Sql Server Database Interview Questions

Database admin interview questions Database

1. What is a major difference between SQL Server 6.5 and 7.0 platform wise? SQL Server 6.5

runs only on Windows NT Server. SQL Server 7.0 runs on Windows NT Server, workstation and Windows 95/98.

2. Is SQL Server implemented as a service or an application? It is implemented as a service on Windows NT server and workstation and as an application on Windows 95/98.

3. What is the difference in Login Security Modes between v6.5 and 7.0? 7.0 doesn’t have Standard Mode, only Windows NT Integrated mode and Mixed mode that consists of both Windows NT Integrated and SQL Server authentication modes. 4. What is a traditional Network Library for SQL Servers? Named Pipes. 5. What is a default TCP/IP socket assigned for SQL Server? 1433 6. If you encounter this kind of an error message, what you need to look into to solve this problem? [Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][Named Pipes]Specified SQL Server not found.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

1. Check if MS SQL Server service is running on the computer you are trying to log into 2. Check on Client Configuration utility. Client and Server have to in sync. What is new philosophy for database devises for SQL Server 7.0? There are no devises anymore in SQL Server 7.0. It is file system now. When you create a database how is it stored? It is stored in two separate files: one file contains the data, system tables, other database objects, the other file stores the transaction log. Let’s assume you have data that resides on SQL Server 6.5. You have to move it SQL Server 7.0. How are you going to do it? You have to use transfer command. Do you know how to configure DB2 side of the application? Set up an application ID, create RACF group with tables attached to this group, attach the ID to this RACF group. What kind of LAN types do you know? Ethernet networks and token ring networks. What is the difference between them? With Ethernet, any devices on the network can send data in a packet to any location on the network at any time. With Token Ring, data is transmitted in ‘tokens’ from computer to computer in a ring or star configuration. Token ring speed is 4/16 Mbit/sec , Ethernet - 10/100 Mbit/sec. What protocol both networks use? TCP/IP. Transmission Control Protocol, Internet Protocol. How many bits IP Address consist of?An IP Address is a 32-bit number. How many layers of TCP/IP protocol combined of? Five. (Application, Transport, Internet, Data link, Physical). How do you define testing of network layers? Reviewing with your developers to identify the layers of the Network layered architecture, your Web client and Web server application interact with. Determine the hardware and software configuration dependencies for the application under test. How do you test proper TCP/IP configuration Windows machine? Windows NT: IPCONFIG/ALL, Windows 95: WINIPCFG, Ping or ping ip.add.re.ss

1. What is a Cartesian product? What causes it? Expected answer: A Cartesian product is the result of an unrestricted join of two or more tables. The result set of a three table Cartesian product will have x * y * z number of rows where x, y, z correspond to the number of rows in each table involved in the join. It is causes by specifying a table in the FROM clause without joining it to another table. 2. What is an advantage to using a stored procedure as opposed to passing an SQL query from an application. Expected answer: A stored procedure is pre-loaded in memory for faster execution. It allows the DBMS control of permissions for

security purposes. It also eliminates the need to recompile components when minor changes occur to the database. 3. What is the difference of a LEFT JOIN and an INNER JOIN statement? Expected answer: A LEFT JOIN will take ALL values from the first declared table and matching values from the second declared table based on the column the join has been declared on. An INNER JOIN will take only matching values from both tables 4. When a query is sent to the database and an index is not being used, what type of execution is taking place? Expected answer: A table scan. 5. What are the pros and cons of using triggers? Expected answer: A trigger is one or more statements of SQL that are being executed in event of data modification in a table to which the trigger belongs. Triggers enhance the security, efficiency, and standardization of databases. Triggers can be beneficial when used: – to check or modify values before they are actually updated or inserted in the database. This is useful if you need to transform data from the way the user sees it to some internal database format. – to run other non-database operations coded in user-defined functions – to update data in other tables. This is useful for maintaining relationships between data or in keeping audit trail information. – to check against other data in the table or in other tables. This is useful to ensure data integrity when referential integrity constraints aren’t appropriate, or when table check constraints limit checking to the current table only. 6. What are the pros and cons of using stored procedures. When would you use them? 7. What are the pros and cons of using cursors? When would you use them?

Database programming for the Web interview questions Database Q: How would you make the following SQL statement run faster? SELECT * FROM TABLEA WHERE COL1=’A’ AND COL2=’B'; A: Make sure that COL1 and COL2 have indexes. Find out which condition will return less value and use that as the first conditional. Q: What is Data Mining A: Data Mining is the process of sifting through extremely large amounts of Data to find trends or relevant information. Q: Name the Seven layers in the OSI Model. A: Appication, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Phyiscal Q: What is one way to view a unix network share on a Windows computer, within explorer A: NFS, The Unix computer can be running a NFS Server Daemon. Q: How would you find all the processes running on your computer? A: UNIX is ps -ef or ps -aux depending on version.

