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Inflation: Effects to Rice Farmers` Expenses

A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Victorias National High School Victorias City

In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject Investigation, Immersion & Inquiry

ABM 1 RIZA JOY M. ARAÑA CLAIRE JOAN Y. AWITAN ELLA JOY L. AMARO MA. CHRISTINE KAREN B. BARLESCO

MRS. MICHELLE HECHANOVA TEACHER

MARCH, 2019

Acknowledgement The researchers express their deepest acknowledgement and appreciation to the panel members for their considerable expertise and support for this study. Their contributions that the researchers highly value that made this paper to attain improvement. Thank you to validators of this study who generously gave their time, efforts, and knowledge that helped the researchers to have a reliable, well-rounded, and valid research study. The researchers are indebted to Mrs. Michelle Hechanova who stood as their guide throughout the whole process. The researchers acknowledge with gratitude for the full support, and love of their family and friends who kept them all going for this study to be made possible. And above all, to the presence of Lord God who gives the researchers strength and knowledge that they needed to carry such project and surpass the requirement.

Table of Contents Title Page Approval Sheet Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Table/s List of Figure/s List of Appendices Abstract Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of Study Statement of the Problem Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Schematic Diagram Scope and Limitation Significance of the Study Definition of Terms Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Research Design Participants of the Study Research Instrument

a. Validity b. Reliability Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Treatment Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I Demographic Profile II Extent Effect of Inflation to Rice Farmers' Expenses (Capital, Household Expense, Production, Profit) when Grouped according to Age Sex Educational Attainment Monthly Income Number of Children III Extent Effect of Inflation to Rice Farmers' Capital Household Expense Production Profit IV Summary of Findings Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES

List of Tables Demographic Profile Table 1.1 Age Profile of the Rice Farmers Table 1.2 Sex Profile of the Farmers Table 1.3 Educational Attainment Profile of the Rice Farmers Table 1.4 Monthly Income Profile of the Rice Farmers Table 1.5 Number of Children Profile of the Rice Farmers Extent Effect of Inflation to Rice Farmers' Expenses (Capital, Household Expense, Production, Profit) Table 2.1 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Age Table 2.2 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Sex Table 2.3 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Educational Attainment Table 2.4 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Monthly Income Table 2.5 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Number of Children

Table 3.1 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Age Table 3.2 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Sex Table 3.3 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Educational Attainment Table 3.4 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Monthly Income Table 3.5 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Number of Children Table 4.1 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Age Table 4.2 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Sex Table 4.3 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Educational Attainment Table 4.4 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Monthly Income Table 4.5 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Number of Children Table 5.1 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Age

Table 5.2 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Sex Table 5.3 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Educational Attainment Table 5.4 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Monthly Income Table 5.5 Weighted Mean and Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Number of Children Extent Effect of Inflation to Rice Farmers' Capital, Household Expense, Production, and Profit Table 6.1: Frequency Distribution, Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Rice Farmers` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation In terms of Capital Table 6.2: Frequency Distribution, Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Rice Farmers` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation In terms of Household Expense Table 6.3: Frequency Distribution, Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Rice Farmers` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation In terms of Production Table 6.1: Frequency Distribution, Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Rice Farmers` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation In terms of Profit

List of Figure Figure 1 Schematic Diagram Illustrating the Effects of Inflation to Respondents' Expenses

List of Appendices A Survey Questionnaire B Validation for Survey Questionnaire C Reliability Statistics

Abstract Inflation, a very familiar word for every individual that can rapidly and broadly reaches not just within the country but also to the whole world which brings various effects to the economy and its people. This study focuses on the impact of inflation particularly to the rice farmers. On how are their household and farmland expense are affected. In order to reach the objectives of this quantitative research study, descriptive design was used with a survey type of questionnaire. The forty-rice farmers were selected through a non-probability sampling which is the purposive sampling to attain the data needed. The collected responses of the respondents show that inflation may slightly hinder them to sustain their families' wants but they could still meet their basic needs. In spite of this, inflation could really made cost of production or capital increase while their production rate and profit decreases. In conclusion, rice farmers do not benefit on the increasing prices of goods and commodities although rice supply depends with them for this domino effect that expose their household and farmland expense to critical situation.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The Philippines as an agricultural country which has a land that is very fertile and having a good soil composition that can sustain, enrich, and grow many land agricultural products. Many of these products made to be the humans’ food for everyday use and one of these is rice. Rice is one of the most consumed staple food for every Filipinos in the country (Tacio, 2011). Currently, an average Filipino consumes 119 kilograms [262 lbs.] of rice per year (Alave, 2011). As being the area who consumes rice daily, rice farmers play a vital role for the sustainable production of rice in the country. However, because agriculture relies on the weather, climate, and water availability to thrive, it is easily impacted by disasters that challenge agricultural production (EPA, 2018). Due to typhoons, floods, too much exposure of farmland to heat and other natural calamities, the supply of rice usually deteriorate over on its demand which trigger for the prices of goods to rise-up called inflation. Inflation is a quantitative measure of the rate at which the average price level of a basket of selected goods and services in an economy increases even a period of time (Chen, 2019). Governments attempt to combat inflation by raising interest rates. As borrowing costs rise, consumers and businesses have less disposable income. As demand for goods dries up, retailers slash prices to offload surplus inventory (Zacks,2019). However, governments said to be have no control over other goods and commodities` prices such as the cost of oil. Hence, inflation still, seems incurable.

As prices of every products increase, the capacity of the most consumers to buy a product decreases. This situation that never differ from the producers of the country have been facing, the best example of them are the rice farmers who are owning a small parcel of land. According to the World Bank, , the share of irrigated crop land in the Philippines averaged only about 19.5 percent in the mid-1990s, compared with 37.5 percent for China, 24.8 percent for Thailand, and 30.8 percent for Vietnam. This only implies that the agricultural sector is receiving lack of support and attention by the government which greatly affect the situation of the farmers most especially during inflation when in times of their need of money. In this study, this focus on the current situation of the rice farmers, on how are their household expense and farmland are affected by the inflation happening in the country specifically at the small city of Victorias where is rich in agricultural products. The situation presented above motivates the researchers to conduct the study. The researchers want to be aware of the current situation of the rice farmers, to let the people know the effect of the problem and most importantly to have the point of view of the respondents in order for their voices to be heard. It is not only the government are accountable to solve this case but every member of the country has the responsibility to take an action to give helpful solution to the issue. Statement of the Problem Generally, the study wanted to find-out the effects of inflation to the rice farmers` expenses. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents involved according to: a. Age b. Sex c. Educational Attainment d. Monthly Income e. Number of Children 2. Determine the extent effect of inflation to the rice farmers` expenses when grouped according to: a. Age b. Sex c. Educational Attainment d. Monthly Income e. Number of Children

3. Determine the extent effect of inflation to the rice farmers`: a. Capital b. Household Expense c. Production d. Profit

Theoretical Framework Theoretical framework provides an understanding of theories, and concepts of any research work which is based on theories that exist in a particular field of inquiry related to any hypothesis of the study (Adom, Hussien & Agyem, 2018). Inflation as observed in the economy have been changing everyone`s way of living financially may he be as a producer or consumer. Rice farmers as the suppliers for the production of the rice in the country do affected too. Several theories have found this connection. According to the Theory of Cost-push inflation as discussed by Will Kelton it is a situation in which the overall price levels go up (inflation) due to increases in the cost of wages and raw materials. Cost-push inflation develops because the higher cost of production factors decreases in aggregate supply (the amount of total production) in the economy. Since there are fewer goods being produced (supply weakens) and demand for these goods remains consistent, the prices of finished goods increase (inflation). In relation, demand pull inflation occurs when the Aggregate Demand is much higher than the Economy’s production. This means that the consumers have more money to spend than usual. They are demanding more goods. But, in the short run, the production remains more or less constant. Therefore, the prices are pushed up (Sharma, 2016). The increase in prices levels stimulates production, but increases demand for factors of production. Consequently, the cost and price both increases.

This relates to the increasing of price, as a result purchasing power affects every aspect of economics, from consumers buying goods to investors and stock prices to a country’s economic prosperity (Wilton, 2018). A concept related to purchasing power is purchasing price, parity (PPP). PPP is an economic theory that estimates the amount that needs to be adjusted to the price of an item, given two countries’ exchange rates, in order for the exchange to match each currency’s purchasing power. PPP can be used to compare countries’ income levels and other relevant economic data concerning the cost of living, or possible rates of inflation and deflation. Prices and producers are interrelated on each other. Prices have an immense effect on the decision making of producers and can be explained by the law of supply. The law of supply states that the quantity of a good increases when the price decreases and viceversa. This law as the primary example on how pricing can affects decision making with producers (Haire, 2018). Similarly, the cost-of-production theory of value is the theory that the price of an object or condition is determined by the sum of the cost of the resources that went into making it. The cost can comprise any of the factors of production (including labor, capital, or land) and taxation. Longman Business Dictionary defined it as the value or price of something depends only upon the cost of making or growing such as the transport costs, yield, market prices, and production costs as rent determinants.

Conceptual Framework Conceptual framework as a network, or “a plane,” of interlinked concepts that provides a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon or phenomena. The concepts

that constitute a conceptual framework support one another, articulate their respective phenomena, and establish a framework-specific philosophy (Jobareen,2009). As prices of goods and commodities inflate, many economic crises then are resulted that firstly affect the low-income-earners. Producers may be earning big amount of money in every transaction made however, rice farmers do not generally gain due to the long wait for the harvested product. Thus, they are also affected by inflation negative impact. As explained by Zacks (2019), inflation affects standard of living because it can reduce spending power. Mostly, people with fixed assets are greatly affected by inflation such as retirees because while their pension remains flat, prices rise. Farmers, mostly are retirees that are depending assets on their pension for supplying the production needs and with inflation, choosing to curb spending or to borrow funds for maintaining crops are the courses of action rice farmers usually do. Pressures on the supply or demand side of the economy can also be inflationary. Supply shocks that disrupt production, such as natural disasters, or raise production costs, such as high oil prices, can reduce overall supply and lead to “costpush” inflation, in which the impetus for price increases comes from a disruption to supply (Öner, 2018). Lower-class or poor, including most of rice farmers are usually hit harder by rising of prices. Producers` profitability as an important aspect of maintaining and continuing an enough needs of any agricultural products such as grains, wheat, and rice that are dependents of much fertilizer and pesticides during inflation with slower increases in agricultural producers' prices than for inputs, profitability resulted to decline

(Zyl,1896). Consequently, farmers are too often close to loss rather than to gain and earn. The figure below presents the variables of this study such as the respondents’ demographic profile according to age, sex, educational attainment, number of children, and monthly income. By these variables the outcome or result of the study about on what extent will inflation affects the rice farmers’ household expense and their capital, production, and profit in farming will show.

Demographic Profile     

Rice Farmers` Age Sex Educational attainment Monthly Income Number of Children

a. b. c. d.

