Step By Step C++ Plusplus

‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪www.boosla.com‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ رب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﺰﯾﻞ ) وﻋﻠﻤﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻓﻀﻞ اﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﯿﻤﺎً ( ‪ ،‬واﻟﺼﻼة و اﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﯿﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء و ﺳﯿﺪ اﻷوﻟﯿﻦ و اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ رﺳﻮل رب‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ آﻟﮫ و ﺻﺤﺒﮫ أﺟﻤﻌﯿﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫) ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻚ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﻨﺎ إﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺘﻨﺎ إﻧﻚ أﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﻜﯿﻢ (‬ ‫ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻮﺟﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺘﺪئ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ وإﻟﻰ ﻃﻼﺑﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎھﺪ و اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻟﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻮﻧﺎً ﻟﮭﻢ إن ﺷﺎء اﷲ ‪.‬‬ ‫وأدﻋﻮ اﷲ أن ﯾﺘﻘﺒﻠﮫ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎً ﻟﻮﺟﮫ وأن ﯾﻜﺘﺒﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﯿﻔﺘﻲ و ﺻﺤﯿﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺮه‬ ‫وأن ﯾﺠﻌﻠﮫ ﻋﻤﻼً ﯾﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﮫ إﻟﻰ ﯾﻮم اﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ وﺟﺪ ﺧﻄﺄً ﻓﮭﻮ ﻣﻨﻲ وﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻓﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮاب ﻓﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﻖ اﷲ‬ ‫وآﺧﺮ دﻋﻮاﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ رب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫أﺧﻮﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ اﷲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ھﻨﺪاوي‬ ‫‪[email protected]‬‬

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‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪C++‬‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C++‬‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼم ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ و اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫أوﻟﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷدوات اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷدوات اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ‪conditional operator‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ ‪if – else‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪(switch – case‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ‪ for‬اﻟﻤﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪while‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪do while‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻹﯾﻘﺎف ‪break‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ‪continue‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ‪goto‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﯿﺒﻮﻧﺎﺷﻲ ‪Fibonacci Series‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت‪Arrays‬‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ إدﺧﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺠﻼت ) اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺒﺎت ( ‪structure‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺳﺠﻞ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺠﻞ آﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻊ ‪function‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ‪files‬‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت و اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮاءة واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ واﺣﺪ‬

‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٥٥‬‬

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‫ﻟﻐﺔ ‪C++‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪C++‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة ) ‪(RESTRAINED WORDS‬‬ ‫أو اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎً ﺧﺎﺻﺎً ﻣﺜﻞ ‪main‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻻﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺣﺮف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮوف اﻷﺑﺠﺪﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة أو ﻛﺒﯿﺮة وﻋﻠﻰ أي رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻮي اﻹﺷﺎرة ) _ (‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻻ ﯾﺠﻮز أن ﯾﺒﺪأ اﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫‪7-up‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام )!( اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة‬ ‫!‪Salim‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ) ‪ ( #‬اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة‬ ‫‪No#‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪A9‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻄﺮح‬ ‫‪a-a‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬إن ھﺬه اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮف أي اﻟﺤﺮف اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ ﻟﯿﺲ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ‪ a‬ﻓﮭﻮ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ‪A‬‬

‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C++‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺴﺘﮭﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻵن ھﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ‪iostream‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪c in‬‬ ‫إدﺧﺎل وﺗﻘﺮأ‬ ‫>>‪cin‬‬ ‫‪c out‬‬ ‫<<‪ cout‬إﺧﺮاج و ﺗﻘﺮأ‬ ‫‪end line‬‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﺳﻄﺮ وﺗﻘﺮأ‬ ‫‪endl‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ھﺬه ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ C++‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت وﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ اﻛﻮاد ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ و ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪة ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ آن واﺣﺪ وﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ أي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻛﺮ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ أﯾﻀﺎ ﺳﻨﺸﺮح ھﺬه اﻷواﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻮل اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮس اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮس اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

‫>‪#include
‫اﻹﻋﻼم ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺮﯾﺪھﺎ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻖ ﻋﻦ أﺳﻤﺎء‬ ‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ) ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ( ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫;‪int a‬‬ ‫;‪int b‬‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ; ‪int a,b‬‬ ‫وﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Turbo‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻇﺎھﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪:‬‬

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‫وﯾﻜﻔﯿﻚ أن ﺗﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ File‬وﺗﺨﺘﺎر اﻷﻣﺮ ‪ New‬وﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﺗﻀﻐﻂ اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫‪Run‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﯿﻦ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻷول إﻟﻰ ﻋﺸﺮة‬ ‫وإﺳﻨﺎده إﻟﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ؟‬ ‫>‪#include > var1‬‬ ‫;‪var2 = var1 + 10‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< " var1+ 10 is "<
‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ;‪ cin>> var1‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أدﺧﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ‪var1‬‬

‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﺔ ‪char‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫وﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﺮوف ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ أﺷﻜﺎﻟﮭﺎ و اﻟﺮﻣﻮز و اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ) ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ ( ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫;‪char a,b‬‬ ‫; '‪a= 'a‬‬ ‫;''=‪b‬‬ ‫;‪char var1‬‬ ‫; '‪var1 = '.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﺔ ‪integer‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪٣٢٧٦٧‬‬ ‫وﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫;‪int a‬‬ ‫;‪a= 100‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﺔ ‪floating point‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫;‪float x‬‬ ‫;‪x = 5.2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠﺔ ‪double‬‬ ‫ھﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫;‪double x‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ھﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴــــﻤﺔ ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟـﻨــﺎﺗﺞ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ أﯾﻀﺎً‬ ‫ﻗﺴــــﻤﺔ ﻋـﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟـــﻨــﺎﺗﺞ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ أﯾﻀﺎً‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟــﻨﺎﺗــﺞ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫أوﺟﺪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫>‪#include
‫;‪float x,y,z‬‬ ‫;‪i = 5/2‬‬ ‫; ‪x = 5/2‬‬ ‫;)‪y = (float ) (5/2‬‬ ‫;‪j = ( float) 5/2‬‬ ‫; ‪z = 5. / 2‬‬ ‫;‪cout<
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‬ ‫‪j=2.5‬‬

