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Index Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Page No
Contents Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract Index List of figures List of tables
i
i ii iii iv vii xii xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3
General Introduction Why Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology: An Emerging Trend in Polymer
1 3 4
1.4
Technology Micron Size Fillers and Importance of Nanofillers for
6
Polymer Composite Inorganic Filler Particles Polymer Nanocomposites (PNC) Applications of Nano Structural Polymer Composites Rheology of Nanocomposites Applications in Polyamide Nanocomposites Motivation References
7 8 11 12 14 15 17
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10
Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.3 2.3.1 2.4 2.5 2.6
Introduction Synthetic Routes for Nanoparticles and Nanoclay Composites Synthesis of inorganic nano particles Preparation Methods of Mineral Clays and Polymer Nanocomposites Intercalation and exfoliation mechanism of polymer nanocomposites Mechanical, Thermal, Physical and Rheological Properties of Nanocomposites
21 22
Flammability and Thermal Stability Structural Characterization of Nanoparticles and
36 37
22 27 28 29
vii
Nanocomposites 2.6.1 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12
Crystallization behavior study Dynamic Heterogeneity Surface Characterization Dispersion of Clay Rheological Behaviors of Polymer Nanocomposites Polyamide 66 Clay Nanocomposites Structure of PA66/Clay Nanocomposites References
37 38 39 40 40 41 42 45
Chapter 3 Experimental Work 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11
Materials Polyamide Chemicals for nano particle synthesis Other Commercial Fillers Commercial CaCO3 Commercial CaSO4 Commercial Mg(OH)2 Commercial Ca3(PO4)2 Synthesis of Nano Inorganic Filler Nano CaCO3 Nano CaSO4 Nano Mg (OH)2 Nano Ca3(PO4)2 Preparation of Polyamide Nanocomposites Characterization of Polyamide Nanocomposites Tensile Test Hardness test X-Ray Diffraction Pattern Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Atomic Force Microscopy Flame Retardency Thermal Degradation Differential Scanning Calorimeter References
51 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 54 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 60
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 4.1
Characterization of CaCO3, CaSO4, and Mg(OH)2 nano particles by XRD and TEM.
62
4.2
PA: Nano CaCO3 Composites
73
4.2.1
Mechanical properties of nano CaCO3: PA composites
73
viii
4.2.1.1
Tensile strength of nano CaCO3: PA composites
73
4.2.1.2
Elongation at break of nano CaCO3: PA composites
75
4.2.1.3
Young’s modulus of nano CaCO3: PA composites
76
4.2.2
Physical properties of nano CaCO3: PA composites
77
4.2.2.1
Hardness of nano CaCO3: PA composites
77
4.2.3
Thermal properties of nano CaCO3: PA composites
78
4.2.3.1
Thermal gravimetric analysis of nano CaCO3: PA composites
78
4.2.3.2
Flame retardency (FR) of nano CaCO3: PA composites
80
4.3
Nano CaSO4: PA Composites
84
4.3.1
Characterization of nano CaSO4: PA composites
84
4.3.2
Thermal properties of nano CaSO4: PA composites
85
4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2
Thermo gravimetric analysis of nano CaSO4: PA composites Flammability of nano CaSO4: PA composites
85 88
4.3.3
Physical properties of nano CaSO4- PA composites
89
4.3.3.1
Hardness of nano CaSO4: PA composites
89
4.3.4
Mechanical properties of Nano CaSO4: PA composites
90
4.3.4.1
Tensile strength of nano CaSO4: PA composites
90
4.3.4.2
Elongation at break of nano CaSO4: PA composites
94
4.3.4.3
Young’s modulus of nano caso4: PA composites
96
4.4
Nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
98
4.4.1
Physical properties of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
98
4.4.1.1
Hardness of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
98
4.4.2
Thermal properties of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
