4 usr wm 6501 - 9548 1.47GB (3048/0/0) 3072384 5 usr wm 9549 - 12596 1.47GB (3048/0/0) 3072384 6 usr wm 12597 - 38789 12.59GB (26193/0/0) 26402544 7 unassigned wm 0 1 0.98MB (2/0/0) 2016 Disk 2 Volume name = < > ascii name = <ST3120022A cyl 57459 alt 2 hd 16 sec 255> pcyl = 57461 ncyl = 57459 acyl = 2 nhead = 16 nsect = 255 Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 1 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 2 backup wu 0 - 57458 111.79GB (57459/0/0) 234432720 3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0

6 unassigned

wm

0

7 unassigned 234432720

wm

0 - 57458

0

0 111.79GB

(0/0/0) (57459/0/0)

Determining Disk Throughput - (Sun) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview This document provides several example on how to test and determine disk throughput. Write Example #1 Here is an easy solution to determine the time (and throughput) on how long it would take to write 1GB of data to a file. Keep in mind that you will also want to perform (and time) a sync after the write has completed: # rm -f /u07/app/test/gigfile # sync; time dd ibs=1048576 obs=1048576 count=1024 if=/dev/zero of=/u07/app/test/gigfile 1024+0 records in 1024+0 records out real user sys

0m36.41s 0m13.36s 0m17.73s

# time sync real 0m0.15s user 0m0.00s sys 0m0.04s

From the above, we can estimate that I am getting roughly 28.01 MB/sec. 1024 MB / (36.41 + 0.15) (s) = 28.01 MB/sec.

NFS a Remote File System on Solaris by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator This short article demonstrates how to mount a remote file system on Solaris. Before getting into the details, you must be logged into Solaris as the root user account. The syntax to mount a remote file system using NFS is as follows: mount -F nfs <mount point>

The following example will mount the file system /share2 located on the host cartman to the mount point /cartman: mount -F nfs cartman:/share2 /cartman

You can also enable the above mount command to occur on each startup of the system, you can insert the following line into your /etc/vfstab file: #device device mount FS fsck mount #to mount to fsck point type pass options # fd /dev/fd fd no /proc /proc proc no # # ---------------------------------------------# DEFINE THE swap PARTITION # ---------------------------------------------/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 swap no # # ---------------------------------------------# MOUNT THE root PARTITION # ---------------------------------------------/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs no # # ---------------------------------------------# MOUNT THE swap PARTITION # ---------------------------------------------swap /tmp tmpfs yes # # ---------------------------------------------# MOUNT /u01 # ---------------------------------------------/dev/dsk/c0t2d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s7 /u01 ufs yes # # ---------------------------------------------# MOUNT /cartman VIA NFS # ---------------------------------------------cartman:/share2 /cartman yes rw,soft # # ---------------------------------------------# THE ENTRIES BELOW ARE FOR THE (D1000) EXAMPLES # ---------------------------------------------/dev/md/dsk/d0 /dev/md/rdsk/d0 /db0 ufs 2 yes # # -- ALL ORACLE DATA FILES # /dev/md/dsk/d0 /dev/md/rdsk/d0 /db0 ufs 2 # -- ORACLE CONTROL and ONLINE REDO LOG FILES # /dev/md/dsk/d1 /dev/md/rdsk/d1 /u03 ufs 2 # /dev/md/dsk/d2 /dev/md/rdsk/d2 /u04 ufs 2 # /dev/md/dsk/d3 /dev/md/rdsk/d3 /u05 ufs 2

mount at boot

-

1

2

nfs

yes yes yes yes

-

Sample /etc/vfstab File - (Solaris) by Jeffrey Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator There are many times that I need a sample /etc/vfstab around just as a reference when configuring a new Solaris machine - and here is one: #device device mount FS fsck mount #to mount to fsck point type pass options # fd /dev/fd fd no /proc /proc proc no # # --------------------------------------------------------# DEFINE THE swap PARTITION # --------------------------------------------------------/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 swap no # # --------------------------------------------------------# MOUNT THE root PARTITION # --------------------------------------------------------/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs no # # --------------------------------------------------------# MOUNT THE swap PARTITION # --------------------------------------------------------swap /tmp tmpfs yes # # --------------------------------------------------------# MOUNT /cartman VIA NFS # --------------------------------------------------------cartman:/share2 /cartman yes rw,soft # # --------------------------------------------------------# MOUNT /u01 # --------------------------------------------------------/dev/dsk/c0t2d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s7 /u01 2 yes # # --------------------------------------------------------# CONTROL 1 / REDO G1 M1 / REDO G2 M1 / REDO G3 M1 # # metainit d0 1 1 c1t0d0s7 -i 32k # --------------------------------------------------------/dev/md/dsk/d0 /dev/md/rdsk/d0 /u03 2 yes -

mount at boot

-

1

nfs

ufs

ufs

# # --------------------------------------------------------# CONTROL 2 / REDO G1 M2 / REDO G2 M2 / REDO G3 M2 # # metainit d1 1 1 c2t0d0s7 -i 32k # --------------------------------------------------------/dev/md/dsk/d1 /dev/md/rdsk/d1 /u04 ufs 2 yes # # --------------------------------------------------------# CONTROL 3 / REDO G1 M3 / REDO G2 M3 / REDO G3 M3 # # metainit d2 1 1 c1t1d0s7 -i 32k # --------------------------------------------------------/dev/md/dsk/d2 /dev/md/rdsk/d2 /u05 ufs 2 yes # # --------------------------------------------------------# ALL ORACLE DATA FILES # # metainit d3 1 9 c2t1d0s7 c1t2d0s7 c1t3d0s7 c1t4d0s7 c1t5d0s7 c2t2d0s7 c2t3d0s7 c2t4d0s7 c2t5d0s7 -i 32k # --------------------------------------------------------/dev/md/dsk/d3 /dev/md/rdsk/d3 /u06 ufs 2 yes #

fsck Process by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator It's not uncommon under Solaris to get some fsck errors, especially if you powered off a machine without doing a proper shutdown (or it crashed). The "FREE BLKS" errors is extremely minor, you can safely just say "Y" to fixing those errors. This shouldn't happen every time you boot, though, unless you aren't shutting down properly. It's also possible to say "fsck -y" and then it will fix everything without prompting you. Do not try to fsck a currently mounted filesystem - that will always produce an error (and is a bad idea) because the filesystem data structures are "open" and there may be changes in memory that have not been written to the disk yet. The proper way is to fsck a filesystem when it's not mounted. How do you do that if it's the root filesystem you want to fsck? Well, the OS does it at boot by mounting / readonly, fscking it, and then remounting it read/write. My approach would be to boot off the CD ("boot cdrom -s, or boot -s cdrom, from the ok prom prompt) and then fsck the hard disk.

Understanding Disk Device Files (i.e. breaking down c0t2d0s7)

by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview Under Solaris, one of the most involved UNIX devices to understand is the disk device file. Here are several key points that may help: •

•

•

In many cases, a disk device file (i.e. /dev/dsk/c0t2d0s7) refers to a particular partition (aka "slice") of a disk, and not the entire physical device. There are several device files which refer to the entire physical device, but are rarely used. For every disk device, there are usually two device files - the block device and the character ("raw") device. In general: o block devices are generally stored under /dev/dsk and used for filesystem type access (e.g mount) o character devices are generally stored under /dev/rdsk used for everything else (e.g. fsck, newfs, etc..) Discs are generally attached to a controller (or a bus) which can handle multiple devices. IDE and SCSI are both common attach methods. This tends to make disk device filename more complex than other types of devices.