‫‪y= 2.000‬‬

‫‪x= 2.000‬‬

‫‪I=2‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ و اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺮح‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪%‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫*‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﺮب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﯾﺎدة ﺑﻤﻘﺪار واﺣﺪ ‪++‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺼﺎن ﺑﻤﻘﺪار واﺣﺪ ‪--‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪/‬‬

‫أوﻟﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة و اﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﻷﻗﻮاس‬ ‫‪ -٣‬إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ و ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ و اﻟﻀﺮب‬ ‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﺠﻤﻊ و اﻟﺼﺮح‬ ‫‪ -٦‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬ ‫‪ -٧‬اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة و اﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮة ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل وﺟﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻷوﻟﻮﯾﺔ ﻧﺒﺪأ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫اﻷدوات اﻟﻌﻼﻗﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫وھﻲ ﺣﺴﺐ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ أو ﯾﺴﺎوي‬ ‫أﺻﻐﺮ أو‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎوي‬ ‫إن ﻛﺎن ﯾﺴﺎوي‬ ‫إن ﻛﺎن ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎوي‬

‫<‬ ‫>‬ ‫=<‬ ‫=>‬ ‫==‬ ‫=!‬

‫أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸوﻟﻮﯾﺎت ﻓﮭﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹدﺧﺎل ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺟﺪول ﺿﺮب ﻟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include < iostream.h‬‬ ‫) ( ‪void main‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫;‪int x‬‬ ‫;‪cin>> x‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x <<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x *2<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x *3<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x *4<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x *5<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x *6<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x *7<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x *8<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< x *9<<endl‬‬ ‫{‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹدﺧﺎل ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﺪل ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

:‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ #include void main () { int a,b,c; cin>> a >> b >> c ; cout<<"the averaje is"<< ( a+b+c )/3; }

‫اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ‬ && || !

and or not :‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Int a=b=3; A<3 false A < = 3 true A>b false A != b false A = =b true : ‫اﻷدوات اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ وﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻷدوات ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت‬bit ‫ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أدوات دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬C++ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﻟﻐﻮ‬ .‫ وﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻊ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬Int , char :‫وھﺬه اﻷدوات ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ‬ ~ >> << ^ & |

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‫اﻟﺸﺮح‬ Not ‫إزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر‬ ‫إزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ‬ Xor And Or

‫وﺗﻜﻮن اﻷوﻟﻮﯾﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺠﺪول‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ‪ x‬ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب أوﺟﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻧﻔﻲ ‪ x‬أي ‪~x‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاب‪:‬‬ ‫‪0 1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫اﻷدوات اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫وھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﺗﺘﻢ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺷﺮوط ﯾﺤﺪدھﺎ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﻷدوات اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ‪conditional operator‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻲ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻮاب‬

‫‪Expression ? Expression1 : Expression2‬‬ ‫‪(a>b)? c : d‬‬ ‫إن ﻛﺎن اﻟﺸﺮط ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻓﺎﺧﺘﺮ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪c‬‬ ‫وإن ﻛﺎن اﻟﺸﺮط ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻓﺎﺧﺘﺮ ‪d‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﻮل ‪ y‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ ) اﻷداة اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ (‬ ‫و اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪ y‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ x‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫أي أن ‪ y = x‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪x>0‬‬ ‫‪x>0‬‬ ‫‪y= -x‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include < iostream.h‬‬ ‫) ( ‪void main‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

int y, x; cin>> x; y =(x >= 0)? x :-x; cout<< y; {

if – else ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ‬ : ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎم‬ if(Expression) Expression1 else Expression2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﻲ‬ if(b < c) a = b; else a = c; ‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹدﺧﺎل ﻃﻮﻟﻚ و ﻃﻮل زﻣﯿﻠﻚ ﺑﺸﺮط‬ ‫إن ﻛﺎن ﻃﻮﻟﻚ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮل زﻣﯿﻠﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻗﻢ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻚ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺪل اﻷﻃﻮال‬ ‫ﺛﻢ أﻃﺒﻌﮫ وإﻻ ﻓﺄﻃﺒﻊ ﻃﻮل زﻣﯿﻠﻚ وأﻃﺒﻊ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻃﻮﻟﮫ وأﻃﺒﻊ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﻟﮫ‬ :‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ #include void main() { int z,y; cout<< "Inter your long"<<endl; cin>> z ; cout<< "Inter friend's long"<<endl; cin>> y; cout<< "--------------------"<<endl; if(z>y) { cout<< "You longer"<<endl; cout<< "Your long is "<
cout<< (z+y)/2; } else { cout<<" Your friend is longer"<<endl; cout<<" He's long is "<> z; cout<<"enter scanned number"<<endl; cin>>y; if(z>y) cout<<"the large number is first"<
(switch – case) ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎم‬ switch(Expression) ١١ PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

{ case constant 1 : statement 1; break; case constant 2 : statement 2; break; . . . case constant x : statement x; break; default : statement; break; } : ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‬switch ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮف ﻓﻲ‬Expression ‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن‬ :‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ #include void main() { int x; cin>> x; switch (x) { case 1: cout<<" welcome"<<endl; break; case 2: cout<<" hello student"<<endl; break; case 3: cout<<" introdaction to c++"<<endl; break; default: cout<< "bye bye"; } }

:‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ‬

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‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻄﺒﻊ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﺮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻓﯿﻄﺒﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ #include void main() { int x; cout<< " inter number a planet "<< endl; cin>> x; switch (x) { case 1: cout<<" its a Mercury"<<endl; break; case 2: cout<<" its a Venus"<<endl; break; case 3: cout<<" its a earth"<<endl; break; case 4: cout<<" its a Mars"<<endl; break; case 5: cout<<" its a Jupiter"<<endl; break; case 6: cout<<" its a Saturn"<<endl; break; case 7: cout<<" its a URANUS"<<endl; break; case 8: cout<<" its a NEPTUNE"<<endl; break; case 9: cout<<" its a PLUTO"<<endl; break; case 10: cout<<" its a senda "<<endl; break; ١٣ PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

default: cout<< "err no plant to resemble this number"<<endl; break; } }

:‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻷﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ :‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ #include main() { int x; cout<<"enter the decimal number:"; cin>> x; while(x<=12) {switch(x) { case 1: {cout<<"I"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number:";} break; case 2: {cout<<"II"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number:";} break; case 3: {cout<<"III"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number:";} break; case 4: {cout<<"IV"<<endl; cout <<"enter the decimal number:";} break; case 5: {cout<<"V"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number:";} break; case 6: {cout<<"VI"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number:";}