Capital Household Expense Production Profit

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram Illustrating the Impact of Inflation to Rice Farmers` Expenses

Scope and Limitation The main purpose of the study is to provide information on how inflation affects the household expense and farm land. The study considers the personal information of the respondents such as their name (optional), age, sex, educational attainment, monthly income and number of children. The researchers limited the study to 40 selected rice farmers of Hacienda Binanlutan, Barangay XX, Victorias City, Negros Occidental. The researchers provided questionnaires to answer each of the respondents. The respondents selected came from various families to avoid bias and reach objectivity. Significance of the Study The study must be conducted to find out how inflation affects the government, farmers, households, sellers, researchers, and future researchers to prepare themselves and be aware of the possible negative impact of this existing problem on them. The study gives empirical data as bases for the suggestions on addressing the problem. The study will be beneficial to the government because they will be able to have more information of the current situation of the stated hacienda that the city must be given attention. By this study, government could learn and get some ideas on dealing with the issue that will be shown through the result and findings of this study. The study will also be beneficial to farmers most especially to rice farmers with the same agony. The study could help them to find out the other alternative ways to

lessen their burdens. It could also be a way to let their voices be heard especially those farmers located at the rural areas. This study will also be beneficial to households. In a reason that farmers are not only affected by the inflation, these households are affected too. The result of this problem will give them information from the most basic to complex on how inflation would affect their consumption on foods and a way to understand the prices of rice. This study will also benefit the sellers because this will let them understand the situation of their suppliers. This will let them realized what must be the right pricing of their goods should have to lessen the rate of inflation in our economy. This study too, will benefit the researchers involved. As a citizen of the country, this will give them knowledge on what are happening in the country and why these are exists. This could let them know the scenario behind the market that could put them into realization about the importance of education for them to be able to help on giving solutions to the economic problems existing in the near future. The researchers are hoping that the result of this study would also be a great help to future researchers. A study that would serves as their guidance or bases in achieving a more improved result and solution to their research study regarding on how inflation could affect the rice farmers' expenses. Definition of Terms The following terms below were found in the schematic diagram of the study and were defined both conceptually and operationally: Age Conceptually, and operationally, it is the number of years that have passed since a person's date of birth (Canberra, 2016).

Educational Attainment Conceptually and operationally, it refers to the level of the highest educational attainment that a person has achieved in any field of study or educational institution (Education Variables, 2002). Number of Children Conceptually and operationally, it is the number of son or daughter a person has (Merriam Webster Dictionary). Monthly Income Conceptually and operationally, it refers to an amount of income you earn in one month before taxes or deductions are taken (Turbo, 2018). Sex Conceptually and operationally, distinction between male and female and others who do not have biological characteristics typically associated with either the male or female sex (Canberra, 2016). Inflation Conceptually and operationally, it is a sustained rapid increase in prices as measured by some broad index over months or years, and mirrored in the correspondingly decreasing purchasing power of the currency (BD, 2019). Capital Conceptually and operationally, it is a wealth, especially money used to produce more wealth through investment or new business (Cambridge). Expenses Conceptually and operationally, it is money that something costs you or that you need to spend in order to do something (Collins, 2019). Production Conceptually and operationally, it is the good being produce (My Accounting Course). Profit Conceptually and operationally, it refers to the financial benefit that is realized when the amount of revenue gained from a business activity exceeds the expenses costs and taxes needed to sustain the activity (Kenton, 2019).

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter contains the various related literature gathered by the researchers from different related sources regarding on the impact of inflation to the rice farmers` expenses. Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Consequently, inflation also reflects erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy (Garg, 2019). As the prices of goods and services inflate the value or the amount of peso declines which will affect the purchasing power of any individual. Furthermore, due to increasing prices, people have to spend more to maintain the standard of living. So, inflation is eating up the savings of an average man. Thus, reducing a portion of their budget allocated for a certain product or services would be one of their options to cope with the changes brought by inflation. Inflation often emerges from what is called the wage/price spiral. In this phenomenon, a strong economy leads to lots of people who hold good, well-paying jobs. They then create a large consumer base with money to spend. That spending creates high demand in the economy, which spurs employers to hire and ramp up production in response. Eventually, however, employers can't easily hire in a tight labor market. They have to raise wages to compete for scarce workers, increasing their costs which they pass along to the consumer market. That consumer market has already begun to heat up due to increased demand from people with money to spend. As a result prices rise, producing

inflation. Those rising prices then lead to rising wages as workers need more money to afford the same standard of living, pushing employer costs higher and perpetuating the cycle. However, during an inflationary cycle the same amount of money buys less than it did before. This pushes prices up, as sellers try to capture the same amount of economic value for their goods. Individuals either have to make more money per person or risk an erosion in their standard of living (Reed, 2019). Although most farmers may have an alternative job aside from farming but they are having only a minimum amount wages which would not be enough for their families` needs. Thus, rise of wages would only slightly decrease the budget spending. Likewise, standard of living is largely based on two factors: on income and on expenses. Inflation occurs when day-to-day expenses rise. An imbalance in the relationship between supply and demand causes inflation. Prices rise as increasing numbers of people compete to buy a limited number of goods (Zacks,2019). Inflation therefore affect an individual`s quantity of consumption mostly on food as he adjust his budget by cutting down a portion of expenses. However, inflation as observed does not only affect the farmers` purchasing power or their expenses spent to sustain the needs and wants of their family but as well as their capital in farming may be affected by the rising of goods and services` price. According to the Experimental Economics Center, the price of production inputs also plays a part. The lowest price at which a firm can sell a good without losing money is the amount of money that it costs to produce it. Producing a good or service involves taking inputs and applying a process to them to produce an output. The output is the finished good or service, and inputs are raw materials, labor, utilities, licensing fees, or even other goods.

These inputs are also known as factors of production. If the price of input goes up, the cost of producing a good increases. Therefore, during inflation of most raw materials prices, producers` capital used for the production of a certain products increases. Similarly, as stated by Sanket Suman, producing any output, its cost evidently depends upon the physical quantities of actual resources or services—labor, material, machine hours, and so forth—used in production. Thus, the cost of producing rice requires fertilizers, pesticides, etc. used for its production. Accordingly, as the larger output requires the greater amount of resources, the total cost for larger output becomes large. And the smaller output requires the smaller resources; the total cost for smaller output becomes small. Besides, the total cost for producing a given amount of output becomes small when these resources are combined in optimum proportions. The relationship of the prices to production is also possible; inflation may also affect the quantity of products they can produce. According to Lerron Haire, “Price affects producers because it relates to the cost of materials needed to produce a good”. This only means that due to high prices of materials used throughout the production process the output and its price will relate to the cost of materials used to earn profit and avoid loss. A study from Thailand had also observed that the production cost generally reflects the amount of input use in a production process and their input prices. Land, labor, machinery, and cash inputs are among factors used in food crop production, in addition, Isvilanonda and Kao-ent (2009) finds that the labor use in rice production has decline, the use of machinery has risen. Since farmers are more dependent on farm mechanization, a recent sharp increase in fuel price inevitably led to the shoot up of

production cost. The higher the price of the input use in a production process, the higher the tendency the producer’s capacity to produce a product to decrease. Another factor that contributes to the declining production rate is the natural disasters most especially when inflation strikes. Rice is particularly vulnerable to droughts as it has higher water requirement as compared to other crops (Noelle, 2018). Extreme drought and storm could affect rice production through its impact on water supply (drought), damaged harvest (storm) and demand (Wang et al. 2013). With these natural disasters, the production rate would possibly decline. Lastly, profit earned by every producer such as the rice farmers would be affected by inflation. According to the statement of National Council of Applied Economic Research, “Inflation raises prices for farm inputs as well farm products, resulting in uncertain effects on the current net incomes of farmers”. Farmers do not benefit from an unanticipated increase in the inflation. However, in the article: “Top 6 Effects of Inflation” shared by Nipun S, he mentioned that the producers are one of the group of people who will benefit on the inflation. In a reason that producers gain because they get higher prices and thus more profits from sale of their products. Farmer will gain because the rise in the prices of agricultural products is usually higher than the prices of other goods. Empirical studies however, have not found this connection. As stated by NCAER, as inflation increases, prices paid by farmers of various inputs increase faster than the prices they receive for their products thereby, the terms of trade for farmers deteriorate as the rate of inflation rises. In the same way, general inflation would slightly increases is likely to be small due to the low-income elasticity of demand for farm outputs. According to NCAER these

opposing forces suggest that the net impact of inflation in the national economy on prices received by farmers is small in comparison to the impact on prices paid. This study had also observed by the studies in the United State that in the short run, a rise in input prices by 10 percent reduced net income of farmers by 2.3 percent in short run of 1-2 years and 1.2 percent in the long run. In conclusion, inflation seems to be too connected to the principles of pricing, producing earning and as well as with humans` daily budget for their needs. It raises the inputs` cost for production and in result the quantity of rice produces and earned profit by the rice farmers declines which would affect their purchasing power. Inflations` interrelated effects to the rice farmers would bring an unstable life. Inflation may be beneficial in other aspects yet studies above only prove that inflation adversely affect the rice farmers` expenses.

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY In this chapter discusses the type of research design, standard use to specify participants, the sampling technique, the elaboration of research instruments, the authorization process of validation and reliability, approach of system for gathering the data and how the data will be treated to explain and analyze. Research Design In this study, in order to find out the effects of inflation to rice farmers' expenses, the researchers chose a quantitative research in order to effectively address the problem in a logical and coherent way. The kind of quantitative research design used is descriptive design which is a survey research type defined as “the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions” (Check & Schutt, 2012, p.160). As argued (Kumer, 2013) descriptive research design is used to describe the nature of the existing condition. As (Seyoum & Ayalew, 2008) also agree the descriptive survey design is the more appropriate to gather several kinds of data in a broad size to achieve the objectives of the study. This type of research allows for a variety of methods to recruit participants, collect data, and utilize various methods of instrumentation that is best served to answer the questions and the purposes of the study.