/etc/vfstab To see the difference between the block device and character device for a device, consider the following. The /etc/vfstab contains entries for a single filesystem on a Solaris server: /dev/dsk/c0t2d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s7 /opt ufs 3 yes -

The first 2 fields in the above entry, list the same disk device as both a block device ("dsk") and character device ("rdsk"). The block device is used by mount when mounting the filesystem while the character device is used by fsck when checking the filesystem and newfs when creating the filesystem.. Both fields must be present in /etc/vfstab. Breaking Down c0t2d0s7 This section breaks down the different components of a disk device file. In this example, I will be using the disk device file: c0t2d0s7. The four components of the disk device file are: controller, target, LUN and slice/partition and further defined in the following table: This device is attached to controller #0. On a SPARCstation this is usually the onc0 board SCSI or IDE controller. If this is a PC it usually refers to the first IDE controller on the motherboard. The device is target #2 - (i.e. the second device on this controller.) On a SCSI controller this is the SCSI target ID and is usually set via a switch on any external t2 enclosure or by jumpers on the disk itself. On an IDE controller target #2 refers to the second IDE disk. With IDE this is generally determined by the device's position on the IDE cable.

d0

The device is Logical Unit / "LUN" #0 (the first) on this target. Under SCSI a single target can support up-to eight devices. This is rarely seen in practice, but some hardware raid controllers use LUNs.

s7

Slice or Partition number 7. Under Solaris, this relates to the partition number as set when using the format command.

Removing Invalid Disk Device Files (/dev/dsk and /dev/rdsk) by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator Overview Whether installing a SCSI controller or even an additional IDE disk to a Sun Solaris machine, the Solaris O/S will: • • •

Create Disk Device Files under the Hardware Device Tree (/devices). Create symbolic links in /dev/dsk, /dev/rdsk, and /dev/cfg that point to the devices in the /devices directory. Make entries in the /etc/path_to_inst file.

Things will generally work fine until you decide to remove or move a device in the system. I have had situations where I have run out of devices on a host because of Sun's poor ability to remove invalid (hanging) disk device files after removing a device. This is one area where Sun could really improve. It looks like they are trying new things with the boot -p option but I've only ever seen it remove things once. There are other times when I simply wanted to replace a certain type of SCSI controller and wanted to reuse the controller ID's from a previously removed card. For example, I have a host (an E450) which had 2 internal controllers (0 and 1) and a dual differential SCSI card installed (controllers 2 and 3). I removed the dual differential SCSI host adapter and decided to replace it with a Single-Ended SCSI host adapter but Solaris would always assign them controller numbers 4 and 5. I wanted the system to reassign controller numbers 2 and 3 for the new host adapter but links still existed for the original dual differential SCSI host adapter. My intention in this article is to provide several solutions for either renumbering disk device files (SCSI controllers, SCSI disks, IDE controllers, IDE disks, etc.) or simply removing old ones from replaced or removed devices. Please keep in mind that this article has been put together from notes I found during many searches for answers on the Internet. If anyone reading this has other solutions, please email me and I would be happy to post them for others going through this procedure. Using the devfsadm Command

The devfsadm command was introduced with Solaris 7 and can be found in /usr/sbin/devfsadm. This command is used to maintain the /dev and /devices namespaces. The devfsadm command replaces the previous suite of devfs administration tools including drvconfig(1M), disks(1M), tapes(1M), ports(1M), audlinks(1M), and devlinks(1M). To maintain backwards compatibility, all previous devfs commands are hard links to devfsadm. In many cases, you only need run the command: # devfsadm -C

to invoke the cleanup routines that are not normally invoked to remove dangling logical links. Manual Methods The devfsadm command was introduced with Solaris 7. For those running older versions of Solaris (i.e. Solaris 2.6) or simply want to perform all manual steps, this section describes the procedures to do just that. 1. Make a backup of your /etc/path_to_inst file and then modify the file so that all that exists is the SCSI / IDE reference for the boot drive. Remove all of the "pcipsy" and "glm" entries except for the one that is used by the controller that has the boot drive. Take note of the physical path of the controller you want to renumber. 2. Remove all /dev/dsk/cX* and /dev/rdsk/cX* files where X is the controller number(s) you want to remove and even those that no longer exist. (In the case of the example I provided on the E450, that would be 2, 3, 4, and 5.) 3. Remove all /dev/cfg/cX symbolic links where X is the controller(s) you want to remove. Make sure to not remove the controller with the boot drive. (Again, in the case of the example I provided on the E450, that would be 2, 3, 4, and 5.) It turns out this was one of the crucial steps that needed to be complete in order for Solaris to reuse controller numbers 2 and 3. The O/S was not able to reassign both of these controller numbers while the links (/dev/cfg/2 and /dev/cfg/3) still existed. 4. Remove all files under /devices/* for the controller you want to remove or renumber as indicated in Step #1. 5. Remove all files in /dev/sdXX* that symbolically link to controller(s) you do not want anymore. This may not be completely necessary, but it does clean things up. 6. Reboot the server with the "-srv" option: ok boot -srv

Using the "truss" command in Solaris by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator

Using truss Truss is used to trace the system/library calls (not user calls) and signals made/received by a new or existing process. It sends the output to stderr. NOTE: Trussing a process throttles that process to your display speed. Use -wall and -rall sparingly. Truss usage truss truss

-a -a

-e -e

-f -f

-rall -rall

-wall -wall

-p

-a -e -f

Show arguments passed to the exec system calls Show environment variables passed to the exec system calls Show forked processes (they will have a different pid: in column 1) -rall Show all read data (default is 32 bytes) -wall Show all written data (default is 32 bytes) -p Hook to an existing process (must be owner or root) <program> Specify a program to run

Truss examples # truss -rall -wall -f -p # truss -rall -wall lsnrctl start # truss -aef lsnrctl dbsnmp_start

A Running Example (using the date command) # truss -d date Base time stamp: 1066157908.5731 [ Tue Oct 14 14:58:28 EDT 2003 ] 0.0000 execve("/usr/bin/date", 0xFFBEF29C, 0xFFBEF2A4) argc = 1 0.0449 mmap(0x00000000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE| PROT_EXEC,MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANON, -1, 0) = 0xFF3A0000 0.0453 resolvepath("/usr/lib/ld.so.1", "/usr/lib/ld.so.1", 1023) = 16 0.0457 open("/var/ld/ld.config", O_RDONLY) Err#2 ENOENT 0.0460 open("/usr/lib/libc.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 0.0463 fstat(3, 0xFFBEE9C4) = 0 0.0464 mmap(0x00000000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xFF390000 0.0466 mmap(0x00000000, 794624, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xFF280000 0.0470 mmap(0xFF33A000, 24652, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE| PROT_EXEC,MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED, 3, 696320) = 0xFF33A000 0.0474 munmap(0xFF32A000, 65536) = 0 0.0479 memcntl(0xFF280000, 113332, MC_ADVISE, MADV_WILLNEED, 0, 0) = 0 0.0481 close(3) = 0 0.0483 open("/usr/lib/libdl.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 0.0485 fstat(3, 0xFFBEE9C4) = 0 0.0487 mmap(0xFF390000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE| MAP_FIXED,3, 0) = 0xFF390000 0.0490 close(3) = 0 0.0493 open("/usr/platform/SUNW,Ultra-5_10/lib/libc_psr.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 3 0.0496 fstat(3, 0xFFBEE854) = 0

0.0497 mmap(0x00000000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xFF380000 0.0500 mmap(0x00000000, 16384, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xFF370000 0.0502 close(3) = 0 0.0514 munmap(0xFF380000, 8192) = 0 0.0521 brk(0x00022420) = 0 0.0523 brk(0x00024420) = 0 0.0526 time() = 1066157908 0.0531 open("/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo/US/Eastern", O_RDONLY) = 3 0.0533 read(3, " T Z i f\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0".., 8192) = 1250 0.0536 close(3) = 0 0.0542 ioctl(1, TCGETA, 0xFFBEEFDC) = 0 Tue Oct 14 14:58:28 EDT 2003 0.0545 write(1, " T u e O c t 1 4 1".., 29) = 29 0.0547 llseek(0, 0, SEEK_CUR) = 1829 0.0549 _exit(0)