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break; case 7: {cout<<"VII"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number:";} break; case 8: {cout<<"VIII"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number";} break; case 9: {cout<<"IX"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number";} break; case 10: {cout<<"XI"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number";} break; case 11: {cout<<"XII"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number";} break; case 12: {cout<<"XIII"<<endl; cout<<"enter the decimal number:";} break; default: cout<<"NOOOO"; break; } cin>>x; } }

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‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪for‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫) ‪For ( initial value ; coalition ; increment‬‬ ‫;‪Statements‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮح ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮط ﯾﻘﯿﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ‪ for‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﻮي ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫وھﺬا اﻟﺸﺮط ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ و اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ و ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﻮل ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻄﺒﻊ ھﺬه اﻹﺷﺎرة * ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﺮات ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫>‪#include
‫>‪#include ‪#include ‪#include
‫{‬ ‫;‪cout<
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪while‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫)‪while(condition‬‬ ‫; ‪Statement‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﻌﻮدة إﻟﻰ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﺸﺮط‬ ‫ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ إذا‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ھﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد أوﻟﻲ أم ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include > x‬‬ ‫;‪i=2‬‬ ‫)‪while (x>i‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫)‪if (x%i==0‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫‪cout<<"the number in not prime";// make i right any thing‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫;‪i=x+1‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫‪else‬‬ ‫)‪if(x % i !=0‬‬ ‫;‪i++‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫)‪if(x==i‬‬ ‫;"‪cout<<"the number is prime‬‬ ‫}‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم إدﺧﺎل ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﯿﻄﺒﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ھﺬه اﻹﺷﺎرة * ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫>‪#include > x‬‬ ‫)‪while (x>0‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪cout<<"*"<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>x‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫}‬

‫وھﻨﺎ ﯾﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ وﻻ ﯾﺨﺮج ﻣﻨﮭﺎ إﻻ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ إن اردﻧﺎ أن ﯾﺨﺮج اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ أول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻨﻜﺘﺐ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬ ‫;‪x=x-x‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬ ‫;‪Cin>>x‬‬

‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪do while‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫‪Do‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫‪Statement‬‬ ‫;)‪}while (condition‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬ ‫اﺑﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ do‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺸﺮط )‪while (condition‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪًا‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﺠﻮھﺮي ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ do while‬و اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪while‬‬ ‫ھﻮ أن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ do while‬ﯾﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد إدﺧﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫>‪#include >x‬‬ ‫;‪sum+=x‬‬ ‫;)‪}while (x!=0‬‬ ‫;‪cout<<"sum of number is ="<<sum‬‬ ‫}‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫إن اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ‪ sum+=x‬ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ و ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ‪sum = sum + x‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ while‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫>‪#include >x‬‬ ‫)‪While ( x!=0‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪Sum+=x‬‬ ‫;‪Cin>>x‬‬ ‫}‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻹﯾﻘﺎف ‪break‬‬ ‫وﻇﯿﻔﺘﮭﺎ ‪ :‬إﯾﻘﺎف ﺑﻨﯿﺔ أو ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺮط أو ﺷﺮوط ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﻔﺰ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﯿﺔ أو ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ‪continue‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ﺧﻼل اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ و اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include
‫)‪for(int i=1; i<=100; i++‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫)‪if(i==10‬‬ ‫;‪continue‬‬ ‫;‪cout<< i <<endl‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫}‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ )‪ (١‬إﻟﻰ )‪ (١٠٠‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ) ‪٢‬و‪٤‬و‪. (٦‬‬ ‫>‪#include
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى أﺳﮭﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include
‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ‪goto‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﯿﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻲ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﺳﻄﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ أﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل رﻗﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺎن اﻟﺮﻗﻢ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮة ﻓﯿﻄﺒﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪The number is less ten‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ إن ﻛﺎن اﻟﺮﻗﻢ أﻛﺒﺮ أو ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻌﺸﺮة ﻓﯿﻄﺒﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫‪The number is equal or beggar ten‬‬

‫>‪#include >x‬‬ ‫)‪if(x<10‬‬ ‫;‪goto one‬‬ ‫;‪else goto two‬‬ ‫;"‪one: cout<<"the number is less ten‬‬ ‫};"‪two: cout<<"the number is equal or beggar ten‬‬

‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺠﺪ أن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرﺗﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎً إن ﻛﺎن اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮة‬ ‫وھﺬا اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺳﺒﺒﮫ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت ﺳﻄﺮ ﺳﻄﺮ وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺟﺎءت ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫) ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ( ﻓﻨﻔﺬت ﺑﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺒﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﮫ ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﻋﺪة أﻋﺪاد ‪ / n /‬وﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺠﻤﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﻋﺪاد ‪ /n/‬ﻗﺒﻞ إدﺧﺎﻟﮭﺎ ؟‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل؟‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪do while‬‬ ‫>‪#include >n‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪cin>>x‬‬ ‫;‪sum+=x‬‬ ‫;‪n--‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫;)‪while(n!=0‬‬ ‫;‪cout<<"the sum of number is "<<sum‬‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

}

while ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬ #include void main() { int n,count=1,num,sum=0; cout<<"enter n"; cin>>n; while(count<=n) { cin>>num; sum+=num; count++; } cout <<"the sum of number is"<<sum; }

for ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬ #include void main() { int sum=0,x,i,n; cout<<"enter n"<<endl; cin>>n; for(i=1; i<=n ; i++) { cout<<"enter namber"<<endl; cin>>x; sum=sum+x; } cout<<" the sum of number is = "; cout<<sum<<endl; }

‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ آﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﺪدﯾﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﯿﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﻮاب‬٢+١ ‫اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ أن ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫وﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺮ؟‬ #include void main() { int x,y; ٢٤ PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

char r; cin>> x; cin>> r; cin>> y; switch(r) { case '+': cout<<x+y; break; case '-': cout<<x-y; break; case '*': cout<<x*y; break; case '/': if(y==0) cout<<"error"; else cout<<x/y; break; default: cout<<" chose the right operate";}}