Participants of the Study The target subjects for this research defined to include rice farmers in the Philippines, while the accessible participants who gave permission to the researchers to be part of the study as the respondents was only the available 40 rice farmers of Hacienda Binanlutan, Barangay XX, Victorias City, Negros Occidental within the researchers' reach . The respondents were selected by the first semester of school year 2018-2019 by the use of purposive sampling method which was defined as a non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study (Crossman, 2018). This kind of sampling used was best served to conduct the data gathering since the respondents involved were hard to count from a population using the Sloven's formula. Research Instrument The researchers conducted a survey with the use of questionnaire to gather data or information in relation to the effects of inflation to the rice farmers' expenses in Hacienda Binanlutan, Barangay XX, Victorias City, Negros Occidental. The questionnaire was composed of two parts; first part contained the demographic profile of the respondents according to age, sex, educational attainment, monthly income and number of children while the second part made up of the thirty (30) questions. Specifically, the first part was made to answer the first specific objective while the thirty (30) questions made was divided for the two remaining specific objectives. Questions 1 to 11 tackled the level of impact the inflation brought to the rice farmers'

household expense, questions 12 to 23 discussed the situation of rice farmers’ capital when inflation occurs and the 7 remaining questions was composed of questions about the production rate and profit the rice farmers receives as inflation happens. The research instrument used was designed to acquire the needed data of information and the point of view of the respondents as stated in the results of the study to find-out the effects of inflation to the rice farmers' expenses. A. Validity This presents the authorization process in the thirty (30) - made statement questionnaires that undergone through the process of validation to ensure the validity of the paper. The paper is validated by a statistician, grammarian, and an expert to the topic. The first validator is Mrs. Rebian G. Barilea, a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Mathematics at University of St. La Salle and currently a Master of Arts in Education Major in Mathematics student at Central Philippine State University— Visayas. The researchers have chosen her as the statistician because of her knowledge and experience since she is a teacher of Math subject which has the ability to understand more about the principles, concepts, and ideas of statistics. The second validator is Mrs. Rona D. Soberano, a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English in Philippine Normal University— Visayas and completed her Master’s Degree in Education Major in Reading Language and Literature in University of St. La Salle— Bacolod. The researchers have chosen her as the grammarian because of her knowledge in grammar and its composition that will help the researchers to have an accurate and well-structured questionnaire that could result an understanding to the respondents.

The last validator is Mr. Gelex Jacomilla, a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Sciences in Philippine Normal University— Cadiz as Cum Laude. He completed his Masters of Arts in Education Major in Social Sciences Teaching— Cordillera Autonomous Region at Philippine Normal University Manila. He is also a graduate of Bachelor of Laws at Manila Laws College and in the process of being a lawyer. The researchers have chosen him as the expert who validated the survey questionnaire on how it is related to the focused study. With his knowledge and experience for being a teacher specifically for being a Social Science teacher for almost 19 years, the researchers acquired an additional knowledge about the topic which is inflation that helps the survey questionnaires to be more realistic and valid. After the stated expertise validated the questionnaires, they gave scores according to the criteria given which has the highest score of five (5). In line with this, the calculated mean score came from the three validators was 4.47 which means as a highly valid questionnaire. B. Reliability This presents prior data collection credibility of responses and experiences as compilation of reliability of the data. After the validation of the questionnaires by the research expertise, the researchers conducted prior survey with the use of the validated survey questionnaires to thirty (30) non-participants but are also rice farmers from Hacienda Binanlutan, Barangay XX, Victorias City, Negros Occidental. The reliability of survey questionnaire used was proven from the gathered results of the pilot testing answered by the thirty (30) rice farmers after it was measured from

Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha rate as of 0.800 using SPSS tool finding the total mean. The percentage result was categorized as highly reliable. Covalence and correlation of the survey instruments was achieved. The reliability and credibility of the data were analyzed by the researchers and compiled it with the systematic data analysis. By the initial data the researchers perceived knowledge and information about the scenario of the rice farmers that helped the followed procedure for gathering of data. Data Gathering Procedure As the survey questionnaire passed the reliability test, it was then reproduced to forty (40) copies for the identified forty (40) respondents. After the survey questionnaire became ready for data gathering, the researchers then conducted the study for forty respondents for three (3) consecutive days and orally translated the given questionnaires to the researchers' mother tongue in each of the respondents for the convenience of the respondents which were the rice farmers. Since the local of the study is located far from the respondents’ location, the researchers had a hard time to complete the data needed for the result of the study. The collected responses of forty respondents were tallied, analyzed, interpreted and organized for the presentation of results. Statistical Treatment This method illustrate the statistical tool use in formulating the analyze data and elaboration of the variables within statistics. After the study will gather, and results will tabulate, anatomize and interpret according to specific objectives. The careful selection of appropriate statistical tool will apply to the nature of the problem that will be formulated.

For first objective, the frequency counts and percentage were used as statistical tool in determining the demographic profile of the forty rice farmers of Hacienda Binanlutan, Barangay XX, Victorias City, Negros Occidental in terms of age, sex, educational attainment, monthly income and number of children. For second and last objectives, frequency counts and weighted mean were used as statistical tool in determining whether the inflation affects the rice farmers’ household expense, capital used, production rate, and their profit for farming. The statistical tool used was evaluated by the chosen statistician that is expert in Probability and Statistics to assure the accuracy of the tool used that reflected to the result of the study.

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the tabular results gathered by the researchers from the survey occurred from the rice farmers and the discussion through narrative presentation. I. Demographic Profile of the Respondents Data on Table 1.1 below shows the age profile of 40 rice farmers which is divided into two categories (56 years old and below, 57 years old and older). Among 26 male respondents, 15 of them ages from 56 years old and below with an average of 58% while the remaining 11 respondents are coming from 58 years old and older who covers the 42% of the male respondents. Meanwhile, out of 14 female respondents 79% of them which is equal to 11 individuals ages from 56 years old and below and 21% or 3 female rice farmers are in the age of 57 years old and older which is in total of 100%. In general, out of 40 rice farmers from both male and female, most of them are 56 years old and below with an average of 65%. The data presented above only proves the findings from different studies which tell that the average age of Filipino rice farmers are 56 years old.

Table 1.1 Age Profile of Rice Farmers Age group

MALE

%

FEMALE

%

56 and

15

58

11

79

11

42

3

21

26

100

14

100

below 57 and older Total

Table 1.2 presents the sex profile of the rice farmers involved divided into two sections —male and female. The total number of respondents are 40 and 26 or 65% of them are classified as male group while 14 or 35% of them are females for a total of 40 rice farmers of 100%. This data gathered is observed in the Census of Agriculture and Fisheries (CAF) which states that male operators dominated agriculture sector. Of the 4.8 million agricultural operators, 89 percent are males while only 11 percent are females. In conclusion most of the rice farmers are males. Table 1.2 Sex Profile of the Rice Farmers Sex

Frequency Counts

%

Male

26

65

Female

14

35

Total

40

100

Table 1.3 shows the educational attainment profile of the rice farmers. The profile is divided into three sections— elementary, high school, and college graduates. Out of 26 male respondents 9 or 34% of them are elementary graduates, 14 or 54% are high school graduates and the remaining 3 or 12% are college graduates for a total of 100%. While from the female category 8 or 57% are elementary graduates, 4 or 29% are high school graduates, and 2 or 14% are graduates from college for a total number of 14 female respondents. The data explain that most of the male rice farmers are graduates of high school in contrary to the female respondents who are graduates of elementary level. But in general aspect, both male and female rice farmers are graduates of high school who have the sum of 18 individuals or 45% of the 40 rice farmers.

Table 1.3 Educational Attainment Profile of Rice Farmers Educational

MALE

%

FEMALE

%

Total

%

9

34

8

57

17

43

14

54

4

29

18

45

Attainment Elementary Graduate High school Graduate

College Graduate

3

12

2

14

5

12

Total

26

100

14

100

40

100

Table 1.4 presents the monthly income of rice farmers involved in the study. The data is divided into two categories, the Php 10, 000 and below and Php 11, 000 and above d Php 21, 000. The gathered data shows that among 26 male respondents 21 of them are having Php 10,000 and below monthly income or 81% while the remaining 5 or 19% male respondents are having Php 11,000 and above monthly income. On the other hand, all female respondents involved are having Php 10,000 and below monthly income for a total of 100%. In general, most of the respondents— both female and male rice farmers have a monthly income of Php 10, 000 and below with 88% or 35 out of 40 respondents are included in the low income class in accordance to what NSCB computations using the Family Income and Expenditure Surveys (FIES) and the Labor Force Survey (LFS) who earns an average of P9, 061 per month or around P11, 000 per year. Table 1.4 Monthly Income Profile of Rice Farmers

Monthly

MALE

%

FEMALE

%

Total

%

21

81

14

100

35

88

5

19

0

0

5

12

Income Php 10,000 and below Php 11, 000 and above

The data on table below shows the profile of the rice farmers in terms of their number of their children. Out of 26 male respondents 54% or 12 of them have the number of children from the range of 0-4 and 46% or 12 remaining male rice farmers have the number of children from the range of 5-9. Meanwhile, from the 14 female rice farmers 3 or 21% of them have a number of children from the range of 0-4 and 11 or 71% have 5-9 range of number of children. The data presented only explains that both women and men rice farmers involved have a number of children from the range of 5-9 with 57% of the total respondents. Table 1.5: Number of Children Profile of the Rice Farmers Number of

MALE

%

FEMALE

%

TOTAL

%

14

54

3

21

17

43

Children 0—4

5—9

12

46

11

71

23

57

II. Extent Effect of Inflation to Rice Farmers' Expenses (Capital, Household Expense, Production, Profit) Extent Effect of Inflation to Respondents' Capital when group according to: Table 2.1 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Capital of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to age mainly categorized into two, the 56 and below and 57 and older age group.. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.69) while respondents from 57 and older age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.78) in terms of increasing of their allocated budget in buying seeds when inflation occurs. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.69) while respondents from 57 and older age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.78) in terms of increasing of their capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.15) while respondents from 57 and older age group

are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.28) in terms of their money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.26) while the respondents from 57 and older age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.5) , in terms of their capital used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.23) while respondents from 57 and older age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.57) in terms of their capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.23) while respondents from 57 and older age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.78) VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.77) in terms of their money used paying for wages of their helpers in planting increases with inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) than the respondents from 57 and older age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.78) in terms their capital used for maintaining the quality of their crops increases even with inflation. On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) than the respondents from 57 and older age group who are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.71) in terms of their money used for wages for their helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation.

On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) than the respondents from 57 and older age group who are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.71) in terms of their money used for milling rice increases even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) than the respondents from 57 and older age group who are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.71) in terms of their capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.76) while the respondents from 57 and older age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.78) in terms of their capital increases in delivering the finished output to markets with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY HIGLY AFFECTED (4.73) while the respondents from 57 and older age group are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.85) are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED in terms of their capital is affected adversely by inflation. The overall weighted mean of respondents` responses coming from 56 and below is 4.64 and from the 57 and older age group is 4.69 which both shows that the rice farmers are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. However, it is evidently presenting the difference among two age group perception in the given questions. Age grouped from 57 and older respondents are more affected by the inflations` impact on capital.

