Sri Sh Ti 1

DnÄ−ll A¢Ù¹aÆ - pª¢øl k¤¢š²l Mäe (A REFUTATION OF THE DESIGN ARGUMENT FOR GOD)

- Af¡¢bÑh S¡j¡e E-mail: [email protected]

DnÄ−ll A¢Ù¹−aÆl pjbÑ−e HLV¡ k¤¢š²l Aha¡lZ¡ B¢Ù¹Ll¡ fË¡−uC L−l b¡−Le, k¡ pª¢øl k¤¢š² h¡ Argument From Design e¡−j f¢l¢Qaz HC k¤¢š²l p¡ljjÑ qm HC −k Bj¡−cl HC ¢hnÄ J fËL«¢a −k Ha nª´Mm¡hÜ, ¢h¢d¢eu¢¿»a J E−ŸnÉfË−Z¡¢ca, Hje¢V f¢lm¢ra qJu¡l HLV¡C hÉ¡MÉ¡ −k Hl −fR−e p−Qae −L¡e paÆ¡ B−Rez −kM¡−eC ¢h¢d B−R −pM¡−e ¢hd¡eLaÑ¡ b¡L−a h¡dÉz −kM¡−e pª¢ø, −pM¡−e pª¢øLaÑ¡ b¡L−a h¡dÉz HC lLj k¤¢š² phÑp¡d¡l−el j−e p¡d¡lZ ¢Q¿¹¡ ¢qp¡−h Bp¡V¡ ü¡i¡¢hLz HV¡ HLV¡ A¢a f¤l¡ae i¡he¡ J k¤¢š²z ¢L¿¹¥ p¡d¡lZ ¢Q¿¹¡u k¡ B−p a¡ −k phÑc¡C dË¥h paÉ q−h a¡l −L¡e ¢eÕQua¡ −eCz f−l H ¢e−u ¢hÙ¹¡¢la B−m¡Qe¡u Bphz Cc¡¢ew ¢h‘¡−el ¢LR¥ ea¥e d¡lZ¡ J fË‘¡−L L¡−S m¡¢N−u pª¢øl k¤¢š²l HLV¡ ea¥e pwúl−Zl Aha¡lZ¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz HV¡−L hm¡ qu h¤¢Üj¡e pª¢øl k¤¢š² h¡ Intelligent Design Argument z ¢h‘¡−el HC ea¥e fË‘¡ qm, fË¡−Zl A¢Ù¹−aÆl SeÉ −k −hn LaL…−m¡ p§rÁ pjeÄ−ul (Fine Tuning) fË−u¡Se, a¡l phV¡C OV−a −cM¡ k¡u h¡Ù¹−hz −kje jq¡LoÑ h¡ a¢svQ¥ðL£u h−ml p¡j¡eÉaj a¡lajÉ q−m NËq erœ ab¡ fË¡−Zl pª¢ø q−a f¡lae¡z A‰¡l (L¡hÑe) Hl HLV¡ ¢h−no n¢š²l Ù¹l e¡ b¡L−mJ fË¡−Zl pª¢ø q−a f¡lae¡, CaÉ¡¢cz fc¡bÑ¢h‘¡−el LuL¢V −j±¢mL dË¥h−Ll (Fundamental Constants) j¡−el p§rÁ pjeÄu e¡ OV−m fË¡−Zl ¢hL¡n OV−a f¡lae¡z fË¡Z pª¢øl S−eÉ fË−u¡Se£u HClLj p§rÁ pjeÄu h¡Ù¹¢hLC OV−a −cM¡ k¡u, k¡ OV¡l −L¡e Bf¡a L¡lZ −eCz HV¡ L¡La¡m£u qJu¡l pñ¡he¡J A¢a r¥â (A¿¹a a¡C j−e Ll¡ quz Bp−mC r¥â ¢Le¡ −pV¡ aLÑp¡−fr, f−l ¢hnc B−m¡Qe¡u k¡h) z a¡C HLj¡œ fË¡Z