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ وﻟﻜﻦ اﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺄن ﯾﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮة‬ #include void main() { int x,y,n,count; char r; cout<<" enter how many play program"<<endl; cin>> n; cin>> x; cin>> r; cin>> y; while(n!=0) { n--; switch(r) { case '+':

٢٥ PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

{ cout<<"the score is = "<<x+y<<endl; cout<<"----------------------"<<endl; } break; case '-': { cout<<"the score is = "<<x-y<<endl; cout<<"----------------------"<<endl; } break; case '*': { cout<<"the score is = "<<x*y<<endl; cout<<"----------------------"<<endl; } break; case '/': { cout<<"the score is = "; if(y==0) cout<<"error"<<endl; else cout<<x/y<<endl; cout<<"----------------------"<<endl; } break; default: { cout<<" chose the right operate"<<endl; cout<<"----------------------"<<endl; } } cin>> x; cin>> r; cin>> y; } } :‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ 1 12 123 ٢٦ PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

‫‪1234‬‬ ‫‪12345‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻼﻗﺔ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ أي ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﺮج رﻗﻤﺎً وﻟﯿﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ ھﻮ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include
‫أﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﯾﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﺨﺮج ﺷﻜﻼً وﻟﯿﺲ رﻗﻢ ﻓﮭﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include>x;cin>>y‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺮ واﺣﺪ وھﻜﺬا ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺤﺴﺎب !‪ n‬اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻷي رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

while ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬ #include void main() { int x,y,fact=1; cout<<" this program is for factorial calculation"; cout<<"\n ------------------------------------------"; cout<<"\n enter x"<<endl ; cin>>x; y=1; cout<<x<<"! = "; while(y<=x) { fact=fact*y; y++; } cout< void main() { int i,n,fact=1; cout<<" this program is for factorial calculation"; cout<<"\n copy right 2006"; cout<<"\n designed by hindawi"; cout<<"\n ------------------------------------------"; cout<<"\n enter x"<<endl ; cin>>n; cout<
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‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﯿﺒﻮﻧﺎﺷﻲ ‪Fibonacci Series‬‬ ‫ھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ أﻋﺪاد ﯾﻮن أي رﻗﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﯿﻦ ﻟﮫ و ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻷول ﻣﻨﮭﺎ و‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫أي ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 ……………..n‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻌﺸﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﯿﺒﻮﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫>‪#include
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} :‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ‬ n ‫أوﺟﺪ ﺣﺪود ﻓﯿﺒﻮﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬ :‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ #include void main() { int a,b,c,i,n; char s=' '; a=b=1; cin>>n; cout< void main() { int a,b,c,d,e; char s= ' '; a=1; b=2; c=3; d=4; e=5; for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) { cout<
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a=b; b=c; c=d; d=e; e=a; e--; } } :‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬ A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 D.1 D.2 D.3 D.4 D.5 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.5 ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ #include void main() { char A,B,C,D,E,y,s,n; s='.'; n=' '; for(y='A';y<='E';y++) { cout<<endl; for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) cout<2>4>8>16>32> >>>>>>>>>> ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ #include void main() { float a,b,n; char s=' '; a=b=1; cin>>n;

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‫;‪cout<
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت‬

‫‪Arrays‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮع ‪double , int , char , float‬‬ ‫وﻟﮭﺎ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮع ‪ :‬ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻛﻠﮭﺎ أﻋﺪاد ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ‪ :‬ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺷﯿﺎء ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﯿﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ‪ :‬وھﻮ اﺳﻢ ﻧﺨﺘﺎره ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر اﺳﻢ أي ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫;}‪Int mark [5] ={1,3,2,4,6‬‬ ‫;}‪Int mark [ ] = {5,2,1‬‬

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‫;]‪Int mark [5‬‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪int‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪mark‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً أﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت ﯾﺒﺪأ ﺗﺮﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ) ﺧﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ( وﻟﯿﺲ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫أي وﺑﺸﻜﻞ أوﺿﺢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ‪٥‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ‪٤‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ‪٣‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ‪٢‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ‪١‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ‪٠‬‬

‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

‫وﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﺗﺮﻗﯿﻤﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬

‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ إدﺧﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺛﻢ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮫ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﻮﺳﯿﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا أردﻧﺎ ﻣﺜﻼً أن ﻧﻀﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ ٧٥‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Mark[2] = 75‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪًا‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ) أي اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ( ﻛﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬

‫‪852‬‬

‫‪258‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪454‬‬

‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬

‫ﻓﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ إدﺧﺎل ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‪-‬ﺣﺮف أو رﻗﻢ ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫أدﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ ٣‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ]‪mark[4‬‬

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‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫;]‪cin rel="nofollow">>mark[1‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ]‪ [1‬ﻷن اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﯾﺸﺎر ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪١‬‬ ‫وﻷن اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷول ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن )‪ (0‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ذﻛﺮه ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً‬

‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ إدﺧﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻹدﺧﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﺳﻤﮭﺎ ‪ mark‬ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ for‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪for(int i=0 ; i<5 ; i++‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫; "‪cout<<" please enter array elements‬‬ ‫; ]‪cin>> mark [i‬‬ ‫}‬