Table 2.1: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Age Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

AGE CAPITAL

My allocated budget in buying seeds of rice increases with inflation. My capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases even with inflation. My capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases even with inflation. Money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. Money used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. Money used for paying the wages of my helpers in plating rice increases even with inflation. My capital used for maintaining the quality of my crops increases even with inflation. Money used for my wages of my helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. Money used for milling of rice increases even with inflation. My capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. My capital increases in delivering the finished output to the markets even with inflation. My capital is affected adversely by inflation. OVERALL MEAN

56 and below

Interpretation

4.69

VHE

4.78

VHE

4.69

VHE

4.78

VHE

4.15

HE

4.28

VHE

4.26

VHE

4.5

VHE

4.23

VHE

4.57

VHE

4.76

VHE

4.78

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.78

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.71

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.71

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.78

VHE

4.76

VHE

4.78

VHE

4.73

VHE

4.85

VHE

4.62

VHE

4.69

VHE

57 and older

Interpretation

Table 2.2 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Capital of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to sex mainly categorized into two ranges ; male and female. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.76) than respondents from female who are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.35) in terms of increasing of their allocated budget in buying seeds when inflation occurs. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.73) that the respondents from female who are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.42) in terms of increasing of their capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.23) than the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.07) in terms of their money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.3) than the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.07) in terms of their capital used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.42) than the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.28) in terms of their capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases with inflation.

On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.73) while the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.85) in terms of their money used paying for wages of their helpers in planting increases with inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.73) while the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.92) in terms their capital used for maintaining the quality of their crops increases even with inflation. On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.69) while the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.5)in terms of their money used for wages for their helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.73) while the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.92 ) in terms of their money used for milling rice increases even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.73) while the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.92) in terms of their capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents coming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.73) while the respondents from female who

are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.85) in terms of their capital increases in delivering the finished output to markets with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondent scoming from male are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.73) while the respondents from female who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.92) in terms of their capital is affected adversely by inflation. The overall weighted mean of respondents` responses coming respondents who are male is 4.62 or VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED and from the female respondents is 4.58 which shows that the female rice farmers are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. However, it is evidently presenting the difference among two age group perception in the given questions. Male rice farmers as shown in the data who are more affected when inflation increases the cost of production; this implies that inflation extent effect on capital can be emotionally felt by the males. Table 2.2: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Sex

SEX

CAPITAL My allocated budget in buying seeds of rice increases with inflation. My capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases even with inflation. My capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases even with inflation. Money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation.

Male

Interpretation

Female

Interpretation

4.76

VHE

4.35

VHE

4.73

VHE

4.42

VHE

4.23

H

4.07

HE

4.3

VHE

4.07

HE

Money used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. Money used for paying the wages of my helpers in plating rice increases even with inflation. My capital used for maintaining the quality of my crops increases even with inflation. Money used for my wages of my helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. Money used for milling of rice increases even with inflation. My capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. My capital increases in delivering the finished output to the markets even with inflation. My capital is affected adversely OVERALL MEAN

4.42

VHE

4.28

VHE

4.73

VHE

4.85

VHE

4.73

VHE

4.92

VHE

4.69

VHE

4.5

VHE

4.73

VHE

4.92

VHE

4.73

VHE

4.92

VHE

4.73

VHE

4.85

VHE

4.73 4.62

VHE

4.92 4.58

VHE VHE

VHE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 2.3 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Capital of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to educational attainment mainly categorized into three sections, elementary, high school, and college. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.64 , 4.83 from high school and 4.8 from college which only indicates that in terms of increasing of their allocated budget in buying seeds when inflation occurs they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.64 , 4.83 from high school and 4.8 from college which only

indicates that in terms of increasing of their capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers with inflation , they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.35 , 4.11 from high school and 4.6 from college which only indicates that in terms of increasing of their money used for oil of machines with inflation , they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and college are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED with a weighted mean of 4.29 and 4.8 while the respondents from high school are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4) , in terms of their increasing capital used for supplying the water irrigation with inflation. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from high school and college are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED with a weighted mean of 4.33 and 4.8 while the respondents from elementary are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.11) , in terms of their increasing capital for machineries used for preparing the lands with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.76 , 4.72 from high school and 5 from college which only indicates that in terms of increasing of their money used paying for wages of their helpers in planting with inflation, they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.82 , 4.77 from high school and 4.8 from college which only indicates that in terms of increasing of their capital used for maintaining the quality of their crops with inflation., they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED.

On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.82 , 4.72 from high school and 4.8 from college which only indicates that in terms of increasing of their money used for wages for their helpers in harvesting rice with inflation., they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.82 , 4.72 from high school and 4.8 from college which only indicates that in terms of increasing of their capital in terms of their money used for milling rice with inflation, they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.82 , 4.77 from high school and 4.8 from college which only indicates that in terms of increasing of their capital in packing the finished product even with inflation, they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.76 , 4.77 from high school and 4.8 from college which only indicates that in terms of increasing of their capital in delivering the finished output to markets with inflation., they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary has a weighted mean of 4.88 , 4.94 from high school and 4.8 from college which only indicates that they are all VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED in terms of their capital is affected adversely by inflation. The overall weighted mean of respondents` responses coming from elemen tary is 4.64, 4.62 from high school, and is 4.8 from college which only shows that the rice

farmers are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. However, among the three categories, college graduates are the most affected of the increasing amount of capital during inflation. Table 2.3: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Educational Attainment

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

CAPITAL

My allocated budget in buying seeds of

Elem -entary

Inter pretation

High

Inter

School Pretation

College

Inter pretation

4.64

VHE

4.83

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.64

VHE

4.83

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.35

VHE

4.11

VHE

4.6

VHE

4.29

VHE

4

VE

4.8

VHE

4.11

HE

4.33

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.76

VHE

4.72

VHE

5

VHE

4.82

VHE

4.77

VHE

4.8

VHE

rice increases with inflation. My capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases even with inflation. My capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases even with inflation. Money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. Money used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. Money used for paying the wages of my helpers in plating rice increases even with inflation. My capital used for maintaining the quality of my crops increases even with inflation.

Money used for my wages of my helpers in harvesting rice increases even with

4.82

VHE

4.72

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.82

VHE

4.72

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.82

VHE

4.77

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.76

VHE

4.77

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.88

VHE

4.94

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.64

VHE

4.62

VHE

4.8

VHE

inflation. Money used for milling of rice increases even with inflation. My capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation.

My capital increases in delivering the finished output to the markets even with inflation. My capital is a affected adversely by inflation. OVERALL MEAN

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 2.4 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Capital of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to monthly income mainly categorized into two- 10, 000 and below and 11,000 and above. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.68) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms of increasing of their allocated budget in buying seeds when inflation occurs. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.68) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms of increasing of their capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases with inflation.

On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.17) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) in terms of their money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.14) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8), in terms of their capital used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.6) in terms of their capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.68) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms of their money used paying for wages of their helpers in planting increases with inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.68) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms their capital used for maintaining the quality of their crops increases even with inflation. On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.65) while respondents from 11,000 and above

are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms of their money used for wages for their helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.65) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms of their money used for milling rice increases even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.57) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms of their capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.65) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms of their capital increases in delivering the finished output to markets with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10,000 and below are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.88) while respondents from 11,000 and above are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (5) in terms of their capital is affected adversely by inflation. The overall weighted mean of respondents` responses coming10, 000 and below monthly income is 3.77 or HIGHLY AFFECTED and from the 11,000 and above monthly group is 4.93 which show that the rice farmers are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. However, it is evidently presenting the difference among two age group perception in the given questions. Respondents that have a monthly income of 11,000 and

above as shown are more affected than the other side, thus inflation extent effect on capital can be emotionally felt by the high income earners.

Table 2.4: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Monthly Income MONTHLY INCOME CAPITAL My allocated budget in buying seeds of rice increases with inflation. My capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases even with inflation. My capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases even with inflation. Money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. Money used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. Money used for paying the wages of my helpers in plating rice increases even with inflation. My capital used for maintaining the quality of my crops increases even with inflation. Money used for my wages of my helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. Money used for milling of rice increases even with inflation. My capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. My capital increases in delivering the finished output to the markets even with inflation. My capital is affected adversely OVERALL MEAN

Php.10,000 and below

Inter pretation

Php 11,000 and above

Inter pretation

4.68

VHE

5

VHE

4.68

VHE

5

VHE

4.17

HE

4.8

VHE

4.14

HE

4.8

VHE

4.2

HE

4.6

VHE

4.68

VHE

5

VHE

4.68

VHE

5

VHE

4.65

VHE

5

VHE

4.65

VHE

5

VHE

4.57

VHE

5

VHE

4.65

VHE

5

VHE

4.88 3.77

VHE HE

5 4.93

VHE VHE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 2.5 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Capital of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to number of children mainly categorized into two ranges; 0-4 and 5-9. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.76) than respondents from 5-9 who are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.5) in terms of increasing of their allocated budget in buying seeds when inflation occurs. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.47) while respondents from 5-9 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.5) in terms of increasing of their capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.23) than respondents from 5-9 who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.1) in terms of their money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 04 are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.7) while respondents from 5-9 are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.9) in terms of their capital used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.47) than respondents from 5-9 who are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.0) in terms of their capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.88) than respondents from 5-9 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.7) in terms of their money used paying for wages of their helpers in planting increases with inflation.

On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.47) than respondents from 5-9 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.5) in terms their capital used for maintaining the quality of their crops increases even with inflation. On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 04 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.82) than respondents from 5-9 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) in terms of their money used for wages for their helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.82) than respondents from 5-9 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.7) in terms of their money used for milling rice increases even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.82) than respondents from 5-9 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) in terms of their capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.82) than respondents from 5-9 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.7) n terms of their capital increases in delivering the finished output to markets with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents having children of 0-4 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.82) than respondents from 5-9 are more VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) in terms of their capital is affected adversely by inflation. The overall weighted mean of respondents` responses coming respondents having 0-4 number of children is 4.71 or VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED and from the range of 59 is 4.5 which shows that the rice farmers are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. However, it is evidently presenting the difference among two age group perception in the given

questions. Respondents that have a 0 to 4 as shown is more affected than the other side, this implies that inflation extent effect on capital can be emotionally felt by the small family. Table 2.5: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Capital in terms of Number of Children

NUMBER OF CHILDREN CAPITAL My allocated budget in buying seeds of rice increases with inflation. My capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases even with inflation. My capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases even with inflation. Money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. Money used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. Money used for paying the wages of my helpers in plating rice increases even with inflation. My capital used for maintaining the quality of my crops increases even with inflation. Money used for my wages of my helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. Money used for milling of rice increases even with inflation.