NOTE: The "truss" command works on SUN and Sequent. Use "strace" on Linux. If your operating system doesn't support the truss and strace commands, call your system administrator to find the equivalent command on your system. Monitor your Unix system: Unix message files record all system problems like disk errors, swap errors, NFS problems, etc. Monitor the following files on your system to detect system problems: # tail -f /var/adm/SYSLOG # tail -f /var/adm/messages # tail -f /var/log/syslog

Configuring TCP/IP on Solaris - TCP/IP Configuration Files - Introduction In order to configure networking after installing Solaris, several files will need to be created and/or modified. This document provides a quick overview of those files along with example configuration data. In most cases, the installation process performs all necessary configuration tasks. One of the tasks generally not performed by the installer is updating the Solaris networking files. I have not found an easy way to force the installation program to configure all local networking files if the "Naming Services" section fails. For example, if you select the DNS naming service and the machine you are configuring is not entered in DNS, the installation process will skip this section. In cases like this, it will be necessary to update several of the files that pertain to networking. The following is a list of those files and the content that should be provided. Keep in mind that the system will need to be rebooted after making changes (and creating) these files. /etc/resolv.conf

During the Solaris installation program, you are prompted for Naming Configuration information. In most cases, we use DNS. But during the installation process, if the installer is unable to communicate with and/or resolve your newly configured host with DNS, the Naming Configuration will fail, and none of the configuration files (i.e. /etc/resolv.conf) will not be updated. I often find it necessary to manually create the /etc/resolv.conf with any name service information. nameserver 63.67.120.18 nameserver 63.67.120.23

/etc/resolv.conf /etc/hostname.interface

The Solaris installation program creates this file for you. The file contains only one entry: the host name or IP address associated with the network interface. For example, suppose eri0 is the primary network interface for a machine called alexprod. Its /etc/hostname.interface file would have the name /etc/hostname.eri0; the file would contain the single entry alexprod. alexprod

/etc/hostname.eri0 /etc/nodename

This file should contain one entry; the host name of the local machine. For example, on machine alexprod, the file /etc/nodename would contain the entry alexprod. alexprod

/etc/nodename /etc/defaultdomain

This file should contain one entry, the full qualified domain name of the administrative domain to which the local host's network belongs. You can supply this name to the Solaris installation program or edit the file at a later date. Take for example the domain iDevelopment which was classified as a .info domain. In this example, /etc/defaultdomain should contain the entry iDevelopment.info. idevelopment.info

/etc/defaultdomain /etc/defaultrouter

This file should contain an entry for each router directly connected to the network. The entry should be the name for the network interface that functions as a router between networks. If the default router for a machine will be 192.168.1.1, then this is the entry that should be put into the file /etc/defaultrouter. 192.168.1.1

/etc/defaultrouter /etc/hosts

The hosts database contains the IP addresses and host names of machines on your network. If you use local files for name service, the hosts database is maintained in the /etc/inet/hosts file. This file contains the host names and IP addresses of the primary network interface, other network interfaces attached to the machine, and any other network addresses that the machine must know about. NOTE: For compatibility with BSD-based operating systems, the file /etc/hosts is a symbolic link to /etc/inet/hosts. # # Internet host table # 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.102 alexprod alexprod.idevelopment.info

loghost

/etc/hosts /etc/inet/netmasks

You need to edit the netmasks database as part of network configuration only if you have set up subnetting on your network. The netmasks database consists of a list of networks and their associated subnet masks. # # The netmasks file associates Internet Protocol (IP) address # masks with IP network numbers. # # network-number netmask # # The term network-number refers to a number obtained from the Internet Network # Information Center. Currently this number is restricted to being a class # A, B, or C network number. In the future we should be able to support # arbitrary network numbers per the Classless Internet Domain Routing # guidelines.

# # Both the network-number and the netmasks are specified in # "decimal dot" notation, e.g: # # 128.32.0.0 255.255.255.0 # 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0

/etc/inet/netmasks /etc/nsswitch.conf

The /etc/nsswitch.conf file defines the search order of the network databases (hosts, netmasks, ethers, bootparams, protocols, services, networks). The Solaris installation program creates a default /etc/nsswitch.conf file for the local machine, based on the name service you indicate during the installation process. The installation process also creates 5 template files that can be copied over to /etc/nsswitch.conf: • • • • •

nsswitch.files nsswitch.nis nsswitch.dns nsswitch.ldap nsswitch.nisplus

If you selected the 'None' option, indicating local files for name service, the resulting /etc/nsswitch.conf file resembles the following example: # # /etc/nsswitch.files: # # An example file that could be copied over to /etc/nsswitch.conf; it # does not use any naming service. # # "hosts:" and "services:" in this file are used only if the # /etc/netconfig file has a "-" for nametoaddr_libs of "inet" transports. passwd: group: hosts: ipnodes: networks: protocols: rpc: ethers: netmasks: bootparams: publickey:

files files files files files files files files files files files

# At present there isn't a 'files' backend for netgroup; the system will # figure it out pretty quickly, and won't use netgroups at all. netgroup: files automount: files aliases: files services: files sendmailvars: files printers: user files auth_attr: prof_attr: project:

files files files

/etc/nsswitch.conf - Default if you are using local files Here is another /etc/nsswitch.conf file that adds a dns entry for hosts:: # # /etc/nsswitch.dns: # # An example file that could be copied over to /etc/nsswitch.conf; it uses # DNS for hosts lookups, otherwise it does not use any other naming service. # # "hosts:" and "services:" in this file are used only if the # /etc/netconfig file has a "-" for nametoaddr_libs of "inet" transports. passwd: group:

files files

# You must also set up the /etc/resolv.conf file for DNS name # server lookup. See resolv.conf(4). hosts: files dns ipnodes: files # Uncomment the following line and comment out the above to resolve # both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from the ipnodes databases. Note that # IPv4 addresses are searched in all of the ipnodes databases before # searching the hosts databases. Before turning this option on, consult # the Network Administration Guide for more details on using IPv6. #ipnodes: files dns networks: files protocols: files rpc: files ethers: files netmasks: files bootparams: files publickey: files # At present there isn't a 'files' backend for netgroup; will

the system

# figure it out pretty quickly, and won't use netgroups at all. netgroup: files automount: files aliases: files services: files sendmailvars: files printers: user files auth_attr: prof_attr: project:

files files files

/etc/nsswitch.conf - Adding a dns database for the hosts: element Here is another /etc/nsswitch.conf file that uses a combination of files, nis, and dns entries: # /etc/nsswitch.nis: # # An example file that could be copied over to /etc/nsswitch.conf; it # uses NIS (YP) in conjunction with files. # # "hosts:" and "services:" in this file are used only if the # /etc/netconfig file has a "-" for nametoaddr_libs of "inet" transports. # the following two lines obviate the "+" entry in /etc/passwd and /etc/group. passwd: files nis group: files nis # consult /etc "files" only if nis is down. hosts: files dns nis ipnodes: files # Uncomment the following line and comment out the above to resolve # both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from the ipnodes databases. Note that # IPv4 addresses are searched in all of the ipnodes databases before # searching the hosts databases. Before turning this option on, consult # the Network Administration Guide for more details on using IPv6. #ipnodes: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files networks: protocols: rpc: ethers: netmasks: bootparams: publickey:

nis nis nis nis nis nis nis

[NOTFOUND=return] [NOTFOUND=return] [NOTFOUND=return] [NOTFOUND=return] [NOTFOUND=return] [NOTFOUND=return] [NOTFOUND=return]

netgroup:

nis

automount: aliases:

files nis files nis

files files files files files files files

# for efficient getservbyname() avoid nis services: files nis sendmailvars: files printers: user files nis auth_attr: prof_attr: project:

files nis files nis files nis

/etc/nsswitch.conf - Using a combination of files, nis, and dns databases

Configuring TCP/IP on Solaris - Introduction / Pre-Requisites Introduction After planning and optionally getting a network number from InterNIC, it is time to start the second phase of network administration - setting up the network. This consists of assembling the hardware which makes up the physical part of the network, and configuring TCP/IP. This section of Networking Basics explains how to configure TCP/IP. Before starting the configuration of TCP/IP, ensure you have the following completed: • • • • • • • • •