Q: What is DHCP A: DHCP is a way to dynamically assign IP address to computers. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Q: What is HTTP Tunneling A: HTTP Tunneling is a security method that encrypts packets traveling through the internet. Only the intended recipient should be able to decrypt the packets. Can be used to Create Virtual Private Networks. (VPN) Q: Scenario: You have 9 identical looking balls; however one ball is heavier than the others. You have two chances to use a balance. How do you find out which ball is the heaviest? A: Split into groups of three, randomly choose two groups and use balance on them. If one group is heavier, then discard the other 6 balls. If the two groups are the same weight. The heavier ball must be in the group that was not on the scale. Now randomly choose two balls and test on balance. If they are the same weight, the heaviest ball is on one that was not tested. Else the heaviest ball is already known from the balance. read all questions Comments RSS feed for comments on this post. The URI to TrackBack this entry is: http://www.techinterviews.com/wp-trackback.php/43 1. i don’t see why these questions are for database programming… it seems more like they are for administration. ppl who can answer the above questions how do u know they can write stored procedure, triggers, database design, use cursor, grant premission, etc… ? Comment by _b66 — 3/12/2004 @ 8:30 pm 2. Hi Friends, This is Sachin Rastogi. As there is no questions for SQL, PL/SQL on this site, I would like to provide you the same. Just shake your head in solving these questions. If you can’t then don’t worry you can mail me at [email protected] for the answers of these questions. Hope that these questions will help you.. 1. Which of the following statements contains an error? A. SELECT * FROM emp WHERE empid = 493945; B. SELECT empid FROM emp WHERE empid= 493945; C. SELECT empid FROM emp; D. SELECT empid WHERE empid = 56949 AND lastname = ‘SMITH’; 2. Which of the following correctly describes how to specify a column alias? A. Place the alias at the beginning of the statement to describe the table. B. Place the alias after each column, separated by white space, to describe the column. C. Place the alias after each column, separated by a comma, to describe the column. D. Place the alias at the end of the statement to describe the table. 3. The NVL function A. Assists in the distribution of output across multiple columns. B. Allows the user to specify alternate output for non-null column values. C. Allows the user to specify alternate output for null column values. D. Nullifies the value of the column output.

4. Output from a table called PLAYS with two columns, PLAY_NAME and AUTHOR, is shown below. Which of the following SQL statements produced it? PLAY_TABLE ————————————“Midsummer Night’s Dream”, SHAKESPEARE “Waiting For Godot”, BECKETT “The Glass Menagerie”, WILLIAMS A. SELECT play_name || author FROM plays; B. SELECT play_name, author FROM plays; C. SELECT play_name||’, ‘ || author FROM plays; D. SELECT play_name||’, ‘ || author PLAY_TABLE FROM plays; 5. Issuing the DEFINE_EDITOR="emacs” will produce which outcome? A. The emacs editor will become the SQL*Plus default text editor. B. The emacs editor will start running immediately. C. The emacs editor will no longer be used by SQL*Plus as the default text editor. D. The emacs editor will be deleted from the system. 6. The user issues the following statement. What will be displayed if the EMPID selected is 60494? SELECT DECODE(empid,38475, “Terminated”,60494, “LOA”, “ACTIVE") FROM emp; A. 60494 B. LOA C. Terminated D. ACTIVE 7. SELECT (TO_CHAR(NVL(SQRT(59483), “INVALID")) FROM DUAL is a valid SQL statement. A. TRUE B. FALSE 8. The appropriate table to use when performing arithmetic calculations on values defined within the SELECT statement (not pulled from a table column) is A. EMP B. The table containing the column values C. DUAL D. An Oracle-defined table 9. Which of the following is not a group function? A. avg( ) B. sqrt( ) C. sum( ) D. max( ) 10. Once defined, how long will a variable remain so in SQL*Plus? A. Until the database is shut down B. Until the instance is shut down C. Until the statement completes D. Until the session completes 11. The default character for specifying runtime variables in SELECT statements is

A. Ampersand B. Ellipses C. Quotation marks D. Asterisk 12. A user is setting up a join operation between tables EMP and DEPT. There are some employees in the EMP table that the user wants returned by the query, but the employees are not assigned to departments yet. Which SELECT statement is most appropriate for this user? A. select e.empid, d.head from emp e, dept d; B. select e.empid, d.head from emp e, dept d where e.dept# = d.dept#; C. select e.empid, d.head from emp e, dept d where e.dept# = d.dept# (+); D. select e.empid, d.head from emp e, dept d where e.dept# (+) = d.dept#; 13. Developer ANJU executes the following statement: CREATE TABLE animals AS SELECT * from MASTER.ANIMALS; What is the effect of this statement? A. A table named ANIMALS will be created in the MASTER schema with the same data as the ANIMALS table owned by ANJU. B. A table named ANJU will be created in the ANIMALS schema with the same data as the ANIMALS table owned by MASTER. C. A table named ANIMALS will be created in the ANJU schema with the same data as the ANIMALS table owned by MASTER. D. A table named MASTER will be created in the ANIMALS schema with the same data as the ANJU table owned by ANIMALS. 14. User JANKO would like to insert a row into the EMPLOYEE table, which has three columns: EMPID, LASTNAME, and SALARY. The user would like to enter data for EMPID 59694, LASTNAME Harris, but no salary. Which statement would work best? A. INSERT INTO employee VALUES (59694,’HARRIS’, NULL); B. INSERT INTO employee VALUES (59694,’HARRIS’); C. INSERT INTO employee (EMPID, LASTNAME, SALARY) VALUES (59694,’HARRIS’); D. INSERT INTO employee (SELECT 59694 FROM ‘HARRIS’); 15. Which three of the following are valid database datatypes in Oracle? (Choose three.) A. CHAR B. VARCHAR2 C. BOOLEAN D. NUMBER 16. Omitting the WHERE clause from a DELETE statement has which of the following effects? A. The delete statement will fail because there are no records to delete. B. The delete statement will prompt the user to enter criteria for the deletion C. The delete statement will fail because of syntax error. D. The delete statement will remove all records from the table. 17. Creating a foreign-key constraint between columns of two tables defined with two different datatypes will produce an error. A. TRUE B. FALSE 18. Dropping a table has which of the following effects on a nonunique index created for the table? A. No effect. B. The index will be dropped.