pª¢øl S−eÉ −L¡e p−Qae paÆ¡l h¤¢Üj¡e A¢ifË¡−ul à¡l¡C HC p§rÁ pjeÄu OV¡ pñhz Bl HC p−Qae paÆ¡C DnÄlz HV¡C qm h¤¢Üj¡e pª¢øl k¤¢š²z HC k¤¢š²l A¿¹¢eÑ¢qa œ¥¢V ¢e−u f−l B−m¡Qe¡u Bphz B−NC h−m l¡¢M −k HC fËh−å "pª¢ø' në¢V fËd¡ea p−Qae paÆ¡l A¢ifË¡uk¤š² ¢ejÑ¡Z h¡ °al£ A−bÑC hÉhq¡l Ll¡ q−u−Rz ¢LR¥ ¢LR¥ −r−œ në¢V öd¤ ¢ejÑ¡Z h¡ °al£ A−bÑC hÉhq©a q−u−R, AbÑ¡yv pËø¡l −L¡e ül©f e¡ d−l ¢e−uCz fËp‰ Ae¤k¡−u HV¡ f¢lú¡l q−u k¡−h −L¡e A−bÑ "pª¢ø' hm¡ q−µRz

pª¢øl k¤¢š²l (pª¢ø b¡L−mC pª¢øLaÑ¡) HLV¡ œ¥¢V qm, −k HV¡ −L¡e k¤¢š² eu, HV¡ ¢àl¦¢š² j¡œz pª¢ø b¡L¡ Bl pËø¡ b¡L¡ HLC Lb¡z L¡−SC pª¢ø B−R AaHh pª¢øLaÑ¡ B−Re, HC k¤¢š² qm k¡ fËj¡Zp¡−frÉ (AbÑ¡v pËø¡ B−Re) a¡−L d−l ¢e−u −pV¡C fËj¡Z Ll¡l HLV¡ Qœ²¡L¡l −Qø¡z −L¡e hÙ¹¥l A¢Ù¹aÆ p−Qae paÆ¡l A¢ifË¡uj§mL LjÑ h¡ fË¡L«¢aL ¢eu−jl gm - HC c¤C Hl à¡l¡C pñhz pª¢øl k¤¢š² HL¢V fËL«a k¤¢š² q−m, Bj¡−cl L¡−R k¡ pªø h¡ Designed h−m j−e qu, a¡ −k Bp−mC pªø (p−Qae paÆ¡l à¡l¡) −pV¡C fËj¡Z Lla z ¢L¿¹¥ pª¢øl k¤¢š² a¡ L−le¡z pª¢øl k¤¢š²l HC pqS AbQ p§rÁ œ¥¢V A−e−Ll L¡−RC dl¡ f−se¡z a¡l L¡lZ j−e j−e A−e−LC pËø¡ B−Re HV¡ HLV¡ üa¢p−Ül jaC d−l −eez A−eLV¡ ü‘¡a (Intuitive) i¡−hCz ¢L¿¹¥ k¤¢š²n¡−Ù» ü‘¡a d¡le¡l ÙÛ¡e −eCz L¡lZ ü‘¡a d¡le¡ −L¡e −L¡e −r−œ i¥m q−a f¡−lz C¢aq¡−p Hl hý eS£l B−Rz −kje fª¢bh£ pjam, h¡ p§kÑC fª¢bh£−L fËc¢rZ L−l, HC d¡le¡…−m¡ HLpju M¤hC Se¢fËu ¢Rmz k¤¢š²¡−Ù» öd¤ Aï¡¿¹ k¤¢š² J fËj¡Z h¡ p¡rÉC (Logic and Evidence) NËqZ−k¡NÉz k¤¢š² q−a q−h −qaÆ¡i¡p (Fallacy)j¤š²z k¤¢š²l Aï¡¿¹a¡ ¢e¢Õqa Ll¡l fËZ¡m£ k¤¢š²n¡−Ù»C B−Rz Hhw fËj¡Z h¡ p¡−rÉl (Evidence) Aï¡¿¹a¡ k¡Q¡C Hl SeÉ Q¡C fl£rZ J ¢el£r−Zl (Test and Observation) j¡dÉ−j p¡hÑSe£e j°aLÉ fË¢aù¡ Ll¡z