99
4.4.2.1
Thermal gravimetric analysis of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA
99
4.4.2.2
Flammability of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
103
4.4.2.3
Vicat softening composites
4.4.3
temperature
of
nano
Ca3(PO4)2:
Mechanical properties of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
PA
104 105
4.4.3.1
Tensile strength of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
105
4.4.3.2
Young’s modulus of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
109
4.4.3.3
Elongation at break of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
109
ix
4.5
Nano Mg(OH)2: PA Composites
112
4.5.1
Physical properties of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
112
4.5.1.1
Hardness of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
112
4.5.2
Mechanical properties of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
113
4.5.2.1
Tensile strength of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
113
4.5.2.2
Elongation at break of nano Mg (OH) 2: PA composites
116
4.5.2.3
Young’s modulus of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
117
4.5.3
Thermal properties of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
118
4.5.3.1
Thermal gravimetric composites
PA
118
4.5.3.2
Differential scanning colorimetric of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
121
4.5.3.3 4.5.3.4
Flammability of nano Mg (OH) 2: PA composites Vicat softening temperature of nano Mg composites
124 125
4.6
OMMT: PA Composites
127
4.6.1
Physical properties of OMMT: PA composites
127
4.6.1.1
Hardness of OMMT: PA composites
127
4.6.2
Mechanical properties of OMMT: PA composites
128
4.6.2.1 4.6.3
Mechanical properties Flammability
128 130
4.6.4 4.6.5
Vicat softening temperature (VST) Rheological properties
131 132
References
137
analysis
of
Nano
Mg(OH)2:
(OH)2: PA
Chapter 5 Conclusion
140
Curriculum Vitae
143
x
List of Figures
Sr No 1.1
Title Page No Diatoms, like radiolaria, represent the incredible control Nature 01 exerts over the assembly of organic-inorganic materials
2.1
Nanosynthesis of Al2O3 by sol gel technique
24
2.2
Intercalation of polymer chains in nanoparticles layer
28
2.3
XRD patterns of montmorillonite clay modified with Praepagen Salt (OMMT), PA66/MMT, and PA66/OMMT nanocomposites.
43
2.4
43
3.1
TEM photomicrographs of (a) PA66/MMT and (b) PA66/OMMT Nanocomposite. Synthesis of Nano CaCO3 by matrix mediated growth technique
4.1a
X-ray Diffractogram of 21 nm CaCO3
61
4.1b
X-ray Diffractogram of 15 nm CaCO3
62
4.1c
X-ray Diffractogram of 9 nm CaCO3
62
4.2a
X-ray diffractometer of 10 nm CaSO4
63
4.2b
X-ray diffractometer of 15 nm CaSO4
63
4.2c
X-ray diffractometer of 23 nm CaSO4
64
53
xi
4.3a
X-ray diffractometer of 24 nm Mg(OH)2
64
4.3b
X-ray diffractometer of 17 nm Mg (OH)2
65
4.3c
X-ray diffractometer of 10 nm Mg (OH)2
65
4.4a
TEM image of nano CaCO3 (11 nm)
66
4.4b
TEM image of nano CaSO4 (17 nm)
66
4.4c
TEM image of nano Mg (OH)2 (23 nm)
67
4.5
TEM image of Nano CaSO4 particle (30 nm)
67
4.6a
TEM image of 24 nm Mg(OH)2
68
4.6b
TEM image of 20nm Mg(OH)2
68
4.6c
TEM image of 11 nm Mg(OH)2
69
4.7a
TEM image of 24 nm Ca3(PO4)2
69
4.7b
TEM image of 20 nm Ca3(PO4)2
70
4.7c
TEM image of 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2
70
4.8
Tensile strength of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
72
4.9
Elongation at break of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
73
4.10
Young’s Modulus of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
74
4.11
Hardness of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
75
4.12a
TGA thermogram of nano CaCO3 (23 nm) with varying wt %
76
4.12b
TGA thermogram of nano CaCO3 (17 nm) with varying wt %
77
4.12c
TGA thermogram of nano CaCO3 (11 nm) with varying wt %
78 xii
4.13
Rate of flame retardency of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
79
4.14a
AFM of 2 wt % filled commercial CaCO3 in PA
80
4.14b
AFM of 2 wt % filled commercial CaCO3 in PA In 3D view