C. The index will be rendered invalid. D. The index will contain NULL values. 19. To increase the number of nullable columns for a table, A. Use the alter table statement. B. Ensure that all column values are NULL for all rows. C. First increase the size of adjacent column datatypes, then add the column. D. Add the column, populate the column, then add the NOT NULL constraint. 20. Which line of the following statement will produce an error? A. CREATE TABLE goods B. (good_no NUMBER, C. good_name VARCHAR2 check(good_name in (SELECT name FROM avail_goods)), D. CONSTRAINT pk_goods_01 E. PRIMARY KEY (goodno)); F. There are no errors in this statement. 21. MAXVALUE is a valid parameter for sequence creation. A. TRUE B. FALSE 22. Which of the following lines in the SELECT statement below contain an error? A. SELECT DECODE(empid, 58385, “INACTIVE”, “ACTIVE") empid B. FROM emp C. WHERE SUBSTR(lastname,1,1) > TO_NUMBER(’S') D. AND empid > 02000 E. ORDER BY empid DESC, lastname ASC; F. There are no errors in this statement. 23. Which function below can best be categorized as similar in function to an IF-THEN-ELSE statement? A. SQRT B. DECODE C. NEW_TIME D. ROWIDTOCHAR 24. Which two of the following orders are used in ORDER BY clauses? (choose two) A. ABS B. ASC C. DESC D. DISC 25. You query the database with this command SELECT name FROM employee WHERE name LIKE ‘_a%’; Which names are displayed? A. Names starting with “a” B. Names starting with “a” or “A” C. Names containing “a” as second character D. Names containing “a” as any letter except the first

PL/SQL 26. Which of the following statements is true about implicit cursors? A. Implicit cursors are used for SQL statements that are not named. B. Developers should use implicit cursors with great care. C. Implicit cursors are used in cursor for loops to handle data processing. D. Implicit cursors are no longer a feature in Oracle. 27. Which of the following is not a feature of a cursor FOR loop? A. Record type declaration. B. Opening and parsing of SQL statements. C. Fetches records from cursor. D. Requires exit condition to be defined. 28. A developer would like to use referential datatype declaration on a variable. The variable name is EMPLOYEE_LASTNAME, and the corresponding table and column is EMPLOYEE, and LNAME, respectively. How would the developer define this variable using referential data types? A. Use employee.lname%type. B. Use employee.lname%rowtype. C. Look up datatype for EMPLOYEE column on LASTNAME table and use that. D. Declare it to be type LONG. 29. Which three of the following are implicit cursors attributes? A. %found B. %too_many_rows C. %not found D. %row count E. %row type 30. If left out, which of the following would cause an infinite loop to occur in a simple loop? A. LOOP B. END LOOP C. IF-THEN D. EXIT 31. Which line in the following statement will produce an error? A. cursor action cursor is B. select name, rate, action C. into action record D. from action table E. There are no errors in this statement. 32. The command used to open a CURSOR FOR loop is A. open B. fetches C. parse D. None, cursor for loops handle cursor opening implicitly. 33. What happens when rows are found using a FETCH statement A. It causes the cursor to close B. It causes the cursor to open C. It loads the current row values into variables D. It creates the variables to hold the current row values

34. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE find_cpt (v_movie_id {Argument Mode} NUMBER, v_cost_per_ticket {argument mode} NUMBER) IS BEGIN IF v_cost_per_ticket > 8.5 THEN SELECT cost_per_ticket INTO v_cost_per_ticket FROM gross_receipt WHERE movie_id = v_movie_id; END IF; END; Which mode should be used for V_COST_PER_TICKET? A. IN B. OUT C. RETURN D. IN OUT 35. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER update_show_gross {trigger information} BEGIN {additional code} END; The trigger code should only execute when the column, COST_PER_TICKET, is greater than $3.75. Which trigger information will you add? A. WHEN (new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) B. WHEN (:new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75 C. WHERE (new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) D. WHERE (:new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) 36. What is the maximum number of handlers processed before the PL/SQL block is exited when an exception occurs? A. Only one B. All that apply C. All referenced D. None 37. For which trigger timing can you reference the NEW and OLD qualifiers? A. Statement and Row B. Statement only C. Row only D. Oracle Forms trigger 38. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_budget(v_studio_id IN NUMBER) RETURN number IS v_yearly_budget NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT yearly_budget INTO v_yearly_budget FROM studio WHERE id = v_studio_id;