0 to 4

Inter pretation

5 to 9

Inter pretation

4.76

VHE

4.5

VHE

4.47

VHE

4.5

VHE

4.23

HE

4.1

HE

4.7

HE

3.9

HE

4.47

HE

4.0

HE

4.88

VHE

4.7

VHE

4.82

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.82

VHE

4.7

VHE

4.82

VHE

4.7

VHE

My capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. My capital increases in delivering the finished output to the markets even with inflation. My capital is a affected adversely. OVERALL MEAN

4.82

VHE

4.8

VHE

4.82

VHE

4.7

VHE

4.88

VHE

4.9

VHE

4.71

VHE

4.5

VHE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Extent Effect of Inflation to Respondents' Household Expense when group according to: Table 3.1 presents the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Household Expense of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to age mainly categorized into two, the 56 and below and 57 and older age group. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.03) while respondents from 57 and older age group are more NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.12) in terms of their capacity to feed their family with enough food even inflation happens. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are more NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.3) than respondents from 57 and older age group who are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.5) in terms of their capacity to buy necessary things for their family even with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that both of the respondents from 56 and below and from 57 and older age group are both NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.07) in terms of their capacity to sustain the needs of their family even with inflation

On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.76) while respondents from 57 and older age group are more NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.85) by the increasing amount of money they spend for the rice their family consumes when inflation occur. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.57) while respondents from 57 and older age group are more NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.85) in terms of their capabilities to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.76) while respondents from 57 and older age group are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.28) in terms of their capabilities of paying bills of their home has even inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.61) while the respondents from 57 and older age group who are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.42) in terms of the savings they would always have for their family even inflation. On the eighth statement, the data reveal that respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.8) while the respondents from 57 and older age group who are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.21) in terms of the money they can provide for the health of their family even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.5) while the respondents from 57 and older age

group who are more LOWLY AFFECTED (2.35) in terms of the money they can spend for the wants of their family even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.65) while the respondents from 57 and older age group who are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.28) in terms of the money they can spend for entertainment purpose even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.23) while the respondents from 57 and older age group are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.07) by negative effect of inflation towards the needs of their family. The overall weighted mean of the respondents with the 56 and below age group is 3.11 with a verbal interpretation of NEUTRAL EXTENT, while the respondents from 57 and age group is 2.90 or NEUTRAL EXTENT. This only implies that in both age groups, the extent effect of inflation to the household expense of the respondents is undetermined. Table 3.1: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Age

AGE Household Expense I can feed my family with enough food even inflation happens. I can buy necessary things for my family even with inflation. I can sustain the needs of my family even with inflation. Inflation increases the amount of money I spend for the rice my family.

56 and below

Inter pretation

57 and older

Inter pretation

3.03

N

3.12

N

3.3

N

2.5

LE

3.07

N

3.07

N

3.76

HE

3.85

VE

I am able to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. I am capable of paying bills of my home has even with inflation. I would always have savings for my family even with inflation. I can provide the money for the health of my family even with inflation. I can spend money for the wants of my family even with inflation. I can spend for entertainment purposes even with inflation. I feel the negative effect of inflation towards the needs of my family. OVERALL MEAN

3.57

HE

2.85

N

3.76

HE

3.28

N

2.61

N

2.42

LE

1.8

VHE

2.21

LE

2.5

LE

2.35

LE

2.65

N

2.28

LE

4.23

VHE

4.07

HE

3.11

N

2.90

N

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 3.2 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Household Expense of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to sex mainly categorized into two- male and female. On the first statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.34) while female respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED(2.42) in terms of their capacity to feed their family with enough food even inflation happens. On the second statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.42) while female respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.14) in terms of their capacity to buy necessary things for their family even with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.69) while female respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.42) in terms of their capacity to sustain the needs of their family even with inflation

On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.61) while female respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.4) by the increasing amount of money they spend for the rice their family consumes when inflation occur. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.42) while female respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.85) in terms of their capabilities to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that male respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.84) while female respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.14) in terms of their capabilities of paying bills of their home has even inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that male respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.88) while female respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (3.14) in terms of the savings they would always have for their family even inflation On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.19) while female respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.78) in terms of the money they can provide for the health of their family even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.76) while female respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.71) in terms of the money they can spend for the wants of their family even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.84) while female respondents are VERY LOWLY

AFFECTED (1.5) in terms of the money they can spend for entertainment purpose even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that male respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.57) while female respondents are VERY HIGHLYAFFECTED (4.21) by negative effect of inflation towards the needs of their family. The overall weighted mean of the respondents coming from male respondents is 3.41 or HIGHLY EXTENT while female respondents have a weighted mean of 2.49 or LOW EXTENT. The data imply that male respondents can more sustain an enough needs for their family rather than the female respondents. Table 3.2: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Sex

SEX Household Expense I can feed my family with enough food even inflation happens. I can buy necessary things for my family even with inflation. I can sustain the needs of my family even with inflation. Inflation increases the amount of money I spend for the rice my family. I am able to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. I am capable of paying bills of my home has even with inflation. I would always have savings for my family even with inflation. I can provide the money for the health of my family even with inflation. I can spend money for the wants of my family even with inflation. I can spend for entertainment purposes even with inflation.

Male

Inter pretation

Female

Inter pretation

3.34

N

2.42

LE

3.42

HE

2.14

LE

3.69

HE

2.42

LE

3.61

HE

3.4

N

3.42

HE

2.85

N

3.84

HE

3.14

N

2.88

HE

1.92

LE

3.19

HE

1.78

VLE

2.76

N

1.71

VLE

2.84

N

1.5

VLE

I feel the negative effect of inflation towards the needs of my family. OVERALL MEAN

4.57

VHE

4.21

VHE

3.41

HE

2.49

LE

Legend: VHE – Very

High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 3.3 presents the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Household Expense of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to educational attainment mainly categorized into three, elementary, high school, and college. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and high school are both NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.94) and (2.83) while respondents from college are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to feed their family with enough food even inflation happens. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and high school are both NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.47) and (2.66) while respondents from college are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to buy necessary things for their family even with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and high school are both NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.05) and (3.33) while respondents from college are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to sustain the needs of their family even with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.05), from high school are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.5) and respondents from college are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.6) in terms of the

increasing amount of money they spend for the rice their family consumes when inflation occur. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.47), from high school are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.16) and respondents from college are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4) in terms of their capabilities to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and high school are both HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.47) and (3.61 while respondents from college are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.4) in terms of their capabilities of paying bills of their home has even inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and college are both NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.47) and (3.2) while respondents from high school are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.77) in terms of the savings they would always have for their family even inflation. On the eighth statement, the data reveal that respondents elementary, high school, and college are all NEUTRALLY AFFECTED, (2.52), (2.66) and (3) in terms of the money they can provide for the health of their family even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and high school are both NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.41) and (2.27) while respondents from college are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.4) in terms of the money they can spend for the wants of their family even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from high school and college are both NEUTRALLY AFFECTED, (2.5) and (3.2) while respondents from

elementary are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.23) in terms of the money they can spend for entertainment purpose even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and high school are both HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.170 and 3.94) while respondents from college are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) by negative effect of inflation towards the needs of their family. The overall weighted mean of the respondents coming from elementary is 3.02 and 3.11 for high school which have verbal interpretation of Neutral, while respondents from college got the weighted mean of 3.74 or Highly Extent effect. Therefore, elementary and high school level respondents cannot determine whether inflation affects their household expense while college level respondents agree with the statements given. Table 3.3:, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Educational Attainment.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Household Expense I can feed my family with enough food even inflation happens. I can buy necessary things for my family even with inflation. I can sustain the needs of my family even with inflation. Inflation increases the amount of money I spend for the rice my family.

Elem entary

Inter High Inter pretation School pretation

College

Inter pretation

2.94

N

2.83

N

4.2

VHE

2.47

N

2.66

N

4.2

VHE

3.05

N

3.33

N

4.2

VHE

4.05

HE

3.5

N

4.6

VHE

I am able to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. I am capable of paying bills of my home has even with inflation. I would always have savings for my family even with inflation. I can provide the money for the health of my family even with inflation. I can spend money for the wants of my family even with inflation. I can spend for entertainment purposes even with inflation. I feel the negative effect of inflation towards the needs of my family. OVERALL MEAN

3.47

HE

3.16

N

4

VHE

3.47

HE

3.61

HE

3.4

N

2.47

N

3.77

HE

3.2

N

2.52

N

2.66

N

3

N

2.41

N

2.27

N

2.4

LE

2.23

LE

2.5

N

3.2

N

4.17

HE

3.94

HE

4.8

VHE

3.02

N

3.11

N

3.74

HE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 3.4 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Household Expense of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to monthly income mainly categorized into two- 10, 000 and below and 11,000 and above. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.85) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to feed their family with enough food even inflation happens. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.54) while the respondents with a

monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to buy necessary things for their family even with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.14) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to sustain the needs of their family even with inflation On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.77) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.6) by the increasing amount of money they spend for the rice their family consumes when inflation occur. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.8) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4) in terms of their capabilities to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below HIGHLYAFFECTED (3.6) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.4) in terms of their capabilities of paying bills of their home has even inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.34) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.2) in terms of the savings they would always have for their family even inflation

On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.24) while the respondents with a monthly income are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3 ) in terms of the money they can provide for the health of their family even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.22) while the respondents with a monthly income are HIGHLY AFFECTED (2.4) in terms of the money they can spend for the wants of my family even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.17) while the respondents with a monthly income are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.3) in terms of the money they can spend for entertainment purpose even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.08) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) by negative effect of inflation towards the needs of their family. The overall weighted mean of the respondents having a monthly income of 10,000 and below is 2.91 or NEUTRAL while respondents having a monthly income of 11,000 and above is 3.74 or HIGH EXTENT. This implies that the rice farmer’s capacity to sustain their expenses for their family depends on how much the income they received. Table 3.4: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Monthly Income

MONTHLY INCOME

Household Expense I can feed my family with enough food even inflation happens. I can buy necessary things for my family even with inflation. I can sustain the needs of my family even with inflation. Inflation increases the amount of money I spend for the rice my family. I am able to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. I am capable of paying bills of my home has even with inflation. I would always have savings for my family even with inflation. I can provide the money for the health of my family even with inflation. I can spend money for the wants of my family even with inflation. I can spend for entertainment purposes even with inflation. I feel the negative effect of inflation towards the needs of my family. OVERALL MEAN

Inter pretation

Php 11,000 and above

Inter pretation

2.85

N

4.2

VHE

2.54 3.14

LE N

4.2 4.2

VHE VHE

3.77

HE

4.6

VHE

3.08

N

4

VHE

3.6 2.34

HE LE

3.4 3.2

VHE VHE

2.24

LE

3

VHE

2.22

LE

2.4

HE

2.17

LE

3.3

VHE

4.08

HE

4.8

HE

2.91

N

3.74

HE

Php 10, 000 and below

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 3.5 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Household Expense of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to number of children mainly categorized into two- 0-4 and 5-9. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.85) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to feed their family with enough food even inflation happens. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.54) while the respondents with a

monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to buy necessary things for their family even with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.14) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capacity to sustain the needs of their family even with inflation On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.77) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.6) by the increasing amount of money they spend for the rice their family consumes when inflation occur. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.8) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4) in terms of their capabilities to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below HIGHLYAFFECTED (3.6) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.4) in terms of their capabilities of paying bills of their home has even inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.34) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.2) in terms of the savings they would always have for their family even inflation