‫* ﻋﻠﻤﺎً أن رﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ) وﻟﯿﺲ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ( ﯾﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺻﻔـﺮ وﻟﮭﺬا ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ‪i<5‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﯾﻜﻮن رﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ – وﻟﯿﺲ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ – ﺗﻜﻮن أرﺑﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ذات اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ذات ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ }‪ A{ 2,5,4,6‬ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ذات اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺻﻒ واﺣﺪ و إن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻮد واﺣﺪ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ذات اﻟﺒﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﻓﮭﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻒ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻮد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت أو ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ) ﻣﺜﻼً ‪ ( ١٠‬ﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﺎ) ‪ ( max‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ أﺑﺪا‬ ‫أي ﻣﺘﺤﻮل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔً ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺮف ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪#define max 10‬‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ‪ max‬أﺧﺬ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﻃﻮال ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫وﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ‪ max‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ أو اﻹﺳﻨﺎد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎت ﻋﺸﺮة ﻣﻮﻇﻔﯿﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺤﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ھﺬه اﻟﺮواﺗﺐ‬ ‫>‪#include
‫{‬ ‫;]‪float salary[max‬‬ ‫;‪float average ,sum‬‬ ‫;‪int count‬‬ ‫;‪sum=0.0‬‬ ‫)‪for(count=0;count<max;count++‬‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺿﻤﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫{‬ ‫;"‪cout<<"please enter salary for employee\n‬‬ ‫;]‪cin>>salary[count‬‬ ‫;]‪sum=sum+salary[count‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫;‪average = sum / max‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫;‪cout<<"\n salary average is = "<> mark‬‬ ‫وﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺮاد ادﺧﺎﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻐﻂ إﻧﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ ‪ int float‬إﻻ رﻗﻢ رﻗﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﯿﻦ و ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻨﮭﻢ‬ ‫>‪#include >name‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>address‬‬ ‫;‪cout<
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‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل أدﺧﻠﻨﺎ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً و ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﮫ أﯾﻀﺎً ﻷن اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ إﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮھﺎ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ rel="nofollow">‪#include>mark[i‬‬ ‫;]‪sum=sum+mark[i‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫;‪cout<<"sum = "<<sum‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ أدﺧﻠﻨﺎ ھﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ رﻗﻢ رﻗﻢ و اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪FOR‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮھﺎ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫]‪float mark[x‬‬ ‫‪cin>>x‬‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﺠﻮز ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )‪for(int i=0;i<5;i++‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ‪ i<5‬وﻟﻢ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ‪ i<=5‬ﻷن ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮة رﻣﻮز ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺘﮭﺎ وﻓﻖ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻹدﺧﺎل ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﻜﺴﮫ‬ ‫>‪#include>s[i‬‬

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‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻹﺧﺮاج اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻹﺧﺮاج اﻟﺘﻨﺎزﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫)‪for(i=0;i<10;i++‬‬ ‫;]‪cout<<s[i‬‬ ‫)‪for(i=9;i>=0;i--‬‬ ‫;]‪cout<<s[i‬‬ ‫}‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫* ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل أدﺧﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﺮف ﺣﺮف‬ ‫* ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻹﺧﺮاج اﻟﺘﻨﺎزﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫)‪for(i=9;i>=0;i--‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ i=9‬ﺗﻨﻌﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ i=0‬ﻧﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷول‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﯾﻦ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫* اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾُﻤَﻜّﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ إدﺧﺎل ﻋﺸﺮة رﻣﻮز ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺮات ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪ A a‬ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫>‪#include> s[i‬‬ ‫)'‪if(s[i]=='A'||s[i]=='a‬‬ ‫;‪count ++‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫;‪cout<
‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ أﻣﺮ اﻻدﺧﺎل ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫)'‪if(s[i]=='A'||s[i]=='a‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ؟‬ ‫إن ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ A‬أو ‪ or‬ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ a‬ﻧﻔﺬ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

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‫واﻟﺬي ھﻮ ‪ count++‬أي زﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﺪاد ﺑﻤﻘﺪار واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺮط زادت ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪاد ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﺎم إدﺧﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻄﺒﻊ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪاد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾُﻤَﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮة أرﻗﺎم‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ھﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺗﻮاﺟﺪھﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include>s[i‬‬ ‫)‪if(s[i]>5‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪cout<<"this number is begger of 5"<<endl‬‬ ‫"<<‪cout<
‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫إن اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ I‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ]‪ S[I‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻮد أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻔﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻮدﯾﻦ و ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺳﻄﺮ‬ ‫وﻹدﺧﺎل ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ أن ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺴﻄﺮ ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻮد اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﺮاد إدﺧﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫;]‪cin>> a[i] [j‬‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ a :‬اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫‪ i‬رﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ‬ ‫‪ j‬رﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮد‬ ‫وﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺮﻗﯿﻢ اﻷﺳﻄﺮ و اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪ a[1][0]=1‬أن اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ) ‪ ( ١‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 1‬و اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮد ‪ 0‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫وﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ for‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﻨﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﺘﻲ ‪ for‬ﻹدﺧﺎل اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪for(i=0 ; i<3 ; i++‬‬ ‫)‪for(j=0 ; j<2; j++‬‬ ‫;]‪cin>>a[i][j‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ إذا ﺗﺴﺎوى ﻋﺪد اﻷﺳﻄﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺮﯾﻦ وﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ذات اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮدﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪( ١٠‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬

‫>‪#include
‫;‪int s[2][3],i,j‬‬ ‫)‪for(i=0;i<2;i++‬‬ ‫)‪for(j=0;j<3;j++‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;]‪cin>>s[i][j‬‬ ‫)‪if(s[i][j]%2!=0‬‬ ‫;‪s[i][j]=10‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫)‪for(i=0;i<2;i++‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫)‪for(j=0;j<3;j++‬‬ ‫;" "<<]‪cout<<s[i][j‬‬ ‫;‪cout<<endl‬‬ ‫}}‬

‫اﻟﺴﺠﻼت ) اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺒﺎت ( ‪structure‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﻛﻮﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع ‪ :‬أي أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ‪ int‬وﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ‪ char‬وﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ‪ float‬وﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ‪.......‬اﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻞ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻮﻇﻔﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬

‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ وھﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ ]‪char name[40‬‬ ‫]‪char address[40‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﮫ وھﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪int age‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮه ﻣﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫‪float salary‬‬ ‫راﺗﺒﮫ ﻣﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬

‫وﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﺈن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﻛﻮﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ واﺣﺪ‬ ‫وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻹﻋﻼم ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة ‪ struct‬وھﻲ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ structure‬وﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬

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‫وﻧﻀﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﻮﺳﯿﻦ وﻧﺨﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﺑﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻮل ﺧﺎص ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ ) اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ( ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫>‪#include
‫ﻛﯿﻒ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻻت داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ) ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺠﻞ (‬ ‫>‪#include
‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ إدﺧﺎل وإﺧﺮاج اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت داﺧﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ ﻣﺜﻼً إدﺧﺎل ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫; ‪Cin >> emp . age‬‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ إدﺧﺎل اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬

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‫;‪Cin >> emp . name‬‬ ‫و ﻻ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻷﻗﻮاس ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ إدﺧﺎل اﻻﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ إﺧﺮاج أي ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل ‪ cin‬ﺑـ ‪ cout‬ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻌﺮوف‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى‬ ‫) ( ‪Void main‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫‪Struct employee‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪-----‬‬ ‫;‪-----‬‬ ‫;‪-----‬‬ ‫;‪-----‬‬ ‫;}‬ ‫وﻧﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﮫ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻤﺮه‬ ‫‪ -٤‬راﺗﺒﮫ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻀﻊ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ‬

‫>‪#include
‫;‪struct employee emp‬‬ ‫;‪cout<<"enter name"<<endl‬‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

cin>>emp.name; cout<<"enter address"<<endl; cin>>emp.address; cout<<"enter age"<<endl; cin>>emp.age; cout<<"enter salary"<<endl; cin>>emp.salary; } ‫وﻟﻜﻦ إن ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺳﺠﻼت‬

‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺳﺠﻼت‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ وﻧﻀﯿﻒ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻲ‬ . ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت‬for ‫وھﻮ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﺎً ﻧﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻨﮭﻢ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺨﺮﺟﮭﺎ‬ #include struct employee { char name[40]; char address[40]; int age; float salary; }; void main() { struct employee emp[13]; for(int i=0;i<13;i++) { cout<<"enter name"<<endl; cin>>emp[i].name;

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‫;‪cout<<"enter address"<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>emp[i].address‬‬ ‫;‪cout<<"enter age"<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>emp[i].age‬‬ ‫;‪cout<<"enter salary"<<endl‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>emp[i].salary‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫)‪for(i=0;i<13;i++‬‬ ‫;‪cout<<emp[i].name<<emp[i].address<<emp[i].age<<emp[i].salary<<endl‬‬ ‫}‬

‫ﺳﺆال‪:‬‬ ‫إن أردﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﯿﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﺎ أو ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎذا ﻧﻔﻌﻞ؟‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺳﺠﻞ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺠﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺳﺠﻞ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺠﻞ آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺳﺠﻞ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ أن ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﺧﻞ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ وﻋﻨﻮاﻧﮫ و‪.....‬و‪ .....‬وﯾﺘﻢ إﺳﻨﺎد ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺠﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺠﻞ آﺧﺮ وھﻮ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ أو اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎ ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ھﻮ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ أﻣﺎ ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﮭﻮ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‬ ‫وﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻜﻮد ‪ -‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ أي ﺳﺠﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﺛﺎﻧﻮي‬

‫‪Struct employee‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;]‪Char name[20‬‬ ‫;]‪Char address[40‬‬ ‫;‪Int age‬‬ ‫;‪Float salary‬‬

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‫;}‬ ‫‪Struct dept‬‬ ‫ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪Int deptno‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﻮل رﻗﻢ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫;‪Int projct‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫;‪Struct employee emp‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮف ھﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي داﺧﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫;}‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻹدﺧﺎل و اﻹﺧﺮاج ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا أردﻧﺎ إدﺧﺎل ﻣﺜﻼً ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ﻟﻠﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي ﺛﻢ ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫اﻹدﺧﺎل أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل إﺿﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻓﯿﻜﻔﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﺛﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن اﻻدﺧﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫;‪Dept.emp.age‬‬ ‫‪Dept.deptno‬‬

‫‪-----------------------------------------‬‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ إدﺧﺎل ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ – ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ -‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ‪ gets‬ﺑﺪل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ >>‪ cin‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ وھﻲ >‪ <stdio.h‬وﯾﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻜﻮد ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫;)‪gets (emp[i] .name‬‬

‫‪Function‬‬ ‫ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﮭﻤﺘﮫ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺣﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎؤه‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) وﺳﯿﺄﺗﻲ ﺷﺮﺣﮫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ (وﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ إن ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﺧﺎرج ) ﻗﺒﻞ ( اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫) ( ‪Void main‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺸﺎع )ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ(‬ ‫أﻣﺎ إن ﻛﺘﺐ داﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫) ( ‪Void main‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﻜﺮاً ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﻮد ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ ) ﯾﺸﺮح ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ (‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وھﻮ ﯾﺸﺎﺑﮫ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ وﻃﺒﻌﺎً ﺑﺪون ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫وﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫وھﻮ ﺑﺄن ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﺳﻢ ﺧﺮج اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺛﻢ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺒﺎراﻣﺘﺮات أي ﻧﻮع اﻟﺨﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎراﻣﺘﺮات اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫; ) ‪positive (int‬‬

‫ﺧﺮج اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫‪Void‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺧﺮج اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫‪void‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎرغ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﺼﺢ ‪int‬‬ ‫‪void‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪون ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪float‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪.......‬‬ ‫‪.......‬‬ ‫‪.....‬اﻟﺦ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪):‬ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ إرﺟﺎع أي ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ( أي ﺑﺪون ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺧﺮج‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ -‬اﻟﻤُﺪﺧَﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ أم ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫>‪#include>x‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻛﻮد ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ;)‪positive (x‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫;)‪while(x !=0‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ )‪void positive (int a‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫)‪if(a<0‬‬ ‫;"‪cout<
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‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫;)‪void positive (int‬‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻨﺎه ﺑﺄن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺈرﺟﺎع ) ﺧﺮج اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ( إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ‪void‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ do while‬ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل ‪ x‬ﻻ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫;)‪positive (x‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺳﯿﻘﻔﺰ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ و اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫)‪void positive (int a‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫)‪if(a<0‬‬ ‫;"‪cout<‪#include
‫;‪int a,b,c,d‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>a>>b>>c‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮد ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ;)‪d=great(a,b,c‬‬ ‫;‪cout<max) max=y‬‬ ‫;‪if(z>max) max=z‬‬ ‫;‪return max‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯿﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب‬ ‫}‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدة ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺬف اﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪return max‬‬ ‫وﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ‪ int‬اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ‪ void‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫;)‪int great (int,int,int‬‬ ‫)‪int great(int x,int y,int z‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪًا‬ ‫* ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة ﻗﯿﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﻓﻠﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺘﺤﻮل آﺧﺮ ﺗﺴﻨﺪ إﻟﯿﮫ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺧﺮج ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫;)‪d=great(a,b,c‬‬ ‫* ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﯾﻌﯿﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﺈن ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻌﺎد ﺿﻤﻦ اﻷﻣﺮ ‪ retun‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن وﻇﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﻤﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻰ ﻗﻮة ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻣﺮ )‪ pow(x,n‬اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫>‪<math.h‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ أن )‪ abs(b‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪(b‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫>‪#include ‪#include<math.h‬‬ ‫;)‪float power(float,int‬‬ ‫)(‪void main‬‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