RETURN v_yearly_budget; END; Which set of statements will successfully invoke this function within SQL*Plus? A. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); B. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); C. VARIABLE :g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); D. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); 39. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_theater (v_name IN VARCHAR2, v_theater_id IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE theater SET name = v_name WHERE id = v_theater_id; END update_theater; When invoking this procedure, you encounter the error: ORA-00001: Unique constraint(SCOTT.THEATER_NAME_UK) violated. How should you modify the function to handle this error? A. An user defined exception must be declared and associated with the error code and handled in the EXCEPTION section. B. Handle the error in EXCEPTION section by referencing the error code directly. C. Handle the error in the EXCEPTION section by referencing the UNIQUE_ERROR predefined exception. D. Check for success by checking the value of SQL%FOUND immediately after the UPDATE statement. 40. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calculate_budget IS v_budget studio.yearly_budget%TYPE; BEGIN v_budget := get_budget(11); IF v_budget Comment by http://www.techinterviews.com/wp-trackback.php/43 — 5/3/2004 @ 12:24 am 3. Hello friends. Sachin again. Many of you mailed asking to send the answers of above questions. So here they are: SQL — 1. Which of the following statements contains an error? A. SELECT * FROM emp WHERE empid = 493945; B. SELECT empid FROM emp WHERE empid= 493945; C. SELECT empid FROM emp; D. SELECT empid WHERE empid = 56949 AND lastname = ‘SMITH’; Ans: D 2. Which of the following correctly describes how to specify a column alias?

A. Place the alias at the beginning of the statement to describe the table. B. Place the alias after each column, separated by white space, to describe the column. C. Place the alias after each column, separated by a comma, to describe the column. D. Place the alias at the end of the statement to describe the table. Ans: B 3. The NVL function A. Assists in the distribution of output across multiple columns. B. Allows the user to specify alternate output for non-null column values. C. Allows the user to specify alternate output for null column values. D. Nullifies the value of the column output. Ans: C 4. Output from a table called PLAYS with two columns, PLAY_NAME and AUTHOR, is shown below. Which of the following SQL statements produced it? PLAY_TABLE ————————————“Midsummer Night’s Dream”, SHAKESPEARE “Waiting For Godot”, BECKETT “The Glass Menagerie”, WILLIAMS A. SELECT play_name || author FROM plays; B. SELECT play_name, author FROM plays; C. SELECT play_name||’, ‘ || author FROM plays; D. SELECT play_name||’, ‘ || author PLAY_TABLE FROM plays; Ans: D 5. Issuing the DEFINE_EDITOR="emacs” will produce which outcome? A. The emacs editor will become the SQL*Plus default text editor. B. The emacs editor will start running immediately. C. The emacs editor will no longer be used by SQL*Plus as the default text editor. D. The emacs editor will be deleted from the system. Ans: A 6. The user issues the following statement. What will be displayed if the EMPID selected is 60494? SELECT DECODE(empid,38475, “Terminated”,60494, “LOA”, “ACTIVE") FROM emp; A. 60494 B. LOA C. Terminated D. ACTIVE Ans: B 7. SELECT (TO_CHAR(NVL(SQRT(59483), “INVALID")) FROM DUAL is a valid SQL statement. A. TRUE B. FALSE Ans: B

8. The appropriate table to use when performing arithmetic calculations on values defined within the SELECT statement (not pulled from a table column) is A. EMP B. The table containing the column values C. DUAL D. An Oracle-defined table Ans: C 9. Which of the following is not a group function? A. avg( ) B. sqrt( ) C. sum( ) D. max( ) Ans: B 10. Once defined, how long will a variable remain so in SQL*Plus? A. Until the database is shut down B. Until the instance is shut down C. Until the statement completes D. Until the session completes Ans: D 11. The default character for specifying runtime variables in SELECT statements is A. Ampersand B. Ellipses C. Quotation marks D. Asterisk Ans: A 12. A user is setting up a join operation between tables EMP and DEPT. There are some employees in the EMP table that the user wants returned by the query, but the employees are not assigned to departments yet. Which SELECT statement is most appropriate for this user? A. select e.empid, d.head from emp e, dept d; B. select e.empid, d.head from emp e, dept d where e.dept# = d.dept#; C. select e.empid, d.head from emp e, dept d where e.dept# = d.dept# (+); D. select e.empid, d.head from emp e, dept d where e.dept# (+) = d.dept#; Ans: D 13. Developer ANJU executes the following statement: CREATE TABLE animals AS SELECT * from MASTER.ANIMALS; What is the effect of this statement? A. A table named ANIMALS will be created in the MASTER schema with the same data as the ANIMALS table owned by ANJU. B. A table named ANJU will be created in the ANIMALS schema with the same data as the ANIMALS table owned by MASTER. C. A table named ANIMALS will be created in the ANJU schema with the same data as the ANIMALS table owned by MASTER. D. A table named MASTER will be created in the ANIMALS schema with the same data as the ANJU table owned by ANIMALS.