On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.24) while the respondents with a monthly income are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3 ) in terms of the money they can provide for the health of their family even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.22) while the respondents with a monthly income are HIGHLY AFFECTED (2.4) in terms of the money they can spend for the wants of my family even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below LOWLY AFFECTED (2.17) while the respondents with a monthly income are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.3) in terms of the money they can spend for entertainment purpose even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents with a monthly income of 10, 000 and below HIGHLYAFFECTED (4.08) while the respondents with a monthly income are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) by negative effect of inflation towards the needs of their family. The overall weighted mean of the respondents having a monthly income of 10,000 and below is 2.91 or NEUTRAL while respondents having a monthly income of 11,000 and above is 3.74 or HIGH EXTENT. This implies that the rice farmer’s capacity to sustain their expenses spent for their family depends on how much the income they received. Table 3.5: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Household Expense in terms of Number of Children

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

NUMBER OF CHILDREN Household Expense

I can feed my family with enough food even inflation happens. I can buy necessary things for my family even with inflation. I can sustain the needs of my family even with inflation. Inflation increases the amount of money I spend for the rice my family. I am able to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. I am capable of paying bills of my home has even with inflation. I would always have savings for my family even with inflation. I can provide the money for the health of my family even with inflation. I can spend money for the wants of my family even with inflation. I can spend for entertainment purposes even with inflation. I feel the negative effect of inflation towards the needs of my family. OVERALL MEAN

0 TO 4

INTER PRETATION

5 TO 9

INTER PRETATION

3.82

HE

2.47

N

3.7

HE

1.65

VLE

4.05

HE

2.78

N

4.29

VHE

3.6

HE

4.29

VHE

2.69

N

4.47

VHE

3

N

2.52

LE

2.17

HE

3.35

N

2.21

HE

3

N

2.8

N

4.41

VHE

2

N

3.64

HE

4.82

LE

3.77

HE

2.67

N

Extent Effect of Inflation to Respondents' Production when group according to: Table 4.1 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Production of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to age mainly categorized by two-age group (56 and below and 57 and above age group). On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from both 56 and below and 57 and above age group are LOWLY AFFECTED, (2.19) and (2.14) in terms of their rice produce which increases with inflation.

On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents from both 56 and below and 57 and above age group are LOWLY AFFECTED, (2.11) and (2.2) in terms of the rice they can sell which increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents the from the age group of 56 and below are LOWLY AFFECTED (1.92) while the 57 and above age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (1.71) in terms of production rate during drought which increases with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents the respondents from both 56 and below are LOWLY AFFECTED (1.88) while 57 and above age group are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (1.71 ) in terms of their production rate during storm which increases with inflation. The overall weighted mean of the respondents from the age group of 56 and below is 2.02 or LOWLY EXTENT while a respondent age from 57 and above is 1.94 or LOWLY EXTENT. This implies that regardless of the age group, production rate would still be affected during inflation. Table 4.1: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Age AGE 56years Production and below 2.19 Inflation increases the rice I can produce. Inflation increases the rate of product I 2.11 sell. Inflation increases my production rate 1.92 during drought. Inflation increases my production rate 1.88 during storm. 2.02 OVERALL MEAN Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Inter pretation

57years and older

Inter pretation

L

2.14

LE

LE

2.2

LE

LE

1.71

VHE

LE

1.71

VHE

LE

1.94

LE

Table 4.2 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Production of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to sex mainly categorized into male and female. On the first statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.11) while female respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.07) in terms of the rice they can produce with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents male respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.26) while female respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.) in terms of the rice they can sell which increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (1.88) while female respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.78) In terms of production rate during drought which increases with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that male respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.34) while female respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.78) In terms of their production rate during storm which increases with inflation. The overall weighted mean of the male respondents is 1.82 or LOW EXTENT while from the female respondents, the weighted mean is 1.9 or LOW EXTENT. This implies that both categories felt the effect of inflation towards their production adversely regardless of the respondents' sex profile. Table 4.2: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Sex

Production

Male

SEX Interpretation

FEMALE

Interpretation

Inflation increases the rice I can produce. Inflation increases the rate of product I sell. Inflation increases my production rate during drought. Inflation increases my production rate during storm. OVERALL MEAN

2.11

LE

2.07

LE

1.26

VLE

2

LE

1.88

LE

1.78

VLE

1.34

VLE

1.78

VLE

1.82

LE

1.9

LE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from all category are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.41), (1.83), and (2.2) in terms of the rice they can produce with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents from bothh elementary and college are LOWLY AFFECTED, (1.72) and (2.2) while the respondents from high school are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.72) in terms of the rice they can sell which increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents from both elementary and college are LOWLY AFFECTED (1.94), (22) while respondents from high school are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (2.2) in terms of production rate during drought which increases with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary and high school are both VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.88), (1.72) while respondents from college are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.2) in terms of their production rate during storm which increases with inflation. The overall weighted mean of the respondents from the group of elementary is 2.08 or LOWLY AFFECTED, 1.77 or LOWLY AFFECTED from high school, and 2.2 from college.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Production

Elem entary

Inter pretati on

High School

Inter pretation

College

Inter pretation

Inflation increases the rice I 1.83 2.2 LE 2.41 LE LE can produce. Inflation increases the rate of 1.83 2.2 LE 2.11 LE LE product I sell. Inflation increases my 1.72 2.2 LE production rate during 1.94 LE VLE drought. Inflation increases my 1.72 2.2 LE 1.88 VLE VLE production rate during storm. OVERALL MEAN 2.2 LE 2.08 LE 1.77 LE Table 4.3: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Educational Attainment Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 4.4 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Production of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to age mainly categorized by two- 10,000 and below and 11,000 and above On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 10, 000 and below are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.19) and 2 or LOWLY AFFECTED respondents from 11, 000 and above in terms of the rice they can produce with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 10, 000 and below are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.11) while respondents from 11, 000 and above monthly income are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1) in terms of the rice they can sell which increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 10, 000 and below are LOWLY AFFECTED (1.92) while respondents from 11, 000 and above

monthly income are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1) in terms of production rate during drought which increases with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 10, 000 and below are LOWLY AFFECTED (1.88) while respondents from 11, 000 and above monthly income are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1) in terms of their production rate during storm which increases with inflation. The overall weighted mean of the respondents having 10, 000 and below monthly income is 2.02 or LOW EXTENT while from the respondents who earned 11, 000 and above monthly have a weighted mean of 1.6 or VERY LOW EXTENT. This shows that the production is often associated with producer`s salary. Table 4.4: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Monthly Income Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Production

MONTHLY INCOME Php 10,000 Inter and above pretation

Php 11,000 and above

Inter pretation

Inflation increases the rice I can 2 2.19 LE produce. Inflation increass the rate of 1 2.11 LE product I sell. Inflation increases my production 1 1.92 LE rate during drought. Iinflation increases my production 1 1.88 LE rate during storm. 1.6 2.02 LE OVERALL MEAN Table 4.5 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of

LE VLE VLE VLE VLE

inflation to the Production of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to number of children mainly categorized by 0-4 and 0-5.

On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 0-4 children are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.05) while respondents from 5-9 number of children are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.08) in terms of the rice they can produce with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 0-4 are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4) while respondents from 5- 9 number of children are LOWLY AFFECTED (1.95) in terms of the rice they can sell which increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 0-4 are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.17) while respondents from 5-9 number of children are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.78) in terms of production rate during drought which increases with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 0-4 are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.7) while respondents from 5-9 number of children are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED in terms of their production rate during storm which increases with inflation. The overall weighted mean of the respondents having 0-4 number of children is. 2.48 or LOW EXTENT while respondents from 5-9 number of children is 1.89 or LOW EXTENT. This implies that the bigger the family is the lesser the rice may produces during inflation.

Table 4.5: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Production in terms of Number of Children Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

NUMBER OF CHILDREN 0-4

Interpretation

5 to 9

Interpretation

Inflation increases the rice I can produce. Inflation increases the rate of product I sell. Inflation increases my production rate during drought. Inflation increases my production rate during storm.

2.05

LE

2.08

LE

4

HE

1.95

LE

2.17

LE

1.78

VLE

1.7

VLE

1.78

VLE

OVERALL MEAN

2.48

LE

1.89

LE

Production

Extent Effect of Inflation to Respondents' Profit when group according to: Table 5.1 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Profit of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to age mainly categorized into two- 56 and below and 57 and older age group. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.69) while respondents from 57 and older group are also VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.57) in terms of their increasing profit from selling rice with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.76) while respondents from 57 and older group are also LOWLY AFFECTED (2) in terms of their sales that increases with inflation.

On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents from 56 and below age group are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.92) while respondents from 57 and older group are also HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.07) in terms of the effects of inflation to their income. The overall weighted mean of 56 and below age group is 2.45 or LOW EXTENT and 2.54 (LOW EXTENT) from 57 and older age group which shows that rice farmers are LOWLY AFFECTED in terms of the increase in their profit during inflation. This implies that both age groups are having trouble in income when inflation occurs. Table 5.1: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Age AGE Profit

Inflation increases my profit from selling rice. Inflation increases my sales. Inflation effects my income OVERALL MEAN

56 and below

Inter pretation

57 and above

Inter pretation

1.69

VLE

1.57

VLE

1.76 3.92 2.45

VLE HE LE

2 4.07 2.54

LE VE LE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 5.2 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Profit of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to sex mainly categorized into two categories- male and female. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from both male (1.69) and female (1.42) are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED in terms of their increasing profit from selling rice with inflation.

On the second statement, the data reveal that the male respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.03) while female respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.5) in terms of their sales that increases with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that male the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.84) while female respondent are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.21) in terms of the effects of inflation to their income. The overall weighted mean of the respondents from the male group is 2.52OR LOW EXTENT while female respondents are 2.3 or LOW EXTENT. This implies that in a sex will slightly affect profit but it is usually driven by inflation. However, data show that males feel the declining of their profit more than females. Table 5.2: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Sex

SEX Profit Inflation increases my profit from selling rice. Inflation increases my sales. Inflation effects my income OVERALL MEAN

Male

Interpretation

Female

Interpretation

1.69

VLE

1.42

VLE

2.03 3.84 2.52

LE HE LE

1.5 4.21 2.3

VLE VHE LE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 5.3 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Profit of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to educational attainment mainly categorized into three categories- elementary, high school and college.