Designed the network topology. Obtained a network number from your Internet addressing authority. Assembled the network hardware according to the topology designed and assured that the hardware is functioning. Run any configuration software required by network interfaces and routers, if applicable. Planned the IP addressing scheme for the network, including subnet addressing if applicable. Assigned IP numbers and host names to all machines involved in the network. Determined which name service your network will use: NIS, NIS+, LDAP, DNS, or local files. Selected domain names for your network, if applicable. Installed the operating system on at least one machine on the prospective network.

Determining Host Configuration Mode As a network administrator, one of your key functions is to configure TCP/IP to run on all hosts and routers (if applicable). You can set up these machines to obtain configuration information from two sources: • •

Files on the local machine Files located on other machines on the network

Configuration information will include: • • • • •

Host name of the machine IP address of the machine Domain name to which the machine belongs to Default router Netmask in use on the machine's network

A machine that obtains TCP/IP configuration information from local files is said to be operating in local files mode. A machine that obtains TCP/IP configuration information from a remote machine is said to be operating in network client mode. Machines That Should Run in Local Files Mode For a machine to run in local files mode, it must have local copies of the TCP/IP configuration files. These files are described in the "TCP/IP Configuration Files" document. The machine should have its own disk, though this is not strictly necessary. Most servers should run in local file mode. This requirement includes: • • • • •

Network configuration servers NFS Servers Name servers supplying NIS, NIS+, LDAP, or DNS services Mail servers Routers

Machines that exclusively function as print servers do not need to run in local files mode. Whether individual hosts should run in local files mode depends on teh size of your network. If you are running a very small network, the amount of work involved in maintaining these files on individual hosts is management. If you network serves hundreds of hosts, the taks becomes difficult, even with the network divided into a number of administrative subdomains. Thus, for large networks, using local files mode is usually less efficient. On the other hand, because routers and servers must be self-sufficient, they should be configured in local files mode. Network Configuration Servers Network configuration servers are the machines that supply the TCP/IP configuration information to hosts configured in network client mode. These server support three booting protocols: •

RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) maps Ethernet addresses (48 bits) to IP addresses (32 bits), the reverse ARP. When you run RARP on a network configuration server, this enables hosts running in network client mode to

•

•

obtain their IP addresses and TCP/IP configuration files from the server. The in.rarpd deamon enables RARP services. TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is an application that transfers files between remote machines. The in.tftpd deamon carries out TFTP services, enabling file transfer between network configuration servers and their network clients. bootparams - The bootparams protocol supplies parameters for booting that are required by diskless clients. The rpc.bootparamd deamon carries out these services.

Network configuration servers can also function as NFS file servers.If you are going to configure any hosts as network clients, then you must also configure at least one machine on your network as a network configuration server. If your network is subneted, then you must have at least one network configuration server for each subnet with network clients. Machines That Are Network Clients Any host that gets its configuration information from a network configuration server is said to be "operating" in network client mode. Machines configured as network clients do not require local copies of the TCP/IP configuation files. Network client mode greatly simplifies administration of large networks. It minimizes the number of configuation tasks that must be performed on individual hosts and assures that all machines on the network adhere to the same configuration standards. You can configure network client mode on all types of computers, from fully standalone systems to diskless and dataless machines. Although it is possible to configure routers and servers in network client mode, local files mode is a better choice for these machines. Routers and servers should be as self-sufficient as possible. Configuring TCP/IP on Solaris - TCP/IP Configuration Files Introduction Each machine on a TCP/IP network gets its configuration information from the following TCP/IP configuration files and network databases: • • • • • •

/etc/hostname.interface file /etc/nodename file /etc/defaultdomain file /etc/defaultrouter file (optional) hosts database netmasks database (optional)

The Solaris installation program creates these files as part of the installation process. You can also edit the files manually, as explained in this document. The hosts and netmasks

databases are two of the network databases read by the name services available on Solaris networks. /etc/hostname.interface

This file defines the network interfaces on the local host. At least one /etc/hostname.interface file should exist on the local machine. The Solaris installation program creates this file for you. In the file name, interface is replaced by the device name of the primary network interface. The file contains only one entry: the host name or IP address associated with the network interface. For example, suppose eri0 is the primary network interface for a machine called alexprod. Its /etc/hostname.interface file would have the name /etc/hostname.eri0; the file would contain the entry alexprod. For Multiple Network Interfaces If a machine contains more than one network interface, you must create additional /etc/hostname.interface files for the additional network interfaces. You must create these files with a text editor; the Solaris installation program does not create them for you. For example, consider the machine melodyprod. It has two network interfaces and functions as a router. The primary network interface eri0 is connected to network 192.168.100. Its IP address is 192.168.100.50, and its host name is melodyprod. The Solaris installation program creates the file /etc/hostname.eri0 for the primary network interface and enters the host name melodyprod. The second network interface is eri1; it is connected to network 192.168.200. Although this interface is physically installed on machine melodyprod, it must have a separate IP address. Therefore, you have to manually create the /etc/hostname.eri1 file for this interface; the entry in the file would be the router's name; melodyprod-200. /etc/nodename

This file should contain one entry; the host name of the local machine. For example, on machine alexprod, the file /etc/nodename would contain the entry alexprod. /etc/defaultdomain

This file should contain one entry, the full qualified domain name of the administrative domain to which the local host's network belongs. You can supply this name to the Solaris installation program or edit the file at a later date. Take for example the domain iDevelopment which was classified as a .info domain. In this example, /etc/defaultdomain should contain the entry iDevelopment.info. /etc/defaultrouter

This file should contain an entry for each router directly connected to the network. The entry should be the name for the network interface that functions as a router between networks. If the default router for a machine will be 192.168.1.1, then this is the entry that should be put into the file /etc/defaultrouter. hosts

Database

The hosts database contains the IP addresses and host names of machines on your network. If you use the NIS, NIS+, or DNS name services, the hosts database is maintained in a database designated for host information. For example, on a network running NIS+, the hosts database is maintained in the host table. If you use local files for name service, the hosts database is maintained in the /etc/inet/hosts file. This file contains the host names and IP addresses of the primary network interface, other network interfaces attached to the machine, and any other network addresses that the machine must know about. NOTE: For compatibility with BSD-based operating systems, the file /etc/hosts is a symbolic link to /etc/inet/hosts. •

/etc/inet/hosts

File Format

The /etc/inet/hosts file uses this basic syntax: (Refer to the hosts(4) man page for complete syntax information.) IP-address hostname [nicknames] [#comment]

contains the IP address for each interface that the local host must know about. o hostname contains the host name assigned to the machine at setup, plus the host names assigned to additional network interfaces that the local host must know about. o [nickname] is an optional field containing a nickname for the host. o [# comment] is an optional field where you can include a comment. Initial /etc/inet/hosts File o

•

IP-address

When you run the Solaris installation program on a machine, it sets up the initial /etc/inet/hosts file. This file contains the minimum entries that the local host requires: its loopback address, its IP address, and its host name. For example, the Solaris installation program might create the following /etc/inet/hosts file for machine alexprod shown in the following example:

127.0.0.1 localhost loghost #loopback address 192.168.100.51 alexprod #host name •

Loopback Address In the above example, the IP address 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address, the reserved network interface used by the local machine to allow interprocess communication so that it sends packets to itself. The ifconfig command uses the loopback address for configuration and testing. Every machine on a TCP/IP network must use the IP address 127.0.0.1 for the local host.