B¢Ù¹L−cl pª¢øl k¤¢š²l B−lLV¡ œ¥¢Vf§ZÑ ¢cL B−R −kje : 1z ¢h−nÄl nª´Mm¡ h¡ ¢h¢d¢e¢cÑøa¡l L¡lZ ¢qp¡−h DnÄ−ll A¢Ù¹aÆ ü£L¡l Ll¡z 2z DnÄl ¢e−S Apªø, BhnÉL£u i¡−h A¢Ù¹j¡e (existing necessarily) Hhw pc¡ ¢hl¡Sj¡e (Ae¿¹ Aa£a −b−L Ae¿¹ i¢hoÉv fkÑ¿¹) HC c¡h£ Ll¡z Ef−l¡š² 2 ew Ae¤k¡u£ DnÄl Hl A¢Ù¹aÆ ¢h−nÄ nª´Mm¡ h¡ ¢h¢d¢e¢cÑøa¡ b¡L¡ h¡ e¡ b¡L¡l Jfl ¢eiÑl L−le¡, L¡lZ DnÄl pc¡ ¢hl¡Sj¡e z L¡−SC 1 ew Hl œ¥¢V Hhw 2 ew Hl p−‰ Hl Ap‰¢a HM¡−eC dl¡ f−sz a¡R¡s¡ ¢h−nÄl ph¢LR¥ pªø f¢lm¢ra qJu¡V¡J j¡e¤−ol j−el HLV¡ frf¡ac¤ø d¡lZ¡z Hl L¡lZ Bj¡−cl f§hÑ A¢i‘a¡ Bl Bj¡−cl ¢Qlf¢l¢Qa f¡¢lf¡¢nÄÑLa¡z −kje HLV¡ O¢s −cM−m Bjl¡ avre¡v ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−a f¡¢l −k H¢V j¡e¤o pªø, L¡lZ Bjl¡ f§hÑ A¢i‘a¡ −b−L S¡¢e −k Ae¤l©f Bl HL¢V O¢s j¡e¤−ol à¡l¡C °al£ q−u¢Rmz Abh¡ O¢s¢Vl −ia−ll ¢ØfËw h¡ Q¡L¡ −c−MJ Ae¤j¡e Ll¡ k¡u −k H¢V j¡e¤−ol °al£, L¡lZ f§hÑ A¢i‘a¡ −b−L S¡e¡ B−R −k ¢ØfËw h¡ Q¡L¡ j¡e¤−ol °al£z L¡−SC pª¢øl k¤¢š² HLV¡ A¢i‘a¡ J fËp‰ ¢i¢šL d¡le¡ −b−L Eá¥az L¡−SC k¡ ¢LR¥C pªø h−m fË¢ai¡a qu a¡C p−Qae −L¡e pËø¡l CµR¡f§hÑL ¢œ²u¡l gm, HC k¤¢š²V¡ qm f¢l¢Qa A¢i‘a¡ −b−L B−l¡q£ k¤¢š²l (Inductive Logic) j¡dÉ−j Efe£a HL ¢pÜ¡¿¹z B−l¡q£ k¤¢š²l Aï¡¿¹a¡ pLm −r−œ ¢e¢ÕQa Ll¡ k¡u e¡z

SN−al k¡ha£u hÙ¹¥ J fËf’ (Phenomenon) −L Bjl¡ c¤C −nËZ£−a ¢hiš² Ll−a f¡¢lz fËbj −nËZ£l hÙ¹¥ qm k¡ ¢LR¥ j¡e¤o pªø (¢h−no L−l −L¡e E−Ÿ−nÉl L¡l−Z) h−m fËa£uj¡e qu (HLC lLj hÙ¹¥ j¡e¤−ol à¡l¡ pªø qJu¡l f§hÑ A¢i‘a¡l cl©e), −kje O¢s, N¡s£ CaÉ¡¢c, Hhw ¢àa£u −nËZ£l hÙ¹¥ qm k¡ ¢LR¥C Aœ²¢jL (Random) ,pñ¡he¡nËu£ (probabilistic) h¡ fËL«¢aS¢ea, HL Lb¡u