81
4.15
XRD of different nanocomposites a) Commercial CaSO4 PA Nanocomposite
83
4.16
XRD of different nanocomposites a) PA 23 nm CaSO4
84
4.17
TGA of 10 nm CaSO4 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
85
4.18
TGA of 15 nm CaSO4 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
86
4.19
TGA of 23 nm CaSO4 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
87
4.20
Flame retardency of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt % of CaSO4
88
4.21
Hardness of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt % of CaSO4
89
4.22
Tensile strength of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt % of CaSO4
91
4.23
SEM of micro crack of 1 wt % loading of 10 nm CaSO4 filled Polyamide composite
91
4.24
SEM of micro crack of 4 wt % loading of 10 nm CaSO4 filled Polyamide composite
92
4.25
SEM of micro crack of 1 wt % loading of commercial CaSO4 filled Polyamide composite
92
4.26
SEM of micro crack of 4 wt % loading of commercial CaSO4 filled Polyamide composite
93
4.27
SEM micrograph of 4-wt % of commercial CaSO4 polyamide Composite
93
4.28
Elongation at break of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt %of CaSO4
95
xiii
4.29
Young’s Modulus of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt % of CaSO4
96
4.30
Hardness of PA filled with different fillers
99
4.31
TGA of 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
101
4.32
TGA of 17 nm Ca3(PO4)2 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
102
4.33
TGA of 21 nm Ca3(PO4)2 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
103
4.34
Rate of flame retardency of PA filled with different fillers
104
4.35
VST of PA filled with different Nanofillers
105
4.36
AFM Photograph showing Crack and Filler Dispersion in PA 66 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2 Nanocomposite
107
4.37
AFM 3D Photograph showing Crack and Filler Dispersion in PA 66 - 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2 Nanocomposite
108
4.38
Tensile strength of PA filled with different fillers
108
4.39
Young’s Modulus of PA filled with different fillers
109
4.40
Elongation at break of PA filled with different fillers
110
4.41
Hardness of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH)2
112
4.42
Tensile strength of PA filled with different fillers Mg(OH)2
113
4.43
AFM micrograph of 4-wt % of 11nm Mg(OH)2 polyamide composite
114
4.44
AFM 3D Photograph showing Crack and Filler Dispersion in PA 66 - 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2 Nanocomposite
114
4.45
Elongation at break of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH)2
116
4.46
Young’s modulus of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH)2
117
xiv
4.47
TGA of 24 nm Mg(OH)2polyamide Mg(OH)2composite
118
4.48
TGA of 20 nm Mg(OH)2polyamide Mg(OH)2composite
119
4.49
TGA of 11 nm Mg(OH)2polyamide Mg(OH)2 Composite
119
4.50
DSC of 24 nm-Polyamide Composite
121
4.51
DSC of 20 nm-Polyamide Nanocomposites
122
4.52
DSC of 11 nm-Polyamide Nanocomposites
123
4.53
Flame retardency of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH) 2
124
4.54
Vicat Softening Temperature of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH) 2
125
4.55
Hardness of polyamide Nanocomposite
127
4.56
Tensile strength of polyamide nanocomposites
129
4.57
Young’s Modulus of polyamide nanocomposites
129
4.58
Elongation at break of polyamide nanocomposites
130
4.59
Rate of Burning of polyamide nanocomposites
131
4.60
Vicat softening temperature of polyamide nanocomposites
132
4.61
Viscosity vs shear rate of polyamide nanocomposites
134
4.62
Log shear stress vs Log shear rate of polyamide nanocomposites
134
4.63
Torque of polyamide Nanocomposites
135
4.64
SEM of 1 wt % of OMMT in polyamide nanocomposite
135
4.65
SEM of 4 wt % of OMMT in polyamide nanocomposites
136
xv
List of Tables Sr No
Contents
Page No 31
2.1
Mechanical Properties of PUU and PUU/ Layered Silicate nanocomposites
2.2