{ float x; int n; cin>>x>>n; cout<<power (x,n); ‫اﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ وﻃﺒﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدة‬ } float power (float a,int b) ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬ { float c; int i; c=1; for(i=abs(b); i>1;i--) c*=a; if(b<0) c=1/c; return c; } ‫ھﺎم ﺟﺪًا‬ return ‫ﻋﻨﺪ وﺟﻮد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدة ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬c ‫ﺗﻌﺎد ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺣﺴﺎب و ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ Sum = 0! + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! :‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ #include int fact (int); void main () { int sum=0,i; for(i=0;i<=5;i++) sum+=fact(i); ‫ﻃﻠﺐ ﺧﺮج اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﺮات وﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﺔ‬ cout<<"sum = "<<sum; } int fact (int n) { int i,s; s=1; for(i=n;i>=1;i--) s*=i; ٤٩ PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

‫;‪return s‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺣﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Sum = 1 + x^1 + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ أن )‪ (x^n‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻛﺲ ﻣﺮﻓﻮع إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻮة ‪n‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻣﺮ ;)‪pow(x,i‬‬ ‫>‪#include‪#include<math.h‬‬ ‫)(‪void main‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪int sum=0,x,i‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>x‬‬ ‫)‪for(i=5;i>=1;i--‬‬ ‫;)‪sum+=pow(x,i‬‬ ‫;‪cout<<sum‬‬ ‫}‬

‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ‪FILES‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ وﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ و ﺗﺤﻔﻆ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻘﻮم ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﺪرس ﺑﺸﺮح ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻘﺮاءة و اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻧﺴﺘﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻟﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت ﻟﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬ ‫أوﻻً ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻷواﻣﺮ ھﻲ > ‪<stdio.h‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤـﺔ ﻓــﺘـﺢ ﻣﻠﻒ ) ( ‪fopen‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ إﻏﻼق ﻣﻠﻒ ) ( ‪fclose‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻠﻒ ) ( ‪fprintf‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮح‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻒ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺴﺎر ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ و اﻣﺘﺪاده‬

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‫وﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ أﯾﻀﺎً ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻟﺤﺠﺰه ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‪.‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ‪FILE *f‬‬ ‫وﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ FILE‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺄﺣﺮف ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺣﺼﺮاً‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺘﺢ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ إﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ھﻞ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ أم اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫أم اﻻﺛﻨﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎً ‪.‬‬ ‫;)"‪f = fopen("c:\\student.txt","w‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫"‪"r‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺮاءة ﻓﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اﻟﻘﺮاءة و اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم "‪ "r+‬أو "‪"w+‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫> ‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫) ( ‪void main‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫‪FILE * f‬‬ ‫;)"‪f=fopen("c:\\stdudent.txt","w‬‬ ‫;)"‪fprintf(f," welcome to C++‬‬ ‫;)‪fclose(f‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫وﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ‪ welcome to C++‬ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﻓﺘﺤﮫ أو إﻧﺸﺎءه ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫;)"‪fprintf(f," welcome to C++‬‬ ‫وإن اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ‪ fprint‬ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ‪ cout‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ‪iostream‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ إﻏﻼق ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ھﺬا اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫;)‪fclose(f‬‬ ‫وإن ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻏﻼق ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ وﺗﻨﮭﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮫ وﻋﺪم ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻒ أو ﺿﯿﺎع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫* ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ أﻣﺮ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ إن ﻟﻢ ﯾﺠﺪ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻨﺸﺊ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫* ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻋﺪم ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺳﯿﻨﺸﺊ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﮫ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻠﻒ ﻧﺼﻲ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺿﻤﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫>‪#include‪#include<stdio.h‬‬ ‫>‪#include<stdlib.h‬‬ ‫)(‪void main‬‬ ‫‪٥١‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫{‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺰ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ;‪FILE *out‬‬ ‫;‪int score‬‬ ‫)‪if((out=fopen("test.txt","w"))==NULL‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;"‪cout<<"can not open file\n‬‬ ‫;)‪exit(-1‬‬ ‫ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻧﮭﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫}‬ ‫;")‪cout<<"enter a test score (0 terminate input‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>score‬‬ ‫)‪while(score !=0‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;)‪fprintf(out,"%d\n",score‬‬ ‫;"‪cout <<"enter anather score‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>score‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫;)‪fclose(out‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ة ھﻲ ‪ stdlip‬ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷواﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻜﺘﺐ اﻷﻛﻮاد ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮح‬ ‫;‪FILE *out‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ وأﻃﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﺳﻢ ‪out‬‬ ‫وﻛﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ FILE‬ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺄﺣﺮف ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺣﺼﺮاً‬ ‫;‪int score‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺘﺤﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫)‪if((out=fopen("test.txt","w"))==NULL‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ‪ ) NULL‬وﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺄﺣﺮف ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺣﺼﺮاً ( ﻓﺸﻞ ‪ ،‬إﺣﺒﺎط وھﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﺠﻮزة‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﻮد ‪:‬‬ ‫إذا ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﺘﺢ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب ) ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬اﻟﻘﺮص ﻣﺤﻤﻲ ﺿﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ( ﻧﻔﺬ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وإﻻ ﻓﺘﺨﻄﺎه‬ ‫;)‪exit(-1‬‬ ‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻧﮭﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وھﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ‪stdlib‬‬ ‫إن ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ if‬ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫إﻋﻄﺎء رﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ و اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫;‪cin>>score‬‬ ‫أﻣﺮ إدﺧﺎل ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل وھﻮ إدﺧﺎل ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫)‪while(score !=0‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻧﻔﺬ اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ أﻣﺮ ﻟﯿﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫;)‪fprintf(out,"%d\n",score‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﯿﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ أن ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ھﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ‪int‬‬ ‫;)‪fclose(out‬‬ ‫وھﻮ أﻣﺮ ﻹﻏﻼق اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت و اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ‪ fprintf‬و ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫; ) اﺳﻢ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ‪ .‬اﺳﻢ ﻣﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ‪ , " % s" ,‬اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮز ﺑﺎﻟﺬاﻛﺮة (‪fprintf‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ‪ :‬ﻟﯿﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪struct employee‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪int empno‬‬ ‫;]‪char name[20‬‬ ‫;‪float salary‬‬ ‫;}‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا أردﻧﺎ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ ]‪ name[20‬داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫;)‪fprintf (myfile %s ", emp[i].name‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ إن أردﻧﺎ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﻮد ﯾﻜﻮن ) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺮ واﺣﺪ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ھﺬا اﻟﻜﻮد (‬ ‫‪fprintf‬‬ ‫;)‪(myfile,"%d\t%s\t%f\n",emp[i].empno,emp[i].name,emp[i].salary‬‬