•

Host Name The IP address 192.168.100.51 and the name alexprod are the address and host name of the local machine. They are assigned to the machine's primary network interface.

•

Multiple Network Interfaces Some machines have more than one network interface, either because they are routers or multihomed hosts. Each additional network interface attached to the machine requires its own IP address and associated name. When you configure a router or multihomed host, you must manually add this information to the router's /etc/inet/hosts file. The following example is a /etc/inet/hosts file for machine alexroute: 127.0.0.1 localhost loghost 192.9.200.70 alexroute #This is the local host name 192.9.201.10 alexroute-201 #Interface to network 192.9.201

With these two interfaces, alexroute connects networks 192.168.200 and 192.168.201 as a router. •

How Name Services Affect the hosts Database The NIS, NIS+, and DNS name services maintain host names and addresses on one or more servers. These servers maintain hosts databases containing information for every host and router (if applicable) on the servers' network.

netmasks

Database

You need to edit the netmasks database as part of network configuration only if you have set up subnetting on your network. The netmasks database consists of a list of networks and their associated subnet masks.

NOTE: When you create subnets, each new network must be a separate physical network. You cannot apply subnetting to a single physical network. •

What is Subnetting? Subnetting is a method for getting the most out of the limited 32-bit IP addressing space and reducing the size of the routing tables in a large internetwork. With any address class, subnetting provides a means of allocating a part of the host address space to network addresses, which lets you have more networks. The part of the host address space allocated to new network addresses is known as the subnet number. In addition to making more efficient use of the IP address space, subnetting has several administrative benefits. Routing can become very complicated as the number of networks grows. A small organization, for example, might give each local network a class C number. As the organization grows, administering a number of different network numbers could become complicated. A better idea is to allocate a few class B network numbers to each major division in an organization. For instance, you could allocate one to Engineering, one to Operations, and so on. Then, you could divide each class B network into additional networks, using the additional network numbers gained by subnetting. This can also reduce the amount of routing information that must be communicated among routers.

•

Creating the Network Mask As part of the subnetting process, you need to select a network-wide netmask. The netmask determines how many and which bits in the host address space represent the subnet number and how many and which represent the host number. Recall that the complete IP address consists of 32 bits. Depending on the address class, as many as 24 bits and as few as 8 bits can be available for representing the host address space. The netmask is specified in the netmasks database. If you plan to use subnets, you must determine your netmask before you configure TCP/IP. If you plan to install the operating system as part of network configuration, the Solaris installation program requests the netmask for your network. 32-bit IP addresses consist of a network part and a host part. The 32 bits are divided into 4 bytes. Each byte is assigned either to the network number or the host number, depending on the network class. For example, in a class B IP address, the 2 left-hand bytes are assigned to the network number, and the 2 right-hand bytes are assigned to the host number. In the class B IP address 129.144.41.10, you can assign the 2 right-hand bytes to hosts.

If you are going to implement subnetting, you need to use some of the bits in the bytes assigned to the host number to apply to subnet addresses. For example, a 16-bit host address space provides addressing for 65,534 hosts. If you apply the third byte to subnet addresses and the fourth to host addresses, you can address up to 254 networks, with up to 254 hosts on each. The bits in the host address bytes that will be applied to subnet addresses and those applied to host addresses is determined by a subnet mask. Subnet masks are used to select bits from either byte for use as subnet addresses. Although netmask bits must be contiguous, they need not align on byte boundaries. The netmask can be applied to an IP address using the bitwise logical AND operator. This operation selects out the network number and subnet number positions of the address. It is easiest to explain netmasks in terms of their binary representation. You can use a calculator for binary-to-decimal conversion. The following examples show both the decimal and binary forms of the netmask. If a netmask 255.255.255.0 is applied to the IP address 129.144.41.101, the result is the IP address of 129.144.41.0. 129.144.41.101 & 255.255.255.0 = 129.144.41.0 In binary form, the operation is: 10000001.10010000.00101001.01100101 (IP address) ANDed with 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (netmask) Now the system looks for a network number of 129.144.41 instead of a network number of 129.144. If you have a network with the number 129.144.41, that is what the system looks for and finds. Since you can assign up to 254 values to the third byte of the IP address space, subnetting lets you create address space for 254 networks, where previously there was room for only one. If you want to provide address space for only two additional networks, you could use a subnet mask of: 255.255.192.0 This netmask provides a result of: 11111111.11111111.1100000.00000000

This still leaves 14 bits available for host addresses. Since all 0s and 1s are reserved, at least two bits must be reserved for the host number. •

Editing the /etc/inet/netmasks File If your network runs NIS or NIS+, the servers for these name services maintain netmasks databases. For networks that use local files for name service, this information is maintained in the /etc/inet/netmasks file. NOTE: For compatibility with BSD-based operating systems, the file /etc/netmasks is a symbolic link to /etc/inet/netmasks. ## The netmasks file associates Internet Protocol (IP) address # masks with IP network numbers. # # network-number netmask # # Both the network-number and the netmasks are specified in # ''decimal dot'' notation, e.g: # # 128.32.0.0 255.255.255.0 129.144.0.0 255.255.255.0

If the file does not exist, create it. Use the following syntax: network-number netmask-number When creating netmask numbers, type the network number assigned by the InterNIC (not the subnet number) and netmask number in /etc/inet/netmasks. Each subnet mask should be on a separate line. For example: 128.78.0.0 255.255.248.0

You can also type symbolic names for network numbers in the /etc/inet/hosts file. You can then use these network names instead of the network numbers as parameters to commands. Adding a Subnet to a Network If you are changing from a network that does not use subnets to one that is subnetted, perform the following steps: 1. Decide on the new subnet topology, including considerations for routers and locations of hosts on the subnets. 2. Assign all subnet and host addresses.

3. Modify the /etc/inet/netmasks file, if you are manually configuring TCP/IP, or supply the netmask to the Solaris installation program. 4. Modify the /etc/inet/hosts files on all hosts to reflect the new host addresses. 5. Reboot all machines.

Configuring TCP/IP on Solaris - Network Databases and nsswitch.conf File Introduction The network databases are files that provide information needed to configure the network. The network databases are: • • • • • • •

hosts netmasks ethers bootparams protocols services networks

As part of the configuration process, you edit the hosts database and the netmasks database, if your network is subnetted. Two network databases, bootparams and ethers, are used to configure machines as network clients. The remaining databases are used by the operating system and seldom require editing. Although it is not a network database, the nsswitch.conf file needs to be configured along with the relevant network databases. nsswitch.conf specifies which name service to use for a particular machine: NIS, NIS+, DNS, or local files. How Name Services Affect Network Databases Your network database takes a form that depends on the type of name service you select for your network. For example, the hosts database contains, at minimum, the host name and IP address of the local machine and any network interfaces directly connected to the local machine. However, the hosts database could contain other IP addresses and host names, depending on the type of name service on your network. The network databases are used as follows: • • • •

Networks that use local files for their name service rely on files in the /etc/inet and /etc directories NIS+ uses databases called NIS+ tables NIS uses databases called NIS maps DNS uses records with host information

Note - DNS boot and data files do not correspond directly to the network databases. Network Database Local Files