Data sheet of thermal properties of different polymer nanocomposites
37
4.1
Yields and particle size of nano particles
38
xvi
Page No
Contents Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract Index List of figures List of tables
i
i ii iii iv vii xii xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3
General Introduction Why Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology: An Emerging Trend in Polymer
1 3 4
1.4
Technology Micron Size Fillers and Importance of Nanofillers for
6
Polymer Composite Inorganic Filler Particles Polymer Nanocomposites (PNC) Applications of Nano Structural Polymer Composites Rheology of Nanocomposites Applications in Polyamide Nanocomposites Motivation References
7 8 11 12 14 15 17
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10
Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.3 2.3.1 2.4 2.5 2.6
Introduction Synthetic Routes for Nanoparticles and Nanoclay Composites Synthesis of inorganic nano particles Preparation Methods of Mineral Clays and Polymer Nanocomposites Intercalation and exfoliation mechanism of polymer nanocomposites Mechanical, Thermal, Physical and Rheological Properties of Nanocomposites
21 22
Flammability and Thermal Stability Structural Characterization of Nanoparticles and
36 37
22 27 28 29
vii
Nanocomposites 2.6.1 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12
Crystallization behavior study Dynamic Heterogeneity Surface Characterization Dispersion of Clay Rheological Behaviors of Polymer Nanocomposites Polyamide 66 Clay Nanocomposites Structure of PA66/Clay Nanocomposites References
37 38 39 40 40 41 42 45
Chapter 3 Experimental Work 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11
Materials Polyamide Chemicals for nano particle synthesis Other Commercial Fillers Commercial CaCO3 Commercial CaSO4 Commercial Mg(OH)2 Commercial Ca3(PO4)2 Synthesis of Nano Inorganic Filler Nano CaCO3 Nano CaSO4 Nano Mg (OH)2 Nano Ca3(PO4)2 Preparation of Polyamide Nanocomposites Characterization of Polyamide Nanocomposites Tensile Test Hardness test X-Ray Diffraction Pattern Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Atomic Force Microscopy Flame Retardency Thermal Degradation Differential Scanning Calorimeter References
51 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 54 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 60
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 4.1
Characterization of CaCO3, CaSO4, and Mg(OH)2 nano particles by XRD and TEM.
62
4.2
PA: Nano CaCO3 Composites
73
4.2.1
Mechanical properties of nano CaCO3: PA composites
73
viii
4.2.1.1
Tensile strength of nano CaCO3: PA composites
73
4.2.1.2
Elongation at break of nano CaCO3: PA composites
75
4.2.1.3
Young’s modulus of nano CaCO3: PA composites
76
4.2.2
Physical properties of nano CaCO3: PA composites
77
4.2.2.1
Hardness of nano CaCO3: PA composites
77
4.2.3
Thermal properties of nano CaCO3: PA composites
78
4.2.3.1
Thermal gravimetric analysis of nano CaCO3: PA composites
78
4.2.3.2
Flame retardency (FR) of nano CaCO3: PA composites
80
4.3
Nano CaSO4: PA Composites
84
4.3.1
Characterization of nano CaSO4: PA composites
84
4.3.2
Thermal properties of nano CaSO4: PA composites
85
4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2
Thermo gravimetric analysis of nano CaSO4: PA composites Flammability of nano CaSO4: PA composites
85 88
4.3.3
Physical properties of nano CaSO4- PA composites
89
4.3.3.1
Hardness of nano CaSO4: PA composites
89
4.3.4
Mechanical properties of Nano CaSO4: PA composites
90
4.3.4.1
Tensile strength of nano CaSO4: PA composites
90
4.3.4.2
Elongation at break of nano CaSO4: PA composites
94
4.3.4.3
Young’s modulus of nano caso4: PA composites
96
4.4
Nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
98
4.4.1
Physical properties of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
98
4.4.1.1
Hardness of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
98
4.4.2
Thermal properties of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