Apªø, AbÑ¡v j¡e¤−ol à¡l¡ pªø eu Hje hÙ¹¥ pj§q, −kje f¡b−ll V¥L−l¡, −jO, lwde¤ CaÉ¡¢cz ¢LR¥ hÙ¹¥ B−R k¡ B¢Ù¹Ll¡ pªø h−m NZÉ L−l Bl e¡¢Ù¹L J k¤¢š²h¡c£l¡ Apªø (Aœ²¢jL h¡ fËL«¢aS¢ea) ¢qp¡−h NZÉ L−l, −kje föfË¡Z£, j¡e¤oz HC ¢e−u f−l ¢hÙ¹¡¢la B−m¡Qe¡u k¡hz L¡−SC Bj¡−cl HC j¡e¢oL j¡e¢Qœ Ae¤k¡u£ SNa pªø J Aœ²¢jL HC c¤C −nËZ£l hÙ¹¥ J fËf’ pjeÄu N¢Wa, k¡l p¡q¡−kÉ Bjl¡ B−l¡q−el (Induction) j¡dÉ−j k¡cª¢µRL (arbitrary) −k −L¡e hÙ¹¥ pªø e¡ Aœ²¢jL, HC ¢hQ¡l Ll−a f¡¢lz ¢L¿¹¥ HC B−l¡q£ p¡j¡eÉ£LlZ (Inductive Generalization) pjNË ¢h−nÄl ja Q¨s¡¿¹ −r−œ fË−u¡N Ll¡ AbÑhq q−a f¡−le¡z L¡lZ Bjl¡ HLV¡ ¢hnÄ−LC S¡¢ez HLC lLj A−eL ¢h−nÄl eS£l Bj−cl S¡e¡ −eC k¡−a L−l Bjl¡ B−l¡q−el j¡dÉ−j Bj¡−cl HC f¢l¢Qa ¢hnÄ −k pªø, −pC ¢hQ¡l Ll−a f¡¢l, L¡lZ Bj¡−cl ¢h−nÄl ül©f AeÉ −L¡e ¢hnÄ −k −L¡e pËø¡l à¡l¡ pªø Hje¢V Bj¡−cl S¡e¡ −eCz a¡C Bj¡−cl HC ¢hnÄ −k −L¡eJ pËø¡l à¡l¡ pªø, HC ¢pÜ¡¿¹ k¤¢š²¢i¢šL eu, hlw ¢hnÄ¡p ¢i¢šLz a¡R¡s¡ Bj¡−cl ¢h−nÄ pªø J Aœ²¢jL, HC c¤C −nËZ£l hÙ¹¥C B−Rz pªø SN−a Aœ²¢jL AbÑ¡v Apªø hÙ¹¥ b¡L−m p¢WL A−bÑ HV¡ hm¡ i¥m q−h −k SNaV¡ pªøz Hh¡−l B¢p j¡e¤o J fË¡Z£ (AbÑ¡v fË¡Z) pËø¡ pªø e¡ fËL«¢a pªø −pC fË−nÀz fË¡Z£ h¡ fË¡Z −L B¢Ù¹Ll¡ pªø hÙ¹¥ h¡ fËf’ h−m NZÉ Ll¡l L¡lZ qm −k f¡bl h¡ −j−O −L¡e A¿¹¢eÑ¢qa E−ŸnÉ h¡ AbÑ −cM¡ k¡ue¡, −kje¢V fË¡Z h¡ fË¡Z£−a −cM¡ k¡uz B¢Ù¹Ll¡ E−ŸnÉq£e h¡ AbÑq£e hÙ¹¨ fËL«¢a pªø h−m −kje NZÉ L−le, aâ¨f E−ŸnÉ h¡ AbÑ f§ZÑ hÙ¹¥−L p−Qae paÆ¡l pªø h−m NZÉ L−lez ¢L¿¹¥ HClLj ¢Q¿¹¡ h¡ k¤¢š² ïjn§eÉ euz −L¡e hÙ¹¥ h¡ fËf’ p−Qae pËø¡l ¢ppªr¡l L¡l−Z pªø Bl −L¡e¢V fËL«¢al ¢eu−j h¡ Aœ²¢jL i¡−h pªø HC ¢pÜ¡¿¹V¡ j§ma AdÉ¡aÈ£u (Subjective). −p¡S¡ Lb¡u j−el hÉ¡f¡lz −L¡e hÙ¹¥l j−dÉ A¢ifË¡−ul Bi¡p −cM−m Bjl¡ −pC hÙ¹¥ pËø¡l pªø h−m j−e L¢l Hhw Bi¡p e¡ −cM−m j−e L¢l fËL«¢al pªøz ¢L¿¹¥ HV¡ ¢L ïjn§eÉ ? ¢LR¥ Ec¡ql−ZC Hl yEšl ¢jm−hz HLV¡ ¢hj§aÑ ¢QœC dl¡ k¡Lz HV¡ −k −L¡e ¢hMÉ¡a ¢QœL−ll ByL¡ −pV¡ B−N i¡−N S¡e¡ e¡ b¡L−m HV¡ j−eC q−a f¡−l −k ¢QœV¡ Aehd¡ea¡ h¡ c¤OÑVe¡ hna lw ¢RV¡el L¡l−Z pªøz L¡lZ H−a −L¡e A¢ifË¡−uu Bi¡p f¡Ju¡ k¡ue¡z Afl¢c−L HV¡J pñh −k −L¡e ¢nÒf£l Aehd¡ea¡hna lw ¢RV¡el L¡l−Z Ae¢i−fËa pªø R¢hJ HLSe e¡j£ ¢nÒf£l kaÀ pqL¡−l A¢ˆa ¢Qœ h−m j−e q−a f¡−l, k¢c R¢h¢Vl pª¢øl −efbÉ L¡¢qe£ S¡e¡ e¡ b¡−L ! −e¡−hm ¢hSu£ fc¡bÑ¢h‘¡e£ Ju¡Ceh¡NÑ HC paÉ¢V p¤¤¾cli¡−h hÉš² L−l−Re : "−k ¢hnÄ H−Lh¡−l ¢hnª´Mm, ¢h¢d¢hq£e, −aje HL¢V ¢hnÄ−LJ −L¡e j§−MÑl pªø h−m j−e Ll¡ −k−a f¡−l '

L¡−SC d¡l¡ h¡ ¢eu−jl (pattern or regularity) p¡−b −kje p−Qae pËø¡l A¢ifË¡−ul −L¡e Bh¢nÉL −k¡Np§œ −eC, −aj¢e Aœ²j (randomness) h¡ ¢hnª´Mm¡l p¡−b p−Qae pËø¡ h¡ pËø¡l A¢ifË¡u e¡ b¡L¡lJ −L¡e Bh¢nÉL −k¡Np§œ −eCz HV¡ S¡e¡ B−R −k fËL¢« al ¢eu−jl (AbÑ¡v ¢h‘¡−el ¢eu−jl) f¢lZ¢a−a c¤C lLj hÙ¹¥ h¡ fËf−’l Evf¢š q−a f¡−l, k¡l HLV¡ Bj¡−cl L¡−R Aœ²¢jL h¡ H−m¡−j−m¡ j−e qu, Bl AeÉV¡ E−ŸnÉf§ZÑ, AbÑhq J abÉpjªÜ j−e quz fËL«¢al ¢eu−jl g−m ¢L dl−el hÙ¹¥l Evf¢š q−h a¡ ¢eiÑl L−l fËL«¢al ¢euj ¢Li¡−h Hhw La pju d−l L¡S Ll−R a¡l Jflz −kje −jO J lwde¤ c¤−V¡C ¢h‘¡−el ¢eu−jl f¢lZ¢a−a pªøz H−m¡−j−m¡ −jO−L Bjl¡ LMeC p−Qae paÆ¡l pªø h−m j−e L¢le¡z lwde¤ h¡ p¤¤¾cl g¥m−L p−Qae paÆ¡l pªø h−m Bjl¡ ¢LR¥V¡ j¡e−a f¡¢lz Bj¡−cl j−e¡l¾S−el SeÉC −ke lwde¤l pª¢ø, h¡ −fËj h¡ L¡−hÉl p¤¤¢hd¡−bÑC g¥−ml pª¢ø CaÉ¡¢cz Afl¢c−L j¡e¤o−L p−Qae paÆ¡l pªø h−m A−e−L öd¤ j−eC