NIS+ Tables

NIS Maps

hosts

/etc/inet/hosts

hosts.ord_dir

hosts.byaddr hosts.byname

netmasks

/etc/inet/netmasks netmasks.ord_dir

netmasks.byaddr

ethers

/etc/ethers

ethers.ord_dir

ethers.byname ethers.byaddr

bootparams

/etc/bootparams

bootparams.ord_dir bootparams

protocols

/etc/inet/protocols protocols.ord_dir

protocols.byname protocols.bynumber

services

/etc/inet/services services.ord_dir

services.byname

networks

/etc/inet/networks networks.ord_dir

networks.byaddr networks.byname

nsswitch.conf

File - Specifying Which Name Service to Use

The /etc/nsswitch.conf file defines the search order of the network databases. The Solaris installation program creates a default /etc/nsswitch.conf file for the local machine, based on the name service you indicate during the installation process. If you selected the 'None' option, indicating local files for name service, the resulting nsswitch.conf file resembles the following example: nsswitch.conf for Networks Using Files for Name Service # /etc/nsswitch.files: # # An example file that could be copied over to /etc/nsswitch.conf; # it does not use any naming service. # # "hosts:" and "services:" in this file are used only if the # /etc/netconfig file contains "switch.so" as a # nametoaddr library for "inet" transports. passwd: files group: files hosts: files networks: files protocols: files rpc: files ethers: files netmasks: files bootparams: files publickey: files # At present there isn't a 'files' backend for netgroup; the # system will figure it out pretty quickly, # and won't use netgroups at all. netgroup: files automount: files

aliases: files services: files sendmailvars: files

The nsswitch.conf(4) man page describes the file in detail. Its basic syntax is: database name-service-to-search

The database field can list one of many types of databases searched by the operating system. For example, it could indicate a database affecting users, such as passwd or aliases, or a network database. The parameter name-service-to-search can have the values files, nis, or nis+ for the network databases. (The hosts database can also have dns as a name service to search.) You can also list more than one name service, such as nis+ and files. In the above example, the only search option indicated is files. Therefore, the local machine gets security and automounting information, in addition to network database information, from files located in its /etc and /etc/inet directories. Changing nsswitch.conf The /etc directory contains the nsswitch.conf file created by the Solaris installation program. It also contains template files for the following name services: • • •

nsswitch.files nsswitch.nis nsswitch.nis+

If you want to change from one name service to another, you can copy the appropriate template to nsswitch.conf. You can also selectively edit the nsswitch.conf file, and change the default name service to search for individual databases. For example, on a network running NIS, you might have to change the nsswitch.conf file on diskless clients. The search path for the bootparams and ethers databases must list files as the first option, and nis. The example below shows the correct search paths. nsswitch.conf for a Diskless Client on a Network Running NIS ## /etc/nsswitch.conf:# . . passwd: files nis group: file nis # consult /etc "files" only if nis is down. hosts: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files networks: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files protocols: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files rpc: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files

ethers: files [NOTFOUND=return] nis netmasks: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files bootparams: files [NOTFOUND=return] nis publickey: nis netgroup: nis automount: files nis aliases: files nis # for efficient getservbyname() avoid nis services: files nis sendmailvars: files bootparams

Database

The bootparams database contains information used by diskless clients and machines configured to boot in the network client mode. You need to edit it if your network will have network clients. The database is built from information entered into the /etc/bootparams file. The bootparams(4) man page contains complete syntax for this database. Its basic syntax is: machine-name file-key-server-name:pathname

For each diskless or network client machine, the entry might contain the following information: the name of the client, a list of keys, the names of servers, and path names. The first item of each entry is the name of the client machine. Next is a list of keys, names of servers, and path names, separated by tab characters. All items but the first are optional. The database can contain a wildcard entry that will be matched by all clients. Here is an example: bootparams Database myclient root=myserver : /nfsroot/myclient \ swap=myserver : /nfsswap//myclient \ dump=myserver : /nfsdump/myclient

In this example the term dump=: tells diskless hosts not to look for a dump file. Wildcard Entry for bootparams In most cases, you will want to use the wildcard entry when editing the bootparams database to support diskless clients. This entry is: * root=server:/path dump=:

The asterisk (*) wildcard indicates that this entry applies to all clients not specifically named within the bootparams database. ethers

Database

The ethers database is built from information entered into the /etc/ethers file. It associates host names to their Ethernet addresses. You need to create an ethers database only if you are running the RARP daemon; that is, if you are configuring network clients or diskless machines. RARP uses the file to map Ethernet addresses to IP addresses. If you are running the RARP daemon in.rarpd, you need to set up the ethers file and maintain it on all hosts running the daemon to reflect changes to the network. The ethers(4) man page contains complete syntax information for this database. Its basic format is: Ethernet-address hostname #comment Ethernet-address is the Ethernet address of the host. hostname is the official name of the host. #comment is any kind of note you want to append to an entry in the file.

The equipment manufacturer provides the Ethernet address. If a machine does not display the Ethernet address when you power up, see your hardware manuals for assistance. When adding entries to the ethers database, make sure that host names correspond to the primary names in the hosts database, not to the nicknames, as shown in the following example: Entries in the ethers Database 8:0:20:1:40:16 fayoum 8:0:20:1:40:15 nubian 8:0:20:1:40:7 sahara # This is a comment 8:0:20:1:40:14 tenere

Other Network Databases The remaining network databases seldom need to be edited. networks database

Database

The networks database associates network names with network numbers, enabling some applications to use and display names rather than numbers. The networks database is based on information in the /etc/inet/networks file. It contains the names of all networks to which your network connects via routers. The Solaris installation program sets up the initial networks database. The only time you need to update it is when you add a new network to your existing network topology. The networks(4) man page contains full syntax information for /etc/inet/networks. Here is its basic format:

network-name network-number nickname(s) # comment network-name is the official name for the network. network-number is the number assigned by the InterNIC. nickname is any other name by which the network is known. #comment is any kind of note you want to append to an entry in the file.

It is particularly important that you maintain the networks file. The netstat program uses the information in this database to produce status tables. The example shows a sample /etc/networks file: /etc/networks File #ident "@(#)networks 1.4 92/07/14 SMI" /* SVr4.0 1.1 */ # # The networks file associates Internet Protocol (IP) network numbers with network names. The format of this file is: # # network-name network-number nicnames . . . # The loopback network is used only for intra-machine communication #loopback 127 # Internet networks # arpanet 10 arpa # Historical ucb-ether 46 ucbether # # local networks eng 193.9.0 #engineering acc 193.9.1 #accounting prog 193.9.2 #programming protocols

Database

The protocols database lists the TCP/IP protocols installed on your system and their numbers; the Solaris installation program automatically creates it. It is rare when this file requires administrative handling. The protocols database contains the names of the TCP/IP protocols installed on the system. Its syntax is completely described in the protocols(4) man page. The example below shows an example of the /etc/inet/protocols file: /etc/inet/protocols File # # Internet (IP) protocols # ip 0 IP # internet protocol, pseudo protocol number icmp 1 ICMP # internet control message protocol tcp 6 TCP # transmission control protocol udp 17 UDP # user datagram protocol services

Database

The services database lists the names of TCP and UDP services and their well known port numbers; it is used by programs that call network services. The Solaris installation automatically creates the services database; it generally requires no administrative handling. The services(4) man page contains complete syntax information. The example below shows an excerpt from a typical /etc/inet/services file: /etc/inet/services File # # Network services # echo 7/udp echo 7/tcp discard 9/udp sink null discard 11/tcp daytime 13/udp daytime 13/tcp netstat 15/tcp ftp-data 20/tcp ftp 21/tcp telnet 23/tcp time 37/tcp timeserver time 37/udp timeserver name 42/udp nameserver whois 43/tcp nickname