99
4.4.2.1
Thermal gravimetric analysis of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA
99
4.4.2.2
Flammability of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
103
4.4.2.3
Vicat softening composites
4.4.3
temperature
of
nano
Ca3(PO4)2:
Mechanical properties of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
PA
104 105
4.4.3.1
Tensile strength of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
105
4.4.3.2
Young’s modulus of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
109
4.4.3.3
Elongation at break of nano Ca3(PO4)2: PA composites
109
ix
4.5
Nano Mg(OH)2: PA Composites
112
4.5.1
Physical properties of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
112
4.5.1.1
Hardness of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
112
4.5.2
Mechanical properties of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
113
4.5.2.1
Tensile strength of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
113
4.5.2.2
Elongation at break of nano Mg (OH) 2: PA composites
116
4.5.2.3
Young’s modulus of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
117
4.5.3
Thermal properties of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
118
4.5.3.1
Thermal gravimetric composites
PA
118
4.5.3.2
Differential scanning colorimetric of nano Mg(OH)2: PA composites
121
4.5.3.3 4.5.3.4
Flammability of nano Mg (OH) 2: PA composites Vicat softening temperature of nano Mg composites
124 125
4.6
OMMT: PA Composites
127
4.6.1
Physical properties of OMMT: PA composites
127
4.6.1.1
Hardness of OMMT: PA composites
127
4.6.2
Mechanical properties of OMMT: PA composites
128
4.6.2.1 4.6.3
Mechanical properties Flammability
128 130
4.6.4 4.6.5
Vicat softening temperature (VST) Rheological properties
131 132
References
137
analysis
of
Nano
Mg(OH)2:
(OH)2: PA
Chapter 5 Conclusion
140
Curriculum Vitae
143
x
List of Figures
Sr No 1.1
Title Page No Diatoms, like radiolaria, represent the incredible control Nature 01 exerts over the assembly of organic-inorganic materials
2.1
Nanosynthesis of Al2O3 by sol gel technique
24
2.2
Intercalation of polymer chains in nanoparticles layer
28
2.3
XRD patterns of montmorillonite clay modified with Praepagen Salt (OMMT), PA66/MMT, and PA66/OMMT nanocomposites.
43
2.4
43
3.1
TEM photomicrographs of (a) PA66/MMT and (b) PA66/OMMT Nanocomposite. Synthesis of Nano CaCO3 by matrix mediated growth technique
4.1a
X-ray Diffractogram of 21 nm CaCO3
61
4.1b
X-ray Diffractogram of 15 nm CaCO3
62
4.1c
X-ray Diffractogram of 9 nm CaCO3
62
4.2a
X-ray diffractometer of 10 nm CaSO4
63
4.2b
X-ray diffractometer of 15 nm CaSO4
63
4.2c
X-ray diffractometer of 23 nm CaSO4
64
53
xi
4.3a
X-ray diffractometer of 24 nm Mg(OH)2
64
4.3b
X-ray diffractometer of 17 nm Mg (OH)2
65
4.3c
X-ray diffractometer of 10 nm Mg (OH)2
65
4.4a
TEM image of nano CaCO3 (11 nm)
66
4.4b
TEM image of nano CaSO4 (17 nm)
66
4.4c
TEM image of nano Mg (OH)2 (23 nm)
67
4.5
TEM image of Nano CaSO4 particle (30 nm)
67
4.6a
TEM image of 24 nm Mg(OH)2
68
4.6b
TEM image of 20nm Mg(OH)2
68
4.6c
TEM image of 11 nm Mg(OH)2
69
4.7a
TEM image of 24 nm Ca3(PO4)2
69
4.7b
TEM image of 20 nm Ca3(PO4)2
70
4.7c
TEM image of 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2
70
4.8
Tensile strength of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
72
4.9
Elongation at break of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
73
4.10
Young’s Modulus of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
74
4.11
Hardness of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
75
4.12a
TGA thermogram of nano CaCO3 (23 nm) with varying wt %
76
4.12b
TGA thermogram of nano CaCO3 (17 nm) with varying wt %
77
4.12c
TGA thermogram of nano CaCO3 (11 nm) with varying wt %
78 xii
4.13
Rate of flame retardency of different sizes of CaCO3 filled PA
79
4.14a
AFM of 2 wt % filled commercial CaCO3 in PA
80
4.14b
AFM of 2 wt % filled commercial CaCO3 in PA In 3D view
81
4.15
XRD of different nanocomposites a) Commercial CaSO4 PA Nanocomposite