L−le¡, p−Qae paÆ¡ R¡s¡ pª¢ø pñh eu h−mJ −O¡oZ¡ −cuz a¡q−m −cM¡ k¡−µR −k H−m¡−j−m¡ −jO −b−L p¤¤¾cl lwde¤, a¡ −b−L fË¡Z£ fkÑ¿¹ œ²jhdÑj¡e −L¡e …e h¡ djÑ B−R k¡ Bj¡−cl d¡le¡−LJ œ²−j œ²−j f¡ÒV¡−µR h fËi¡¢ha Ll−Rz ¢L HC …Z? S¢Vma¡ a−šÄ (Complexity Theory) h¡ abÉ¢h‘¡−e (Information Theory) a−bÉl Ni£la¡ (Depth of Information) h−m HLV¡ d¡le¡ B−R, k¡l p¢WL pw‘¡ HM¡−e −cu¡ k¡−µRe¡z HC −pC djÑz fË¡−Zl a−bÉl Ni£la¡ ph−Q−u −hn£z HC a−bÉl Ni£la¡l a¡la−jÉl SeÉC −L¡e hÙ¹−¥ L Apªø, Bh¡l −L¡e¢V−L pªø j−e quz j¡e¤−ol a−bÉl Ni£la¡ a¡l hwn¡Z¤-pj¢ø (Genome) −a ¢e¢qa, k¡ Bh¡l j¡e¤−ol S£hŸn¡u j¢Ù¹−×Ll ¢hL¡−nl (FÜÑ j¢Ù¹−×L haÑe£ h¡ Synaptic Circuits NW−el j¡dÉ−j) p−‰ hª¢Ü f¡uz ¢L¿¹¨ HV¡ j−e l¡M¡ fË−u¡Se −k a−bÉl Ni£la¡l a¡lajÉ fc¡bÑ¢h‘¡−el ¢eu−jC O−Vz fË¡Z pª¢øl j§−mJ B−R fc¡bÑ¢h‘¡−el ¢h¢dz ¢L¿¹¥ lwde¤l ja fË¡Z HL d¡−f h¡ AÒf pj−ul ¢œ²u¡u pªø euz fË¡−Zl pª¢ø q−u−R −L¡¢V −L¡¢V hRl d−l −R¡V −R¡V d¡−f fc¡bÑ¢h‘¡−el ¢h¢dl fË−u¡−Nl à¡l¡, k¡ ¢hhaÑe e¡−j f¢l¢Qaz ¢hhaÑe fË¡L«¢aL ¢ehÑ¡Qe (Natural Selection) J f¢lhÉ¢š² (Mutation), HC c¤C −j±¢mL ¢œ²u¡l à¡l¡ O−Vz ¢hhaÑ−el cl©eC a−bÉl Ni£la¡ h¡s−a h¡s−a HL fkÑ¡u Ss hÙ¹¥ −b−L °Sh hÙ¹¥ (−kje DNA AZ¤), ¢X.He.H −b−L HL−L¡o£ fË¡Z£, œ²−j œ²−j S¢Vmal fË¡Z£ Hhw HL fk¡Ñ−u j¡e¤o fË¡Z£l j¡−T BaÈp−Qaea¡l (SelfConsciousness) Eáh quz ¢L¿¹¥ HV¡ hm¡ ¢WL q−h e¡ −k fË¡Z pª¢øl ¢hnc hÉ¡MÉ¡ S¡e¡ q−u −N−Rz Bhq¡Ju¡ fc¡bÑ¢h‘¡−el ¢eu−jC ¢eu¢¿»a qu, Bl fc¡bÑ¢h‘¡−el ¢euj J Bj¡−cl S¡e¡z ah¤J Bhq¡Ju¡l f§hÑ¡i¡p Bjl¡ ïjn§eÉa¡l p¡−b (Accurately) Ll−a f¡¢le¡z R¡u¡fb (Galaxy) J fc¡bÑ¢h‘¡−el

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