Ans: C 14. User JANKO would like to insert a row into the EMPLOYEE table, which has three columns: EMPID, LASTNAME, and SALARY. The user would like to enter data for EMPID 59694, LASTNAME Harris, but no salary. Which statement would work best? A. INSERT INTO employee VALUES (59694,’HARRIS’, NULL); B. INSERT INTO employee VALUES (59694,’HARRIS’); C. INSERT INTO employee (EMPID, LASTNAME, SALARY) VALUES (59694,’HARRIS’); D. INSERT INTO employee (SELECT 59694 FROM ‘HARRIS’); Ans: A 15. Which three of the following are valid database datatypes in Oracle? (Choose three.) A. CHAR B. VARCHAR2 C. BOOLEAN D. NUMBER Ans: A,B,D 16. Omitting the WHERE clause from a DELETE statement has which of the following effects? A. The delete statement will fail because there are no records to delete. B. The delete statement will prompt the user to enter criteria for the deletion C. The delete statement will fail because of syntax error. D. The delete statement will remove all records from the table. Ans: D 17. Creating a foreign-key constraint between columns of two tables defined with two different datatypes will produce an error. A. TRUE B. FALSE Ans: A 18. Dropping a table has which of the following effects on a nonunique index created for the table? A. No effect. B. The index will be dropped. C. The index will be rendered invalid. D. The index will contain NULL values. Ans: B 19. To increase the number of nullable columns for a table, A. Use the alter table statement. B. Ensure that all column values are NULL for all rows. C. First increase the size of adjacent column datatypes, then add the column. D. Add the column, populate the column, then add the NOT NULL constraint. Ans: A 20. Which line of the following statement will produce an error?

A. CREATE TABLE goods B. (good_no NUMBER, C. good_name VARCHAR2 check(good_name in (SELECT name FROM avail_goods)), D. CONSTRAINT pk_goods_01 E. PRIMARY KEY (goodno)); F. There are no errors in this statement. Ans: C 21. MAXVALUE is a valid parameter for sequence creation. A. TRUE B. FALSE Ans: A 22. Which of the following lines in the SELECT statement below contain an error? A. SELECT DECODE(empid, 58385, “INACTIVE”, “ACTIVE") empid B. FROM emp C. WHERE SUBSTR(lastname,1,1) > TO_NUMBER(’S') D. AND empid > 02000 E. ORDER BY empid DESC, lastname ASC; F. There are no errors in this statement. Ans: F 23. Which function below can best be categorized as similar in function to an IF-THEN-ELSE statement? A. SQRT B. DECODE C. NEW_TIME D. ROWIDTOCHAR Ans: B 24. Which two of the following orders are used in ORDER BY clauses? (choose two) A. ABS B. ASC C. DESC D. DISC Ans: B,C 25. You query the database with this command SELECT name FROM employee WHERE name LIKE ‘_a%’; Which names are displayed? A. Names starting with “a” B. Names starting with “a” or “A” C. Names containing “a” as second character D. Names containing “a” as any letter except the first Ans: C

PL/SQL —— 26. Which of the following statements is true about implicit cursors? A. Implicit cursors are used for SQL statements that are not named. B. Developers should use implicit cursors with great care. C. Implicit cursors are used in cursor for loops to handle data processing. D. Implicit cursors are no longer a feature in Oracle. Ans: B 27. Which of the following is not a feature of a cursor FOR loop? A. Record type declaration. B. Opening and parsing of SQL statements. C. Fetches records from cursor. D. Requires exit condition to be defined. Ans: D 28. A developer would like to use referential datatype declaration on a variable. The variable name is EMPLOYEE_LASTNAME, and the corresponding table and column is EMPLOYEE, and LNAME, respectively. How would the developer define this variable using referential datatypes? A. Use employee.lname%type. B. Use employee.lname%rowtype. C. Look up datatype for EMPLOYEE column on LASTNAME table and use that. D. Declare it to be type LONG. Ans: A 29. Which three of the following are implicit cursor attributes? A. %found B. %too_many_rows C. %notfound D. %rowcount E. %rowtype Ans: A,C,D 30. If left out, which of the following would cause an infinite loop to occur in a simple loop? A. LOOP B. END LOOP C. IF-THEN D. EXIT Ans: D 31. Which line in the following statement will produce an error? A. cursor action_cursor is B. select name, rate, action C. into action_record D. from action_table; E. There are no errors in this statement. Ans: C

32. The command used to open a CURSOR FOR loop is A. open B. fetch C. parse D. None, cursor for loops handle cursor opening implicitly. Ans: D 33. What happens when rows are found using a FETCH statement A. It causes the cursor to close B. It causes the cursor to open C. It loads the current row values into variables D. It creates the variables to hold the current row values Ans: C 34. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE find_cpt (v_movie_id {Argument Mode} NUMBER, v_cost_per_ticket {argument mode} NUMBER) IS BEGIN IF v_cost_per_ticket > 8.5 THEN SELECT cost_per_ticket INTO v_cost_per_ticket FROM gross_receipt WHERE movie_id = v_movie_id; END IF; END; Which mode should be used for V_COST_PER_TICKET? A. IN B. OUT C. RETURN D. IN OUT Ans: D 35. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER update_show_gross {trigger information} BEGIN {additional code} END; The trigger code should only execute when the column, COST_PER_TICKET, is greater than $3.75. Which trigger information will you add? A. WHEN (new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) B. WHEN (:new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75 C. WHERE (new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) D. WHERE (:new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) Ans: B 36. What is the maximum number of handlers processed before the PL/SQL block is exited when an exception occurs? A. Only one B. All that apply