Configuring TCP/IP on Solaris - Network Configuration Procedures Introduction Network software installation takes place along with the installation of the operating system software. At that time, certain IP configuration parameters must be stored in appropriate files so they can be read at boot time. The procedure is simply a matter of creating or editing the network- configuration files. How configuration information is made available to a machine's kernel depends on whether these files are stored locally (local files mode) or acquired from the network configuration server (network client mode). Parameters supplied during network configuration are: • • • •

IP address of each network interface on every machine Host names of each machine on the network. You can type the host name in a local file or a name service database. NIS, NIS+, or DNS domain name in which the machine resides, if applicable Default router addresses. You supply this only if you have a simple network topology with only one router attached to each network, or your routers don’t run routing protocols such as the Router Discovery Server Protocol (RDISC) or the

•

Router Information Protocol (RIP). (See Chapter 5 for more information about these protocols.) Subnet mask (required only for networks with subnets)

This section contains complete information on creating and editing local configuration files. How to Configure a Host for Local Files Mode Use this procedure for configuring TCP/IP on a machine that run in local files mode. 1. Become superuser and change to the /etc directory. 2. Type the host name of the machine in the file /etc/nodename. For example, if the name of the host is tenere, type tenere in the file. 3. Create a file named /etc/hostname.interface for each network interface. (The Solaris installation program automatically creates this file for the primary network interface.) 4. Type either the interface IP address or the interface name in each /etc/hostname.interface file. For example, create a file named hostname.ie1, and type either the IP address of the host's interface or the host's name. 5. Edit the /etc/inet/hosts file to add: o IP addresses that you have assigned to any additional network interfaces in the local machine, along with the corresponding host name for each interface. The Solaris installation program will already have created entries for the primary network interface and loopback address. o IP address or addresses of the file server, if the /usr file system is NFS mounted. 6. Type the host's fully qualified domain name in the /etc/defaultdomain file. For example, suppose host tenere was part of the domain deserts.worldwide.com. Therefore, you would type: deserts.worldwide.com in /etc/defaultdomain. 7. Type the router's name in /etc/defaultrouter. 8. Type the name of the default router and its IP addresses in /etc/inet/hosts. Additional routing options are available. You can apply these options to a local files mode configuration. 9. If your network is subnetted, type the network number and the netmask in the file /etc/inet/netmasks. If you have set up a NIS or NIS+ server, you can type netmask information in the appropriate database on the server as long as server and clients are on the same network. 10. Reboot each machine on the network. Setting Up a Network Configuration Server If you plan to configure certain hosts as network clients, you must configure at least one machine on your network as a network configuration server. (Refer to “Network Configuration Servers” on page 45 for an introduction.) Setting up a network configuration server involves:

1. Turning on the network configuration daemons: - in.tftpd - in.rarpd - rpc.bootparamd 2. Editing and maintaining the network configuration files on the configuration server. How to Set Up a Network Configuration Server 1. Become superuser and change to the root directory of the prospective network configuration server. 2. Turn on the in.tftpd daemon by creating the directory /tftpboot: # mkdir /tftpboot

This configures the machine as a TFTP, bootparams, and RARP server. 3. Create a symbolic link to the directory. # ln -s /tftpboot/. /tftpboot/tftpboot

4. Enable the tftp line in intetd.conf. Check that the /etc/inetd.conf entry reads: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/in.tftpd in.tftpd -s /tftpboot

This prevents inettftpd() from retrieving any file other than one located in /tftpboot. 5. Edit the hosts database, and add the host names and IP addresses for every client on the network. 6. Edit the ethers database, and create entries for every host on the network to run in network client mode. 7. Edit the bootparams database. Use the wildcard entry or create an entry for every host that run in network client mode. 8. Reboot the server. Configuring Network Clients Network clients receive their configuration information from network configuration servers. Therefore, before you configure a host as a network client you must ensure that at least one network configuration server is set up for the network. How to Configure Hosts for Network Client Mode Do the following on each host to be configured in network client mode: 1. Become superuser.

2. Check the directory for the existence of an /etc/nodename file. If one exists, delete it. Eliminating /etc/nodename causes the system to use the hostconfig program to obtain the host name, domain name, and router addresses from the network configuration server. 3. Create the file /etc/hostname.interface, if it does not exist. Make sure that the file is empty. An empty /etc/hostname.interface file causes the system to acquire the IP address from the network configuration server. 4. Ensure that the /etc/inet/hosts file contains only the host name and IP address of the loopback network interface. The file should not contain the IP address and host name for the local machine (primary network interface). EXCEPTION: For a diskless client (a machine with an NFS-mounted root file system), type the name and IP address of the server that provides the client's root file system (usually, but not always, the network configuration server). 5. Check for the existence of an /etc/defaultdomain file. If one exists, delete it. The hostconfig program sets the domain name automatically. If you want to override the domain name set by hostconfig, type the substitute domain name in the file /etc/defaultdomain. 6. Ensure that the search paths in the client's /etc/nsswitch.conf reflects the name service requirements for your network. How to Specify a Router for the Network Client 1. If you have only one router on the network and you want the network configuration server to specify its name automatically, ensure that the network client does not have a /etc/defaultrouter file. 2. To override the name of the default router provided by the network configuration server: o Create /etc/defaultrouter on the network client. o Type the host name and IP address of the machine you have designated as the default router. o Add the host name and IP address of the designated default router to the network client's /etc/inet/hosts. 3. If you have multiple routers on the network, create /etc/defaultrouter on the network client, but leave it empty. Creating /etc/defaultrouter and leaving it empty causes one of the two dynamic routing protocols to run: ICMP Router Discovery protocol (RDISC), or Routing Information Protocol (RIP). The system first runs the program in.rdisc, which looks for routers that are running the router discovery protocol. If it finds one such router, in.rdisc continues to run and keeps track of the routers that are running the RDISC protocol.

If the system discovers that routers are not responding to the RDISC protocol, it uses RIP and runs the daemon in.routed to keep track of them. After Installing a Network Client After you have finished editing the files on each network client machine, do the following on the network configuration server. 1. Add entries for the hosts in the ethers and hosts databases. 2. Add entries for the hosts to the bootparams database. To simplify matters, you can type a wild card in the bootparams database in place of individual entries for each host. 3. Reboot the server. Configuring TCP/IP on Solaris - Configuring Standard TCP/IP Services TCP/IP Services Services such as telnet, ftp, and rlogin are started by the inetd daemon, which runs automatically at boot time. Like the name service ordering specified in nsswitch.conf, you can configure TCP/IP services in the file /etc/inetd.conf by using the inetd -t flag. For example, you can use inetd to log the IP addresses of all incoming TCP connections (remote logins and telnet). To turn the logging on, kill the running inetd and type: # /usr/sbin/inetd -t -s The t switch turns on TCP connection-tracing

in inetd. Refer to the inetd(1M) and

inetd.conf(4) man pages. Configuring TCP/IP on Solaris - Overview of the Booting Processes The Boot Process The following information is provided for your reference. It is a brief overview of the network booting processes to help you better visualize what is happening during configuration. Note - The names of startup scripts might change from one release to another. 1. 2. 3. 4.

You start the operating system on a host. The kernel runs /sbin/init, as part of the booting process. /sbin/init runs the /etc/rcS.d/S30rootusr.sh. startup script. The script runs a number of system startup tasks, including establishing the minimum host and network configurations for diskless and dataless operations. /etc/rcS.d/S30rootusr.sh also mounts the /usr file system.

5.

6.

7. 8.