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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪C++‬‬ ‫‪%d‬‬ ‫‪%s‬‬ ‫‪%f‬‬ ‫‪%c‬‬

‫‪int‬‬ ‫‪string‬‬ ‫‪float‬‬ ‫‪char‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ > ‪<stdio.h‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻘﺮاءة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﯿﻦ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺨﺰﯾﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ‪ out.txt‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً‬ ‫أن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ واﺳﻤﮫ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ راﺗﺒﮫ‬ ‫*ﺳﻨﺸﺮح اﻷﻛﻮاد داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫*ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻛﻮاد ﻃﻮﯾﻠﺔ وﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺴﻊ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺴﻄﺮ واﺣﺪ وﻟﻢ ﻧﺮﻏﺐ ﺑﺘﺼﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺨﻂ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺮﺟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺒﮭﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫>‪#include‪#include<stdio.h‬‬ ‫>‪#include<stdlib.h‬‬ ‫)(‪void main‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪FILE *myfile‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺰ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﺑﮭﺬا اﻻﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ‪struct employee‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪int empno‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ;]‪char name[20‬‬ ‫;‪float salary‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ راﺗﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫;}‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻮل ﻟﻠﺴﺠﻞ ;]‪employee emp[100‬‬ ‫;‪int i,n‬‬ ‫)‪if((myfile=fopen("out.txt","w"))==NULL‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫;"‪cout<<"can not open file‬‬ ‫;)‪exit(-1‬‬ ‫;"‪cout<<"enter the number of employee<=100‬‬ ‫;‪cin>>n‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﺠﻼت اﻟﻤﺮاد إدﺧﺎﻟﮭﺎ )‪for(i=0;i
cout<<"enter the number of employee"<<<" : "; cin>>emp[i].empno; cout<<"enter the name of employee"<<<" : "; cin>>emp[i].name; cout<<"enter the salary of employee"<<<" : "; cin>>emp[i].salary; fprintf (myfile,"%d\t%s\t%f\n",emp[i].empno,emp[i].name,emp[i].salary); ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ھﺬا اﻟﻜﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻓﯿﺮﺟﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه‬ ‫وھﻮ أﻣﺮ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ أﻣﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬ } fclose(myfile); ‫أﻣﺮ إﻏﻼق اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ }

‫اﻟﻘﺮاءة واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬out.txt ً‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻘﺮاءة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﯿﻦ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻻﺳﻢ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬ #include #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<string.h> ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ و أﻣﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎر‬ void main() { FILE *myfile; struct employee { int empno; char name[20]; float salary; ٥٥ PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

‫;}‬ ‫;‪employee emp[100],temp‬‬ ‫;‪int i=0,j,n=0‬‬ ‫)‪if((myfile=fopen("out.txt","r+"))==NULL‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً‬ ‫{‬ ‫;"‪cout<<"can not open file‬‬ ‫;)‪exit(-1‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺮ واﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪fscanf(myfile,"%d%s%f",&emp[i].empno,&emp[i].name,&emp[i].s‬‬ ‫;)‪alary‬‬ ‫أﻣﺮ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ وﯾﺠﺐ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه ﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ & ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫))‪while(!feof (myfile‬‬ ‫‪ feof‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ‪ finch in of file‬وﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ ھﻞ اﻧﺘﮭﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﺮح‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫{‬ ‫;‪i++‬‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة واﺣﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاد ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺪد اﻻﺳﻄﺮ ;‪n++‬‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻜﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺮ واﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪fscanf(myfile,"%d%s%f",&emp[i].empno,&emp[i].name,&emp[i].s‬‬ ‫;)‪alary‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ذﻛﺮه وﻟﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻄﺮ ھﻮ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮة ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫}‬ ‫)‪for(i=0;i0‬‬ ‫‪ strcmp‬ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ إذا ﺗﺴﺎوت اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫وأﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫{‬ ‫;]‪temp=emp[i‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮد ذﻛﻲ ﻟﺘﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‬ ‫;]‪emp[i]=emp[j‬‬ ‫;‪emp[j]=temp‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫)‪for(i=0;i
‫‪fprintf(myfile,"%d\t%s\t%f\t",emp[i].empno,emp[i].name,emp[i].sal‬‬ ‫;)‪ary‬‬ ‫;)‪fclose(myfile‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﺬي اﺳﻤﯿﻨﺎه ذﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ]‪ emp [i‬داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ‪ temp‬ﻟﯿﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ]‪ emp [j‬اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ]‪ emp [i‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬ ‫]‪emp [j‬‬ ‫ﻧﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ‪ temp‬اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫وﺑﮭﺬا ﻧﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ أﺑﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ ]‪ emp [i‬ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺠﻞ ]‪emp [j‬‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺑﺤﻤﺪ اﷲ اﻻﻧﺘﮭﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻮﺗﺔ وإن ﺷﺎء اﷲ ھﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء‬ ‫وﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﯾﺴﮭﻰ‬ ‫وﻧﺮﺟﻮ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﻧﺸﺮھﺎ‬ ‫وﻧﺮﺟﻮ اﻟﺪﻋﺎء ﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﮭﺮ اﻟﻐﯿﺐ وﷲ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻐﻰ ﻣﻦ وراء اﻟﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫أﺧﻮﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ اﷲ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬

‫ھﻨﺪاوي ‪٢٠٠٦ / ٨ / ٣٠‬‬ ‫‪[email protected]‬‬

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