C. All referenced D. None Ans: A 37. For which trigger timing can you reference the NEW and OLD qualifiers? A. Statement and Row B. Statement only C. Row only D. Oracle Forms trigger Ans: C 38. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_budget(v_studio_id IN NUMBER) RETURN number IS v_yearly_budget NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT yearly_budget INTO v_yearly_budget FROM studio WHERE id = v_studio_id; RETURN v_yearly_budget; END; Which set of statements will successfully invoke this function within SQL*Plus? A. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); B. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); C. VARIABLE :g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); D. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); Ans: A 39. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_theater (v_name IN VARCHAR2, v_theater_id IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE theater SET name = v_name WHERE id = v_theater_id; END update_theater; When invoking this procedure, you encounter the error: ORA-00001: Unique constraint(SCOTT.THEATER_NAME_UK) violated. How should you modify the function to handle this error? A. An user defined exception must be declared and associated with the error code and handled in the EXCEPTION section. B. Handle the error in EXCEPTION section by referencing the error code directly.

C. Handle the error in the EXCEPTION section by referencing the UNIQUE_ERROR predefined exception. D. Check for success by checking the value of SQL%FOUND immediately after the UPDATE statement. Ans: A 40. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calculate_budget IS v_budget studio.yearly_budget%TYPE; BEGIN v_budget := get_budget(11); IF v_budget

PL/SQL interview qiuestions Database

1. Which of the following statements is true about implicit cursors?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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1. Implicit cursors are used for SQL statements that are not named. 2. Developers should use implicit cursors with great care. 3. Implicit cursors are used in cursor for loops to handle data processing. 4. Implicit cursors are no longer a feature in Oracle. Which of the following is not a feature of a cursor FOR loop? 1. Record type declaration. 2. Opening and parsing of SQL statements. 3. Fetches records from cursor. 4. Requires exit condition to be defined. A developer would like to use referential datatype declaration on a variable. The variable name is EMPLOYEE_LASTNAME, and the corresponding table and column is EMPLOYEE, and LNAME, respectively. How would the developer define this variable using referential datatypes? 1. Use employee.lname%type. 2. Use employee.lname%rowtype. 3. Look up datatype for EMPLOYEE column on LASTNAME table and use that. 4. Declare it to be type LONG. Which three of the following are implicit cursor attributes? 1. %found 2. %too_many_rows 3. %notfound 4. %rowcount 5. %rowtype If left out, which of the following would cause an infinite loop to occur in a simple loop? 1. LOOP 2. END LOOP 3. IF-THEN 4. EXIT Which line in the following statement will produce an error? 1. cursor action_cursor is 2. select name, rate, action 3. into action_record 4. from action_table; 5. There are no errors in this statement. The command used to open a CURSOR FOR loop is 1. open 2. fetch 3. parse 4. None, cursor for loops handle cursor opening implicitly. What happens when rows are found using a FETCH statement 1. It causes the cursor to close 2. It causes the cursor to open 3. It loads the current row values into variables

4. It creates the variables to hold the current row values 9. Read the following code: 10. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE find_cpt 11. (v_movie_id {Argument Mode} NUMBER, v_cost_per_ticket {argument mode} NUMBER) 12. IS 13. BEGIN 14. IF v_cost_per_ticket > 8.5 THEN 15. SELECT cost_per_ticket 16. INTO

v_cost_per_ticket

17. FROM 18. WHERE

gross_receipt movie_id = v_movie_id;

19. END IF; 20. END; Which mode should be used for V_COST_PER_TICKET? 1. IN 2. OUT 3. RETURN 4. IN OUT 21. Read the following code: 22. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER update_show_gross 23. 24. 25. 26.

{trigger information} BEGIN {additional code} END; The trigger code should only execute when the column, COST_PER_TICKET, is greater than $3. Which trigger information will you add?

1. WHEN (new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) 2. WHEN (:new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75 3. WHERE (new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) 4. WHERE (:new.cost_per_ticket > 3.75) 27. What is the maximum number of handlers processed before the PL/SQL block is exited when an exception occurs? 1. Only one 2. All that apply 3. All referenced 4. None 28. For which trigger timing can you reference the NEW and OLD qualifiers? 1. Statement and Row 2. Statement only 3. Row only 4. Oracle Forms trigger 29. Read the following code:

30. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_budget(v_studio_id IN NUMBER) RETURN number IS

v_yearly_budget NUMBER;

BEGIN

SELECT yearly_budget

INTO

v_yearly_budget

FROM

studio

WHERE

id = v_studio_id;

RETURN v_yearly_budget;

END; Which set of statements will successfully invoke this function within SQL*Plus? 1. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); 2. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); 3. VARIABLE :g_yearly_budget NUMBER EXECUTE :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); 4. VARIABLE g_yearly_budget NUMBER :g_yearly_budget := GET_BUDGET(11); 31. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_theater 32. (v_name IN VARCHAR v_theater_id IN NUMBER) IS 33. BEGIN

38.

