Stenoza Aortica

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Valva aortica normala 

Valva cu trei cuspe si trei comisuri



Insertie pe un inel fibros



Suprafata VAo normale: N=2.6-3.6 cm2



Sinusuri Valsalva: spatiul intre portiunea aortica a cuspelor si perete aortic:





Sinus CS



Sinus CD



Sinus non-coronar

Relatie de vecinatate cu:

Relatia VAo cu coronarele VD

Pu

IVA

CD TC

Tri

CD Cx IVA Cx

TC

Ao

AAS AS

Ao

Mi

Stenoza aortica (SAo) 

Definitie. Valvulopatie caracterizata prin: 

Obstructia la ejectie a VS cu



Aparitia unui gradient de presiune ventriculo- aortic





Leziuni hemodinamice ale: 

Valvei Ao



Tract de ejectie al VS



Ao suprasigmoidiana

Incidenta: 

25% din valvulopatiile cronice



80% din SAo asimptomatice sunt M (M/F = 2-4/1)



↑ cu varsta: de 5 x mai frecventa > 60 ani,

Etiologie SAo valvulara: 



Congenitala: 

Unicuspidia



Bicuspidia



Tricuspidia

Dobandita: 

RAA: incidenta in ↓



Calcificata idiopatica



Aterosclerotica

-

< 30 ani = SAo congenitala

-

30-70 ani = RAA, bicuspidie

-

> 70 ani = SAo degenerativa

Unicuspidi a aortica

Cuspa unica; orificiu central sau excentric

Bicuspidie aortica cea mai frecventa cardiopatie congenitala

Tot bicuspidie …

SAo RAA

SAo “degenerativa”

“Scleroza valvulara Ao”: ingrosarea cuspelor fara gradient • 25% din cei > 65 ani; • Mai ales la: sex F, HTA, DZ, fumatori, dislipidemici • risc crescut cu 50% de IMA si de deces

C / AHA Guidelines for Management of Valvular Heart Disease. Circulation 2006; 114:e84 – e231.

Calcified nodules in vivo and in vitro. A, Calcific aortic stenosis (horizontal image dimension 4 cm; image kindly provided by Dr Michael Fishbein, UCLA Pathology). B, Dilutionally cloned vascular smooth muscle cells (horizontal dimension 1 cm). The nodules correspond in shape, size, and content.

Demer LL, Tintut Y. Circulation 2008;117;2938-48.

?

Fiziopatologie 1)

Gradientul transvalvular: 

Depinde de deschiderea valvei si de functia VS 



2)

Disfunctia sistolica a VS scade gradientul VS-Ao

Suprafata valvei Ao: 

> 1.5 cm2 = SAo larga = gradient mediu < 25 mm Hg



1.0 – 1.5 cm2 = SAo medie = gradient mediu 25 – 40 mm Hg



< 1 cm2 (0.5 cm2 / m2) = SAo stransa = gradient mediu > 40 mmHg sau gradient maxim > 70 mmHg

Functia sistolica a VS 

DC se mentine prin ↑ fortei contractile a VS



↑ pres. intracavitara = ↑ intraparietale = HVS concentrica 

LEGEA LAPLACE: P intraparietala = P intracavitara x R / grosimea peretelui



Sarcomere in paralel; ↑ φ miocitelor



DC normal in repaus; creste la efort numai prin tahicardie

C / AHA Guidelines for Management of Valvular HD. Circulation 2006; 114:e84 – e231.

Fiziopatologie 1)

2)

Functia diastolica: prima afectata 

↓ complianta VS (HVS + fibroza interstitiala)



↓ relaxarea VS (ischemie)



Umplerea se face cu presiuni ↑ = ↑ presiunii in AS si capilarul pulmonar

Ischemia miocardica 

Flux coronarian in repaus ↑ (N fata de masa VS)



Mecanisme: 



HVS si ↓ densitatii capilare



↑ presiunii intracavitare si intraparietale



↑ timpului de ejectie



Compresia coronarelor intramurale



AS coronara



Predominant subendocardica = angina, aritmii, MSC

Anomalii de coagulare: disfunctie plachetara si ↓ F. von Willebrand 

In SAo severa



Echimoze, epistaxis la 20% din pts



Dispare dupa inlocuire valvulara

C / AHA Guidelines for Management of Valvular HD. Circulation 2006; 114:e84 – e231.