On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from both high school and college are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED( 1.5) , (1.8) while respondents from elementary are LOWLY AFFECTED(1.82) in terms of their increasing profit from selling rice with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that all of the respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.76), (1.66) and (1.8) in terms of their sales that increases with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents from elementary are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.35), while both high school (3.66) and college (3.8) are HIGLY AFFECTED in terms of the effects of inflation to their income. The overall weighted mean of elementary is 2.64 or LOW EXTENT, while high school (2.27) and college (2.46) are also in LOW EXTENT in terms of the increase in their profit during inflation. This implies that regardless of the educational attainment of the rice farmers, inflation does still affect their profit negatively. Table 5.3: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Educational Attainment

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Profit Inflation increases my profit from selling rice. Inflation increases my sales.

Elem entary

Inter pretation

High School

Inter pretation

College

Inter pretation

1.82

LE

1.5

VLE

1.8

VLE

1.76

VLE

1.66

VLE

1.8

VLE

Inflation effects my income OVERALL MEAN

4.35

VHE

3.66

HE

3.8

HE

2.64

LE

2.27

LE

2.46

LE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 5.4 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Profit of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to monthly income mainly categorized into three categories- 10,000 and below and 11,000 and above. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from both 10,000 and below (1.48) and 11,000 and above (1.6) are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED in terms of their increasing profit from selling rice with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 10,000 and below are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.77) while respondents from 11,000 and above are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.2) in terms of their sales that increases with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents from both 10,000 and below (4.05) and college (3.6) are HIGLY AFFECTED in terms of the effects of inflation to their income. The overall weighted mean of the respondents who have a monthly income of 10,000 and below is 2.43 or LOW EXTENT while the respondents who have a monthly income of 11,000 and above is 2.4 or LOW EXTENT. Therefore, in both categories profit is decreasing during inflation.

Table 5.4: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Monthly Income

MONTHLY INCOME Profit

Php 10,000 and above

Inter pretation

Php 11,000 and below

Inter pretation

1.48

VLE

1.6

VLE

1.77 4.05 2.43

VLE HE LE

2.2 3.6

LE HE

2.4

LE

Inflation increases my profit from selling rice. Inflation increases my sales. Inflation effects my income OVERALL MEAN

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 5.5 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Profit of the selected forty (40) rice farmers when group according to number of children mainly categorized into two categories- 0-4 and 5-9. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents from both 0-4 number of children (1.69) and 5-9 (1.42) are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED in terms of their increasing profit from selling rice with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 0-4 children are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.03) while from 5-9 (1.5) are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED in terms of their sales that increases with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents having 0-4 children are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.84) while from 5-9 (4.21) are LOWLY AFFECTED in terms of the effects of inflation to their income. The overall weighted mean of the respondents having 0-4 children is 2.52 or LOW EXTENT while from 5-9 number of children`s weighted mean is 2.3 or LOW

EXTENT. This implies that number of children slightly affects profit but it is usually driven by inflation.

Table 5.5: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Respondents` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation to Profit in terms of Number of Children

NUMBER OF CHILDREN Profit Inflation increases my profit from selling rice. Inflation increases my sales. Inflation effects my income OVERALL MEAN

0-4

Interpretation

5—9

Interpretation

1.47

VLE

1.43

VLE

1.88

LE

1.78

VLE

3.82

HE

4.04

HE

2.39

LE

2.41

LE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

III. Extent Effect of Inflation to Rice Farmers' Capital, Household Expense, Production, and Profit Table 6.1 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Capital of the selected forty (40) rice farmers. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.7) in terms of increasing of their allocated budget in buying seeds when inflation occurs. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.72) in terms of increasing of their capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases with inflation.

On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.22) in terms of their money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.3) in terms of their capital used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) in terms of their capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.77) in terms of their money used paying for wages of their helpers in planting increases with inflation. On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.77) in terms their capital used for maintaining the quality of their crops increases even with inflation. On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.77) in terms of their money used for wages for their helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.77) in terms of their money used for milling rice increases even with inflation.

On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.8) in terms of their capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.77) in terms of their capital increases in delivering the finished output to markets with inflation. On the twelfth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED E (4.9) in terms of their capital is affected adversely by inflation. The overall weighted mean of 4.64 which shows that the rice farmers are VERY HIGHLY AFFECTED. Thus, their capital used from planting to harvesting and delivering the rice they produce is affected by the inflation. Therefore, inflation greatly contributes an impact to the rice farmers negatively.

Table 6.1: Frequency Distribution, Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Rice Farmers` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation In terms of Capital

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Capital

My allocated budget in buying seeds of rice increases even with inflation. My capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases even with inflation. My capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases even with inflation. Money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. Money used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation.

f

%

f

%

f

%

F

%

Tot f

%

W

al %

30

30

75

75

23

57.5

22

55

22

55

9

9

8

1 0

1 2

22. 5

22. 5

1

1

2.5

2.5

0

0

20

3

7.5

6

25

3

7.5

5

30

2

5

4

-

-

15

12. 5

10

0

0

-

-

40

40

100

100

-

-

40

100

0

-

40

100

0

-

40

100

M

4.7 2

4.7 2

4.2

I

V H E

V H E

H E

4.2

H

2

E

4.3

H E

Money used paying for wages of my helpers in planting even with inflation. My capital used for maintaining the quality of my crops increases even with inflation. Money used for wages for my helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. Money used for milling rice increases even with inflation. My capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. My capital increases in delivering the finished output to markets even with inflation. My capital is affected adversely by inflation.

31

31

31

31

77.5

77.5

77.5

77.5

9

9

9

9

22. 5

22. 5

22. 5

22. 5

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

40

40

40

40

100

100

100

100

4.7 7

4.7 7

4.7 7

4.7 7

V H E

V H E

V H E V H E V

32

80

8

20

0

-

0

-

0

-

40

100

4.8

H E

31

77.5

9

22. 5

0

-

0

-

0

-

40

100

4.7 7

V H E V

36

90

4

10

0

-

0

-

0

-

40

100

4.9

H E

AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN

4.64

VERBAL INTERPRETATION

VERY HIGH EXTENT

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

The table below presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the eleven (11) questions which discuss the extent effect of inflation to household expense of the forty (40) rice farmers. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.05) in terms of their capacity to feed their family with enough food even inflation happens. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.77) in terms of their capacity to buy necessary things for their family even with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.3) in terms of their capacity to sustain the needs of their family even with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.87) by the increasing amount of money they spend for the rice their family consumes when inflation occur. On the fifth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (3.32) in terms of their capabilities to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. On the sixth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.6) in terms of their capabilities of paying bills of their home has even inflation.

On the seventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.55) in terms of the savings they would always have for their family even inflation. On the eighth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are NEUTRALLY AFFECTED (2.65) in terms of the money they can provide for the health of their family even with inflation. On the ninth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.47) in terms of the money they can spend for the wants of my family even with inflation. On the tenth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2.52) in terms of the money they can spend for entertainment purpose even with inflation. On the eleventh statement, the data reveal that the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (4.2) by negative effect of inflation towards the needs of their family. The overall weighted mean is 3.11 with a verbal interpretation of NEUTRAL EXTENT which only states the extent effect of inflation to the expenses spent by the rice farmers within their home. Hence, rice farmers cannot really determine if inflation had an adverse impact on the needs of their families.

Table 6.2: Frequency Distribution, Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Rice Farmers` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation In terms of Household Expense Frequency and Percentage Distribution Household Expense

Total

%

WM I

f

%

f

%

f

%

f

%

f

%

I can feed my family with enough food even inflation happens.

4

10

17

42.5

0

-

15

37.5

4

10

40

100

3.05

N

I can buy necessary things for my family even with inflation.

4

10%

11

27.5 %

_

_

22

55%

3

7.5 %

40

100 %

2.77

N

I can sustain the needs of my family even with inflation.

6

15

17

42.5

2

5

13

32.5

2

5

40

100

3.3

N

Inflation increases the amount of money I spend for the rice my family consumes.

12

30

20

50

_

_

7

17.5

1

2.5

40

100

3.87

HE

I am able to allocate enough money for the education

8

20

14

35

2

5

15

37.5

1

2.5

40

100

3.32

N

even with inflation.

I am capable of paying bills of my home has even inflation.

9

I would always have savings for my family even inflation.

6

I can provide the money for the health of my family even with inflation.

4

10

7

17.5

2

5

25

62.5

2

5

40

100

2.65

I can spend money for the wants of my family even with inflation.

5

12.5

2

5

3

7.5

27

67.5

3

7.5

40

100

2.47

I can spend money for entertainmen t purpose even with inflation.

5

12.5

4

10

1

2.5

27

67.5

3

7.5

40

100

2.52

LE

I feel the negative effect of inflation towards the

23

57.5

8

20

3

7.5

6

15

0

-

40

100

4.2

HE

22.5

18

45

2

5

10

25

1

2.5

40

100

3.6 N

15

3

7.5

1

2.5

27

67.5

3

7.5

40

100

2.55 LE

N

LE

needs of my family. AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN

3.11

VERBAL INTERPRETATION

NEUTRAL

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 6.3 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Production of the selected forty (40) rice farmers. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY LOW AFFECTED (1.72) in terms of their rice produce which increases with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents are LOWLY AFFECTED (2) in terms of the rice they can sell which increases with inflation. On the third statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.67) in terms of production rate during drought which increases with inflation. On the fourth statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.67) in terms of their production rate during storm which increases with inflation. The overall weighted mean is 1.76 which shows that rice farmers are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED that their rice produce and sell increases when inflation occurs. Also, with the statement that inflation increases their production rate during drought and storm. Thus, from these results, inflation decreases the rice farmers’ production rate.

Table 6.3: Frequency Distribution, Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Rice Farmers` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation In terms of Production. Frequency and Percentage Distribution Production

f

%

F

%

Inflation increases the rice I 1 2.5 2 5 can produce. Inflation increases the rate of _ _ 1 2.5 product I sell. Inflation increases my _ _ 1 2.5 production rate during drought. Inflation increases my _ _ 1 2.5 production rate during storm. AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

f

%

6

4

f

%

Total

%

W M

I

f

%

15

25 62.5 6

15

40

100

1.72

VLE

10

29 72.5 6

15

40

100

2

LE

1 2.5 29 72.5 9 22.5

40

100

1.67

LE

1 2.5 29 72.5 9 22.5

40

100

1.67

VLE

1.76 VERY LOW EXTENT

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 6.4 shows the perception of the respondents on the extent effects of inflation to the Profit of the selected forty (40) rice farmers. On the first statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.57) in terms of their increasing profit from selling rice with inflation. On the second statement, the data reveal that the respondents are VERY LOWLY AFFECTED (1.85) in terms of their sales that increases with inflation. On the last statement, the data reveal that the respondents are HIGHLY AFFECTED (3.97) in terms of the effects of inflation to their income. The overall weighted mean is 2.46 which show that rice farmers are LOWLY AFFECTED in terms of the increase in their profit during inflation. This implies that average of the rice farmers is having trouble in income when inflation occurs.