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UPDATE theater

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SET

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WHERE

name = v_name id = v_theater_id;

37. END update_theater; When invoking this procedure, you encounter the error: ORA-000: Unique constraint(SCOTT.THEATER_NAME_UK) violated.

How should you modify the function to handle this error? 1. An user defined exception must be declared and associated with the error code and handled in the EXCEPTION section. 2. Handle the error in EXCEPTION section by referencing the error code directly. 3. Handle the error in the EXCEPTION section by referencing the UNIQUE_ERROR predefined exception. 4. Check for success by checking the value of SQL%FOUND immediately after the UPDATE statement. 39. Read the following code: 40. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calculate_budget IS 41. v_budget

studio.yearly_budget%TYPE;

42. BEGIN 43.

v_budget := get_budget(11);

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IF v_budget < 30000

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THEN

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set_budget(11,30000000);

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END IF;

48. END; You are about to add an argument to CALCULATE_BUDGET. What effect will this have? 1. The GET_BUDGET function will be marked invalid and must be recompiled before the next execution. 2. The SET_BUDGET function will be marked invalid and must be recompiled before the next execution. 3. Only the CALCULATE_BUDGET procedure needs to be recompiled. 4. All three procedures are marked invalid and must be recompiled. 49. Which procedure can be used to create a customized error message? 1. RAISE_ERROR 2. SQLERRM 3. RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR 4. RAISE_SERVER_ERROR 50. The CHECK_THEATER trigger of the THEATER table has been disabled. Which command can you issue to enable this trigger? 1. ALTER TRIGGER check_theater ENABLE; 2. ENABLE TRIGGER check_theater; 3. ALTER TABLE check_theater ENABLE check_theater; 4. ENABLE check_theater; 51.Examine this database trigger 52. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER prevent_gross_modification 53. {additional trigger information} 54. BEGIN 55.

IF TO_CHAR(sysdate, DY) = MON

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THEN

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RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000,Gross receipts cannot be deleted on Monday);

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END IF;

59. END; This trigger must fire before each DELETE of the GROSS_RECEIPT table. It should fire only once for the entire DELETE statement. What additional information must you add? 1. BEFORE DELETE ON gross_receipt 2. AFTER DELETE ON gross_receipt 3. BEFORE (gross_receipt DELETE) 4. FOR EACH ROW DELETED FROM gross_receipt 60.Examine this function: 61. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION set_budget 62. (v_studio_id IN NUMBER, v_new_budget IN NUMBER) IS 63. BEGIN 64.

UPDATE studio

65.

SET

yearly_budget = v_new_budget

WHERE

id = v_studio_id;

IF SQL%FOUND THEN

RETURN TRUEl;

ELSE

RETURN FALSE;

END IF;

COMMIT;

END; Which code must be added to successfully compile this function?

66.

67.

1. Add RETURN right before the IS keyword. 2. Add RETURN number right before the IS keyword. 3. Add RETURN boolean right after the IS keyword. 4. Add RETURN boolean right before the IS keyword. Under which circumstance must you recompile the package body after recompiling the package specification? 1. Altering the argument list of one of the package constructs 2. Any change made to one of the package constructs 3. Any SQL statement change made to one of the package constructs 4. Removing a local variable from the DECLARE section of one of the package constructs Procedure and Functions are explicitly executed. This is different from a database trigger. When is a database trigger executed?

1. When the transaction is committed 2. During the data manipulation statement 3. When an Oracle supplied package references the trigger 4. During a data manipulation statement and when the transaction is committed 68. Which Oracle supplied package can you use to output values and messages from database triggers, stored procedures and functions within SQL*Plus? 1. DBMS_DISPLAY 2. DBMS_OUTPUT 3. DBMS_LIST 4. DBMS_DESCRIBE 69. What occurs if a procedure or function terminates with failure without being handled? 1. Any DML statements issued by the construct are still pending and can be committed or rolled back. 2. Any DML statements issued by the construct are committed 3. Unless a GOTO statement is used to continue processing within the BEGIN section, the construct terminates. 4. The construct rolls back any DML statements issued and returns the unhandled exception to the calling environment. 70.Examine this code 71. BEGIN 72.

theater_pck.v_total_seats_sold_overall := theater_pck.get_total_for_year;

73. END; For this code to be successful, what must be true?

74.