Manifestari clinice Simptome: 

Asimptomatici pana la gradient > 50 mmHg



DISPNEE de EFORT: 75% din pts. HVS severa +/- IVS



ANGINA: 70% din pts; 50% din cei > 40 ani au AS coronara



SINCOPA: SAo stransa; prin hipo-TA sau aritmii V



MSC: 15% din SAo cu MSC anterior asimptomatici

Semne 

TA = N (TAs > 200 mmHg exclude SAo stransa)



“pulsus parvus et tardus”



Soc apexian hiperdinamic



Freamat sistolic + tril pe vase mari



Clic sistolic focar aortic



Z II dedublat paradoxal



galop

SUFLU de EJECTIE

Explorari paraclinice: EKG 

HVS cu “G” alterat



BRS



Aritmii: FA = 10% din pts  ESV si TV nesustinuta la Holter 

Explorari paraclinice: Rx 

Opacitate cardiaca normala in HVS concentrica



Dilatatie Ao post-stenotica



Calcificari valvulare



Dilatatie VS si semne pulmonare de ICS

Explorari paraclinice:

ECO

Eco normala

ECO: morfologia valvei Ao: anomalii congenitale

Bicuspidie Ao

Unicuspidie Ao

ECO: morfologia valvei Ao: anomalii congenitale

Stenoza aortica degenerativa: ecografie 2D

• Calcificarile valvei Ao • Deschidere limitata a cuspelor • HVS concentrica; diametrele VS

Severitatea SAo: ex Doppler • Calcularea DC • Functia diastolica a VS

• CALCULAREA GRADIENTULU transvalvular aortic

Severitatea SAo: planimetria

Cateterismul stang si coronarografia 

Masurarea gradientului



Ventriculografie = FE



Coronarografie: obligatorie dupa 40 ani



Aprecierea severitatii valvulopatiilor asociate

Explorari paraclinice: RMN

“Oldies, but goldies …” 

Fonocardiograma 

Clic de ejectie, dedublare Z II, suflu sistolic, galop





Timpii sistolici

Carotidograma 

Anacrota cu panta lenta: timp de semiascensiune > 60 msec = SAo stransa





Incizura dicrota adanca

Timpii sistolici (ECG + fono + carotidograma) 

PEP (↓)= Q-Z II -- per. de ejectie (↑)

Dg. pozitiv si diferential  SAo

= * suflu de ejectie in focar aortic * HVS (ECG, eco) * gradient transvalvular la eco * +/- confirmarea gradientului la cateterism  Dg. diferential:  CMHO  Insuficienta

mitrala

 DSA  Stenoza

pulmonara  Ateromatoza valvei aortice

Criterii de severitate ale SAo

1.

Aparitia simptomelor

2.

Pulsus parvus et tardus; TA sistolica < 130 mmHg

3.

Dedublarea paradoxala a Z II

4.

Galop stang

5.

HVS

6.

PE > 0.42 sec

7.

T. de semiascensiune sistolica > 0.06 sec

8.

Criterii eco:

9.



PP > 15 mm, HVS concentrica



Deschiderea protosistolica a valvei Ao < 8 mm



Gradient transvalvular maxim > 70 mmHg



Suprafata Ao < 0.75 cm2 sau 0.5 cm2/m2

ABSOLUT: gradient transvalvular maxim la cateterism > 70

Criteriile de severitate ale SAo

+ G max > 70 mmHg

C / AHA Guidelines for Management of Valvular HD. Circulation 2006; 114:e84 – e231.

Evolutie, complicatii 80% din SAo simptomatice neoperate: exit in 4 ani Progresia SAo medii: 

↓ suprafetei cu 0.1 cm2 / an; ↑ gradientului cu 7 mmHg / an

Prognostic in functie de simptome: 

Dispnee prin IVS: 1.5 – 2 ani



Sincopa: 3 ani



Angina pectorala = 3 – 5 ani

MS aritmica la 10-20% di SAo COMPLICATII: 

IVS, ICC: cauza de deces



Endocardita infectioasa



Embolii sistemice



BAV si/sau BR



IMA: embolic sau tromboza coronariana



Aritmii V severe (TV si FV) = MSC

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