Table 6.4: Frequency Distribution, Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Rice Farmers` Responses as to the Extent Effect of Inflation In terms of Profit

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Profit

Inflation

f

%

f

%

_

_

_

_

Total

%

WM

I

f

%

f

%

f

%

2

5

19

47.5

19

47.5

40

100

1.57

VLE

4

10

17

42.5

16

40

40

100

1.85

LE

6

15

2

5

2

5

40

100

3.97

HE

increases my profit from selling rice. Inflation

_

_

3

increases

7. 5

my sales. Inflation affects

15

37.

15

5

37 .5

my income. AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

2.46

Low Extent

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

IV. Summary of Findings

Table 7.1 summarizes the extent effect of inflation to the capital when group according to the given variables such as the age, sex, educational attainment, monthly income, and number of children. The overall weighted of each variables are 4.65 from age, 4.6 from sex, 4.68 from educational attainment, 4.35 from monthly income and 4.60 from number of children which all have an overall interpretation of VHE or VERY HIGHLY EXTENT. However, the difference in each result shows that inflation's extent effect to the capital varies from each variables. It can be seen that the increasing of capital during inflation is mostly driven by monthly income, then because of sex and number of children, next is by age, and lastly is by educational attainment. Hence, rice farmers' monthly income plays an important role in helping their capital to lessen yet regardless of the demographic profile of respondents inflation does still affect capital adversely. Table 7.1: Summary of Extent Effect of Inflation to the Capital when group according to the Demographic Profile of Respondents Capital Variables

Overall Weighted Mean

Overall Interpretation

Age

4.65

VHE

Sex

4.6

VHE

Educational Attainment

4.68

VHE

Monthly Income

4.35

VHE

Number of Children

4.60

VHE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 7.2 summarizes the extent effect of inflation to the household expense when group according to the given variables such as the age, sex, educational attainment, monthly income, and number of children. The overall weighted of each variables are 3 from age, 2.95 from sex, 3.29 from educational attainment, 3.32 from monthly income and 3.22 from number of children which all have an overall interpretation of N or NEUTRAL. However, the difference in each result shows that inflation's extent effect to the household expense varies from each variable. It can be seen that their sex negatively affects their capacity to sustain the needs of their family during inflation. Also by the number of children, educational attainment, age, and by their monthly income. Hence, rice farmers' sex profile hinders them to attain an enough needs and wants of their family yet regardless of the demographic profile of respondents; inflation's extent effect of their household expense is neutral. Table 7.2: Summary of Extent Effect of Inflation to the Household Expense when group according to the Demographic Profile of Respondents Household Expense Variables

Overall Weighted Mean

Overall Interpretation

Age

3

N

Sex

2.95

N

Educational Attainment

3.29

N

Monthly Income

3.32

N

Number of Children

3.22

N

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 7.3 summarizes the extent effect of inflation to the production when group according to the given variables such as the age, sex, educational attainment, monthly income, and number of children. The overall weighted of each variables are 1.98 from age, 1.86 from sex, 1.92 from educational attainment, 1.81 from monthly income and 2.81 from number of children which all have an overall interpretation of LE or LOW EXTENT. However, the difference in each result shows that inflation's extent effect to production varies from each variable. It can be seen that the decreasing of production during inflation is mostly driven by monthly income, then because of sex, by educational attainment, next is by age, and lastly is by number of children. Hence, rice farmers' monthly income plays an important role in helping their production to increase yet regardless of the demographic profile of respondents inflation does still affect capital adversely.

Table 7.3: Summary of Extent Effect of Inflation to the Production when group according to the Demographic Profile of Respondents Production Variables

Overall Weighted Mean

Overall Interpretation

Age

1.98

LE

Sex

1.86

LE

Educational Attainment

1.92

LE

Monthly Income

1.81

LE

Number of Children

2.18

LE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 7.4 summarizes the extent effect of inflation to the profit when group according to the given variables such as the age, sex, educational attainment, monthly income, and number of children. The overall weighted of each variables are 2.49 from age, 2.41 from sex, 2.45 from educational attainment, 2.41 from monthly income and 2.4 from number of children which all have an overall interpretation of LE or LOW EXTENT. However, the difference in each result shows that inflation's extent effect to production varies from each variables. It can be seen that the decreasing of profit during inflation is mostly driven by the number of children the respondents have, then because of sex and the monthly income, by educational attainment, lastly is by age. Hence, rice farmers' number of children plays an important role in helping their profit to increase yet regardless of the demographic profile of respondents inflation does still affect capital adversely.

Table 7.4: Summary of Extent Effect of Inflation to the Profit when group according to the Demographic Profile of Respondents Profit Variables

Overall Weighted Mean

Overall Interpretation

Age

2.49

LE

Sex

2.41

LE

Educational Attainment

2.45

LE

Monthly Income

2.41

LE

Number of Children

2.4

LE

Legend: VHE – Very High Extent, HE – High Extent, N – Neutral, LE – Low Extent, VLE- Very Low Extent

Table 7.5: Summary of Extent Effect of Inflation to the Rice Farmers Expenses

OVERALL WEIGHTED

OVERALL INTERPRETATION

EXPENSES

MEAN

CAPITAL

4.64

VERY HIGH EXTENT

EXPENSES

3.11

NEUTRAL

PRODUCTION

1.76

VERY LOW EXTENT

PROFIT

2.46

LOW EXTENT

Table summarizes the extent effect of inflation to the capital, household expense, production, and profit. The overall weighted mean of the capital is 4.64 or VERY HIGH EXTENT, the household expense got a weighted mean of 3.11 or NEUTRAL, the production (1.76) or VERY LOW EXTENT and profit (2.46) or LOW EXTENT. This data show that capital, production and profit decreases with inflation, and undetermined whether inflation affects the expenses.

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Rice farmers play a significant role for the production of rice supply in the country. They are the persons behind the food Filipinos intake every day, the one who are filling each of the stomachs of individuals by the rice they produce. However, despite of their role in the country they used to suffer and getting lack of attention by the government especially during inflation. Inflation can create a distress in the producers` daily expenses, capital, production rate and profit. This study attempts to find out the impact of inflation to the rice farmers’ finances and showed this relationship. Along the study, the researchers find out the extent effect of inflation to the rice farmers` finances when group according to the given demographic profile of the respondents such as their age, educational attainment, monthly income, number of children, and sex. The results gave the researchers information regarding the study. Inflation decreases the rice farmers` purchasing power, the product they can produce while increasing the cost of its production. Due on this situation, their profit will then decline. This so-called domino effect that is making the rice farmers` life unstable. This paper is recommended to the School so as it will be a guide and a help for the future students or researchers to attain a better and improve study and result regarding the issue. This paper is also recommended for all of the citizens of the country especially the Victoriahanons to let them understand the real scenario in the city.

This paper is highly recommended to the Local Government of the city to let this paper gives something contribution and help to let the small earners especially the rice farmers voices be heard.

References Adom, Hussien, Agyem, (2018) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322204158_THEORETICAL_AND_CONCEPTUAL_FRA MEWORK_MANDATORY_INGREDIENTS_OF_A_QUALITY_RESEARCH Alave, (2011) https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Filipinos-love-eating-rice Check and Schutt (2012) https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9a74/8722741fb64ba17422e8d253b6dce99322d7.pdf Chen, 2019 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inflation.asp EPA, 2018 https://www.epa.gov/agriculture/agriculture-and-climate Garg, 2019 https://www.slideshare.net/rohan2433/effect-of-inflation-on-household-budget Isvilanonda and Kao-ent, 2009 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Real-wage-rate-inagricultural-sector-at-2002-price_fig2_46457486 Jobareen, 2009 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/160940690900800406 Kenton, 2018, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costpushinflation.asp Kumer, 2013 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276397426_Qualitative_and_descriptive_research_ Data_type_versus_data_analysis Noelle, 2018 https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-abstract/23BA03B57525 Reed, 2019 https://www.thestreet.com/slideshow/14346581/1/effects-of-inflation.html Sharma, 2016 https://www.quora.com/How-does-inflation-affect-the-factors-of-production Seyoum and Ayalew, 2008 https://www.academia.edu/31493150/LEADERSHIP_STYLES_AS_A_DETERMINING_FACTOR_OF_ PRINCIPALS_PERFORMANCE_IN_SELECTED_SECONDARY_SCHOOLS_IN_EGBEDA_LOCAL_GOVER NMENT Tacio, 2011 https://thedailyguardian.net/opinion/rice-the-staple-of-filipinos/ World Bank, https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-thePacific/Philippines-AGRICULTURE.html Zacks, 2019 https://finance.zacks.com/inflation-affect-standard-living-9960.html

Appendices Appendix A Survey Questionnaire Inflation: Impact on Rice Farmers’ Expenses Part I: Demographic Profile Name: (optional) ___________ Sex: _______ Monthly Income: __________

Age:_____ Educational Attainment:_______ Number of Children _________

Part II: Questionnaires Directions: Please check and rate yourself honestly based on what you actually do given the statements using the following scales. Legend: 5 - Very High Extent 4 – High Extent, 3 – Neutral, 2 – Low Extent, 1 – Very Low Extent 5 1. I can feed my family with enough food even inflation happens. 2. I can buy necessary things for my family even with inflation. 3. I can sustain the needs of my family even with inflation. 4. Inflation increases the amount of money I spend for my family consumes. 5. I am able to allocate enough money for the education even with inflation. 6. I am capable of paying bills of my homes has even with inflation. 7. I would always have savings for my family even with inflation. 8. I can provide the money for the health of my family even with inflation. 9. I can spend money for the wants of my family even with inflation. 10. I can spend money for entertainment purposes even with inflation. 11. I feel the negative effect of inflation towards the needs of my family.

4

3

2

1

12. My allocated budget in buying seeds of rice increases even with inflation. 13. My capital in buying pesticides and fertilizers increases even with inflation. 14. My capital for machineries used for preparing the lands increases even with inflation. 15. Money used for oil of machines increases even with inflation. 16. Monet used for supplying the water irrigation increases even with inflation. 17. Money used for paying the wages of my helpers in planting rice increases even with inflation. 18. My capital used for maintaining the quality of my crops that increases even with inflation. 19. Money used for wages of my helpers in harvesting rice increases even with inflation. 20. Money used for milling of rice increases even with inflation. 21. My capital increases in packing the finished product even with inflation. 22. My capital increases in delivering the finished output to the markets even with inflation. 23. My capital is affected adversely by inflation. 24. Inflation increases the rice I can produce. 25. Inflation increases the rate of product I sell. 26. Inflation increases my production rate during drought. 27. Inflation increases my production rate during storm. 28. Inflation increases my profit from selling rice. 29. Inflation increases my sales. 30. Inflation affects my income.

Appendix B Validation for Survey Questionnaire Criteria of Validity from the Grammarian

Criteria of Validity from the Statistician

Criteria of Validity from an Expert

Appendix C Reliablity Statistics Cronbach's Alpha

Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items

N of Items

.800

.809

30