Ssg Black Land Navigation Course

Land Navigation 071F5013

SSG Black

Safety Consideration Risk Assessment is LOW Fire exits Tripping hazards Failure to learn these skills may result in: Call for Fire on wrong position Improper movement Problems associated with being lost

Terminal Learning Objective

You will learn how to… • Identify Topographic Symbols on a Military Map • Identify Terrain Features on a Map • Determine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a Military Map • Measure Distance on a Map • Convert Azimuths • Determine Azimuths Using a Protractor • Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the Ground by Resection • Locate one’s position on a Map and on

Enabling Learning Objective A

Definition of a Map A graphic representation of all or part of the Earth’s surface drawn to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and colors 15

Map Symbols

Symbols are used to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth.

ce m

VEGETATION Wood s Scru b

Orchar d

Vineyar d

Mangrov e

Map Symbols

SUBMERGED AREAS AND BOGS Marsh or swamp Submerge marsh or swamp Wood marsh or swamp Submerge wood marsh or swamp Rice field Land subject to inundation

Map Symbols

RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS Intermittent stream Perennial stream

Map Symbols Perennial lake or pond

Intermittent lake or pond Dry lake

Intermittent river Well or spring Perennial river Small falls; small rapids

Da m

Large falls; large rapids

Cana l

MAN-MADE FEATURES and HIGHWAY & LAND GRIDS Built-up Areas

Highwa y

Building s

R oad

Schoo l

Dirt Road

Churc h

Bridg e

Airport s

Foot Bridge

Landing Strip Cemeter y M ine Gravel Pit

Map Symbols

ce m

Trai l Power Lines Railroa d

1 2 1 5 1 8

Land Grids 1 3 1 6 1 9

1 4 1 7 2 0

Colors on the Map • • • • • •

BLACK- Man-made Objects RED- Cultural Features BLUE- Water GREEN- Vegetation BROWN- Contour Lines RED-BROWN- Cultural features, contour lines on red-light readable maps 21

What is a map? A graphic representation of all or part of the Earth’s surface drawn to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and colors

What color(s) are used to denote Cultural Features? Red and Red-Brown

What is the scale of the Tenino map? Explain. 1:50,000. 1 mm/inch/foot/yard = 50,000 mm/inch/foot/yard

What year was the Tenino Map printed? 1975

What is the Sheet Name of the map Marsh or swamp

Powerlin e

Highway

Enabling Learning Objective B

CONTOUR LINES On a map the vertical dimension it is referred to as “relief”. The most graphic technique ever devised to show relief information is the contour line. If you were to walk a contour line you would never go down hill and never up hill, and eventually you would arrive back where you

Contour Interval ~ The contour

interval is the distance between each contour line. The contour interval is found along the bottom edge, center of the map.

A=700 ft B=740 ft C=770 ft D=820 ft

Index Contour ~ a bolder/wider

brown line that has the elevation value marked at various intervals as a part of the line. Intermediate Contour ~ a brown line

Example: contour is 20 feet interval

Terrain Relief Features Five Major • • • • •

Ridge Hill Saddle Valley Depression

Three Minor • Spur • Draw • Cliff

Two Supplemental • Cut • Fill

RIDGE

HILL

S A D D L E

VALLEY

DEPRESSION

SPURS

DRAWS

CLIFF

C U T F I L L

F

A B C D E F

D

A B C D E F

A

A B C D E F

E

A B C D E F

B

A B C D E F

C

A B C D E F

Five Major Ridge Hill Saddle Valley Depression Three Minor Spur Draw Cliff Two Supplement

A 700

C 770

B 740

D 820

Enabling Learning Objective C

Universal Transverse Mercator

The military grid reference system 2.

10T

(Locating a point within the Grid Zone Designation)

5.

10TEG

(Locating a point within a 100,000-meter square)

8.

10TEG08

(Locating a point within a 10,000-meter square)

11.

10TEG0787

(Locating a point within a 1,000-meter square) This is as close as we can get now without a protractor

16.

10TEG071875

(Locating a point within a 100-meter square)

2 1

19.

10TEG07168754

5. 10TEG071875 (Locating a point within a 100-meter square)

8. 10TEG071687 54 (Locating a point within a 10-meter square)

11.10TEG071658

You read a map to the RIGHT and UP Start from the bottom left-hand side and read RIGHT to the GRID LINE prior to your target and then UP to the GRID LINE prior to your target.

54

10TEG071 875

E G

0 7

8 7

8 8

071 875 X

8 7

8 6 8 5 0 5

0 6

0 7

0 8

55

If you forget how… SAMPLE 1,000 METER GRID SQUARE

46 x

Sample point

45 13

12

100,000 M. SQUARE IDENTIFICATION

EH EG

00

GRID ZONE DESIGNATION

10T

100 METER REFERENCE 1. Read large numbers labeling the VERITICAL grid line left of point and estimate tenths (100 meters) from grid line to point 12 3 2. Read large number labeling the HORIZONTAL grid line below point and estimate tenths (100 meters) from grid line to point 45 6

EXAMPLE: 123456 WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE 100,000 METER SQUARE AREA IN WHICH THE POINT LIES, PREFIX THE 100,000 METER SQUARE IDENTIFICATION. Example: EG123456

WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE GRID ZONE DESIGNATION AREA IN WHICH THE POINT LIES, PREFIX THE GRID ZONE DESIGNATION. Example: 10TEG123456 56

Map 10T Section EG What is the grid square?