83
4.16
XRD of different nanocomposites a) PA 23 nm CaSO4
84
4.17
TGA of 10 nm CaSO4 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
85
4.18
TGA of 15 nm CaSO4 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
86
4.19
TGA of 23 nm CaSO4 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
87
4.20
Flame retardency of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt % of CaSO4
88
4.21
Hardness of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt % of CaSO4
89
4.22
Tensile strength of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt % of CaSO4
91
4.23
SEM of micro crack of 1 wt % loading of 10 nm CaSO4 filled Polyamide composite
91
4.24
SEM of micro crack of 4 wt % loading of 10 nm CaSO4 filled Polyamide composite
92
4.25
SEM of micro crack of 1 wt % loading of commercial CaSO4 filled Polyamide composite
92
4.26
SEM of micro crack of 4 wt % loading of commercial CaSO4 filled Polyamide composite
93
4.27
SEM micrograph of 4-wt % of commercial CaSO4 polyamide Composite
93
4.28
Elongation at break of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt %of CaSO4
95
xiii
4.29
Young’s Modulus of PA filled with various sizes and varying wt % of CaSO4
96
4.30
Hardness of PA filled with different fillers
99
4.31
TGA of 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
101
4.32
TGA of 17 nm Ca3(PO4)2 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
102
4.33
TGA of 21 nm Ca3(PO4)2 polyamide filled with various sizes of CaSO4
103
4.34
Rate of flame retardency of PA filled with different fillers
104
4.35
VST of PA filled with different Nanofillers
105
4.36
AFM Photograph showing Crack and Filler Dispersion in PA 66 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2 Nanocomposite
107
4.37
AFM 3D Photograph showing Crack and Filler Dispersion in PA 66 - 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2 Nanocomposite
108
4.38
Tensile strength of PA filled with different fillers
108
4.39
Young’s Modulus of PA filled with different fillers
109
4.40
Elongation at break of PA filled with different fillers
110
4.41
Hardness of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH)2
112
4.42
Tensile strength of PA filled with different fillers Mg(OH)2
113
4.43
AFM micrograph of 4-wt % of 11nm Mg(OH)2 polyamide composite
114
4.44
AFM 3D Photograph showing Crack and Filler Dispersion in PA 66 - 11 nm Ca3(PO4)2 Nanocomposite
114
4.45
Elongation at break of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH)2
116
4.46
Young’s modulus of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH)2
117
xiv
4.47
TGA of 24 nm Mg(OH)2polyamide Mg(OH)2composite
118
4.48
TGA of 20 nm Mg(OH)2polyamide Mg(OH)2composite
119
4.49
TGA of 11 nm Mg(OH)2polyamide Mg(OH)2 Composite
119
4.50
DSC of 24 nm-Polyamide Composite
121
4.51
DSC of 20 nm-Polyamide Nanocomposites
122
4.52
DSC of 11 nm-Polyamide Nanocomposites
123
4.53
Flame retardency of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH) 2
124
4.54
Vicat Softening Temperature of PA filled with different sizes of Mg(OH) 2
125
4.55
Hardness of polyamide Nanocomposite
127
4.56
Tensile strength of polyamide nanocomposites
129
4.57
Young’s Modulus of polyamide nanocomposites
129
4.58
Elongation at break of polyamide nanocomposites
130
4.59
Rate of Burning of polyamide nanocomposites
131
4.60
Vicat softening temperature of polyamide nanocomposites
132
4.61
Viscosity vs shear rate of polyamide nanocomposites
134
4.62
Log shear stress vs Log shear rate of polyamide nanocomposites
134
4.63
Torque of polyamide Nanocomposites
135
4.64
SEM of 1 wt % of OMMT in polyamide nanocomposite
135
4.65
SEM of 4 wt % of OMMT in polyamide nanocomposites
136
xv
List of Tables Sr No
Contents
Page No 31
2.1
Mechanical Properties of PUU and PUU/ Layered Silicate nanocomposites
2.2
Data sheet of thermal properties of different polymer nanocomposites
37
4.1
Yields and particle size of nano particles
38
xvi
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