1. If the local database files contain the required configuration information (host name and IP address), the script uses it. 2. If the information is not available in local host configuration files, /etc/rcS.d/S30rootusr.sh uses RARP to acquire the host's IP address. If the local files contain domain name, host name, and default router address, the machine uses them. If the configuration information is not in local files, then the system uses the Bootparams protocol to acquire the host name, domain name, and default router address. Note that the required information must be available on a network configuration server that is located on the same network as the host. This is necessary because no internetwork communications exist at this point. After /etc/rcS/S30rootusr.sh completes its tasks and several other boot procedures have executed, /etc/rc2.d/S69inet runs. This script executes startup tasks that must be completed before the name services (NIS, NIS+, or DNS) can start. These tasks include configuring the IP routing and setting the domain name. At completion of the S69inet tasks, /etc/rc2.d/S71rpc runs. This script starts the NIS, NIS+, or DNS name service. After /etc/rc2.d/S71 runs, /etc/rc2.d/S72inetsvc runs. This script starts up services that depend on the presence of the name services. S72inetsvc also starts the daemon inetd, which manages user services such as telnet.

Routers - Routing Protocols Introduction The Solaris operating environment supports two routing protocols: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and ICMP Router Discovery (RDISC). RIP and RDISC are both standard TCP/IP protocols. Routing Protocols RIP is implemented by in.routed, the routing deamon, which automatically starts when the machine boots. When run on a router with the s option specified, in.routed fills the kernel routing table with a route to every reachable network and advertises "reachability" through all network interfaces. When run on a host with the q option specified, in.routed extracts routing information but does not advertise reachability. On hosts, routing information can be extracted in two ways: •

Do not specify the s flag (capital "S": "Space-saving mode") and in.routed builds a full routing table exactly as it does in a router.

•

Specify the s flag and in.routed creates a minimal kernel table, containing a single default route for each available router.

ICMP Router Discovery (RDISC) Protocol Hosts use RDISC to obtain routing information from routers. Thus, when hosts are running RDISC, routers must also run another protocol, such as RIP, in order to exchange router information amoung themselves. RDISC is implemented by in.rdisc, which should run on both routers and hosts. Normally, when in.rdisc runs on a host, it enters a default route for each router that is also running in.rdisc. A host that is running in.rdisc can not discover routers that are running only RIP. Furthermore, when routers are running in.rdisc (rather than in.routed), then can be configured to have a different preference, which causes hosts to select a better router.

Routers - Configuring Routers Introduction TCP/IP's first requirement for a router is that the machine must have at least two network interfaces installed. As long as one of the network interfaces is not disabled, the router automatically "talks" to the RDISC and RIP protocols. These protocols keep track of routers on the network and advertise the router to the hosts on the network. After the router is physically installed on the network, configure it to operate in local files mode, as described in "How to Configure a Host for Local Files Mode". This ensures that routers will boot in case the network configuration server is down. Remember that,unlike a host, a router has at least two interfaces to configure. Configuring Both Router Network Interfaces Because a router provides the interface between two or more networks, you must assign a unique name and IP address to each of the router's network interface cards. Thus, each router has a host name and IP address associated with its primary network interface, plus at least one more unique name and IP address for each additional network interface. How to Configure a Machine as a Router Become superuser on the machine to be configured as a router and do the following: 1. Create an /etc/hostname.interface file or each network interface installed. For example, create hostname.ie0 and hostname.ie1.

2. Type in each file the host name you have selected for that interface. For example, you could type the name alexprod in the file hostname.ie0, then type the name alexprod-201 in the file hostname.ie1. Both interfaces would be located on the same machine. 3. Type the host name and IP address of each interface into /etc/inet/hosts. For example: 192.168.100.20 alexprod #interface for network 192.168.100 192.168.200.1 alexprod-200 #interface for network 192.168.200 192.168.200.5 gobi 192.168.200.10 mojave 192.168.200.110 saltlake 192.168.200.12 chilean

The interfaces alexprod and alexprod-200 are on the same machine. Notice that the network address for alexprod-200 is different from that of alexprod. That is because the medium for network 192.168.100 is connected to the alexprod-200 network interface while the media for network 192.168.200 is connected to the alexprod interface. How a Machine Determines if it is a Router The /etc/rc2.d/S69inet startup script, which runs when the machine boots, determines whether a machine is a router or a host. This decision also determines whether the routing protocols (RIP and RDISC) should run in router mode or host mode. Automatic Routing Protocol Selection The startup script then must determine whether to start up a routing protocol (RIP or RDISC) on the machine or use static routing. To Select Static Routing on a Host If the host is a diskless client or network client, add an entry for a router on the network into /etc/defaultrouter. A single static default route is then installed in the routing table. Under this condition, the host does not run any dynamic routing protocol (such as RIP and RDISC). To Select Dynamic Routing on a Host To force a diskless client or network client to select a dynamic routing protocol, its /etc/defaultrouter file should be empty. The type of dynamic routing used is selected according to the following criteria:

•

•

If the /usr/sbin/in.rdisc program exists, the startup script starts in.rdisc. Any router on the network that is running RDISC then responds to any RDISC queries from the host. If at least one router responds, the host selects RDISC as its routing protocol. If the network router is not running RDISC or fails to respond to the RDISC queries, then in.rdisc on the host exits. The host then starts in.routed, which runs RIP.

Forcing a Machine to Be a Router You can force a machine that has only one /etc/hostname.interface file (by default a host) to be a router. To do so, create a file named /etc/gateways and leave it empty. Creating a Multihomed Host By default, TCP/IP considers any machine with multiple network interfaces to be a router. However, you can change a router into a multihomed host—a machine with more than one network interface that does not run routing protocols or forward IP packets. You typically configure the following types of machines as multihomed hosts: •

• •

NFS servers, particularly large data centers, can be attached to more than one network in order to share files among a large pool of users. These servers don't need to maintain routing tables. Database servers can have multiple network interfaces for the same reason as NFS servers'to provide resources to a large pool of users. Firewall gateways are machines that provide the connection between a company's network and public networks such as the Internet. Administrators set up firewalls as a security measure. When configured as a firewall, the host will not pass packets between the networks attached to it. On the other hand, it can still provide standard TCP/IP services, such as ftp or rlogin, to authorized users.

Since TCP/IP considers any machine with multiple network interfaces to be a router, you need to perform a few operations to turn it into a multihomed host. How to Create a Multihomed Host Become superuser on the prospective multihomed host and do the following: • •

Create an /etc/hostname.interface file for each additional network interface installed in the machine. Type: % touch /etc/notrouter

This creates an empty file called /etc/notrouter.

•

Reboot the machine. When the machine reboots, the startup script looks for the presence of the /etc/notrouter file. If the file exists, the startup script does not run in.routed -s or in.rdisc -r, and does not turn on IP forwarding on all interfaces configured "up" by ifconfig. This happens regardless of whether an /etc/gateways file exists. Thus the machine is now a multihomed host.

Turning On Space-Saving Mode Space-saving mode provides the host with a table that contains only the default routes. On a host, in.routed runs with space saving mode turned off by default. If you do not want the host to have a full routing table (which provides increased protection against misconfigured routers), turn space saving mode on. To do so, edit the /etc/rc2.d/S69inet startup script by changing the line: /usr/sbin/in.routed -q

to /usr/sbin/in.routed -q -S

Turning Off ICMP Router Discovery on the Host For reasons involving router reliability, you might not want your hosts to use RDISC. To turn RDISC off, change the name of the host's /usr/sbin/in.rdisc to some other name, such as /usr/sbin/in.rdisc.saved, and then reboot the host. Turning Off ICMP Router Discovery on the Router If the automatic selection of RIP rather than RDISC by a host is to work reliably, the routers in the network (particularly those running RDISC) must also work reliably. If your routers are not running RDISC and you install a single Solaris router, by default all hosts connected to that router rely on it alone. To have the hosts on that network use the other routers as well, turn off RDISC on the new router. To do this, change the name of the router's /usr/bin/in.rdisc file to some other file name and reboot the router.