EG135 0 How do we determin e, with accuracy, the location

52

51

50

49 12

13

14

15

PROTRACT OR

What is the eight digit grid coordinate for the mine EG15808215

What is the Terrain Feature at…

EG128985

Saddle EH093002 Depression EG148925 Valley EG105781 Fill EG183866 Ridge EG124793 Draw EG128979 Hill EG145855 Cliff EG157915

Now that we know how to plot points on a map it’s time to find distance between them

Enabling Learning Objective D

DETERMINING DISTANCE MEASURE STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE B

1

½

0 1½ MILES

1

½

0

1

M ILE

1KILOMETER

A

?

M

IL

ES

?

DETERMINING DISTANCE

MEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE The accuracy of this method is dependent on the number of straight-line segments used. B

Note: not a road

A

DETERMINING DISTANCE

MEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE NOTE – you can also use a string laid out on the planned route to measure distance.

?

M

IL

ES

?

B

B 2

1½

1

½

1

0

2

3 ½ MILES 2

1½

1

½

0

1

2

M ILE

A

STRING

STRING KILOMETER

A

What is the straight distance from the Church of God in EG0385 to the buildings in the large

4,550 meters

What is the road distance from the Church of God in EG0385 to the buildings in the large

5,350 meters

Its one thing to measure distance on a map… its another to convert that to an azimuth and trek through the forest

Enabling Learning Objective E

Determine an Azimuth on the map between two points With protractor aligned with GRID LINES drawn on the map and the center of the protractor aligned on your map position (you are here). You see that the azimuth is 29° or 520 MILS.

A

What is the Grid Azimuth from the Mines in EG1582 to the water tower in EG1185

308 degrees

37 degrees

What is the Grid Azimuth from the Reservoir in EG0499 to the machine nest in

Bonus Question …What is the Magnetic Azimuth? 16 degrees

Enabling Learning Objective F

There are Three Types of Azimuth True North

Grid North

Magnetic North

•

THREE TYPES OF True North. A line fromDIRECTION any point on the earth's surface to the north pole. Is represented by a star.

• Magnetic North. The direction to the

north magnetic pole indicated by the north-seeking needle of a magnetic compass. The magnetic north is usually symbolized by a line ending with half of an arrowhead.

• Grid North. vertical grid lines on the map. Symbolized by the letters GN. Used for UTM grid by military and rescue teams for its accuracy and simplicity.

G-M ANGLE. The angular difference between GN and MN.

G - M Angle 14° + 10° = 24°

Your direction of travel

CONVERSION (four ways to remember)

Left to Right Right to Left

WEST to EAST is least ( - ) SUBTRACT EAST to WEST is best ( + ) ADD

SUBTRACT ADD

When MN is to the west (left) of GN MN to GN subtract G-M ANGLE GN to MN add G-M ANGLE

G N

When MN is to the east (right) of GN MN to GN add G-M ANGLE GN to MN subtract G-M ANGLE

MN

G N

G N

MN

MN

G N

MN

CONVERSION (example 1)

Left to Right SUBTRACT Right to Left

G - M Angle 14° + 10° = 24° ADD

HOW? From ground to map. map 5.

You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground with a compass. It is 49° MN.

2.

The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°

3.

So MN to GN SUBTRACT 49°- 24° = 25° GN (Draw this on your map)

From map to ground. ground 15. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a protractor (next slides). It is 25° GN. 2. 3.

The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24° So GN to MN ADD 25°+ 24° = 49° MN (Put this on your compass)

Your direction of travel

CONVERSION (example 2)

Left to Right Right to Left

SUBTRACT ADD

G - M Angle 14° - 5° = 9°

HOW? From ground to map. map 5.

You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground with a compass. It is 322° MN.

2.

The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°

3.

So MN to GN ADD 322°+ 9° = 331° GN (Draw this on your map)

Your direction of travel

From map to ground. ground 15. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a protractor (next slides). It is 331° GN. 2. 3.

The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9° So GN to MN SUBTRACT 331°- 9° = 322° MN (Put this on your compass)

Lars Ulrich If you GO

Left Add

if you GO

Right

What is the Magnetic Azimuth for the following Grid Azimuths?

What is the Grid Azimuth for the following Magnetic Azimuths?

229 degrees 208 degrees

84 degrees 105 degrees

332 degrees 311 degrees

6 degrees 27 degrees

17 degrees 358 degrees

350 degrees 11 degrees

Declination is 21 degrees

Now we can measure distance on a map, determine and convert azimuth… how do we apply this?

Enabling Learning Objective G

Resection Resection is the method of

locating one’s position on a map by determining the GRID AZIMUTH to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map. 84

330 degrees Mag - 180 degrees = 150 degrees Convert to

BAM

Grid Azimuth

150 + 21 =

171 Degrees BAG

330 15 0

6 0 24 0

60 degrees Mag

+ 180 degrees = 240 degrees

BAM Grid Azimuth Convert to

171 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID

17 1 26 1

261 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID

320 degrees magnetic azimuth to a water tower in EG1185

25 degrees magnetic azimuth to Crawford Mountain

Enabling Learning Objective H

Modified Resection Modified resection is the method of locating one’s position on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream. 89

302 degrees Mag

- 180 degrees = 122 degrees Convert to

Grid Azimuth

12 2

122 + 21 =

143

30 2

14 3

143 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID

Determine the Grid Coordinate EG177832

You have learned how to… • Identify Topographic Symbols on a Military Map • Identify Terrain Features on a Map • Determine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a Military Map • Measure Distance on a Map • Convert Azimuths • Determine Azimuths Using a Protractor • Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the Ground by Resection • Locate one’s position on a Map and on

Next: Land Navigation Field Lensatic Compass • Parts • Using during day

Orienting a Map Determine an Azimuth Follow an Azimuth Pace Count

Terminal Learning Objective