1. Both the V_TOTAL_SEATS_SOLD_OVERALL variable and the GET_TOTAL_FOR_YEAR function must exist only in the body of the THEATER_PCK package. 2. Only the GET_TOTAL_FOR_YEAR variable must exist in the specification of the THEATER_PCK package. 3. Only the V_TOTAL_SEATS_SOLD_OVERALL variable must exist in the specification of the THEATER_PCK package. 4. Both the V_TOTAL_SEATS_SOLD_OVERALL variable and the GET_TOTAL_FOR_YEAR function must exist in the specification of the THEATER_PCK package. A stored function must return a value based on conditions that are determined at runtime. Therefore, the SELECT statement cannot be hard-coded and must be created dynamically when the function is executed. Which Oracle supplied package will enable this feature? 1. DBMS_DDL 2. DBMS_DML 3. DBMS_SYN 4. DBMS_SQL

SQL Server, DBA interview questions Database A site visitor writes: Here are some SQL Server DBA/Developer interview questions I faced myself personally and/or heard from people. I will try to answer these questions briefly here, but be advised that these answers may not be complete and it will be better for you to go through text books, books online and other resources on the net. Before you go for the interview, be prepared to explain the database design of one of your latest projects. Don’t be surprised if the interviewer asks you to draw ER diagrams. Well, here are some questions for you. Hope this helps you prepare for your interview. Wish you all the best in your job hunt! Feel free to email me ‘interview questions’ that you’ve faced. Questions are categorized under the following sections, for your convenience: 1. Database design (8 questions)

2. 3. 4. 5.

SQL Server architecture (12 questions) Database administration (13 questions) Database programming (10 questions) Database design

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What is normalization? Explain different levels of normalization? o Check out the article Q100139 from Microsoft knowledge base and of course, there’s much more information available in the net. It’ll be a good idea to get a hold of any RDBMS fundamentals text book, especially the one by C. J. Date. Most of the times, it will be okay if you can explain till third normal form. What is denormalization and when would you go for it? o As the name indicates, denormalization is the reverse process of normalization. It’s the controlled introduction of redundancy in to the database design. It helps improve the query performance as the number of joins could be reduced. How do you implement one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships while designing tables? o One-to-One relationship can be implemented as a single table and rarely as two tables with primary and foreign key relationships. One-to-Many relationships are implemented by splitting the data into two tables with primary key and foreign key relationships. Many-to-Many relationships are implemented using a junction table with the keys from both the tables forming the composite primary key of the junction table. It will be a good idea to read up a database designing fundamentals text book. What’s the difference between a primary key and a unique key? o Both primary key and unique enforce uniqueness of the column on which they are defined. But by default primary key creates a clustered index on the column, where are unique creates a nonclustered index by default. Another major difference is that, primary key doesn’t allow NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only. What are user defined datatypes and when you should go for them? o User defined datatypes let you extend the base SQL Server datatypes by providing a descriptive name, and format to the database. Take for example, in your database, there is a column called Flight_Num which appears in many tables. In all these tables it should be varchar(8). In this case you could create a user defined datatype called Flight_num_type of varchar(8) and use it across all your tables. See sp_addtype, sp_droptype in books online. What is bit datatype and what’s the information that can be stored inside a bit column? o Bit datatype is used to store boolean information like 1 or 0 (true or false). Untill SQL Server 6.5 bit datatype could hold either a 1 or 0 and there was no support for NULL. But from SQL Server 7.0 onwards, bit datatype can represent a third state, which is NULL. Define candidate key, alternate key, composite key. o A candidate key is one that can identify each row of a table uniquely. Generally a candidate key becomes the primary key of the table. If the table has more than one candidate key, one of them will become the primary key, and the rest are called alternate keys. A key formed by combining at least two or more columns is called composite key. What are defaults? Is there a column to which a default can’t be bound? o A default is a value that will be used by a column, if no value is supplied to that column while inserting data. IDENTITY columns and timestamp columns can’t have defaults bound to them. See CREATE DEFAULT in books online. What is a transaction and what are ACID properties? o A transaction is a logical unit of work in which, all the steps must be performed or none. ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These are the properties of a transaction. For more information and explanation of these properties, see SQL Server books online or any RDBMS fundamentals text book. Explain different isolation levels An isolation level determines the degree of isolation of data between concurrent transactions. The default SQL Server isolation level is Read Committed. Here are the other isolation levels (in the ascending order of isolation): Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable. See SQL Server books online for an explanation of the isolation levels. Be sure to read about SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL, which lets you customize the isolation level at the connection level. Read Committed - A transaction operating at the Read Committed level cannot see changes made by other transactions until those transactions are committed. At this level of

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isolation, dirty reads are not possible but nonrepeatable reads and phantoms are possible. Read Uncommitted - A transaction operating at the Read Uncommitted level can see uncommitted changes made by other transactions. At this level of isolation, dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantoms are all possible. Repeatable Read - A transaction operating at the Repeatable Read level is guaranteed not to see any changes made by other transactions in values it has already read. At this level of isolation, dirty reads and nonrepeatable reads are not possible but phantoms are possible. Serializable - A transaction operating at the Serializable level guarantees that all concurrent transactions interact only in ways that produce the same effect as if each transaction were entirely executed one after the other. At this isolation level, dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantoms are not possible. CREATE INDEX myIndex ON myTable(myColumn)What type of Index will get created after executing the above statement? o Non-clustered index. Important thing to note: By default a clustered index gets created on the primary key, unless specified otherwise. What’s the maximum size of a row? o 8060 bytes. Don’t be surprised with questions like ‘what is the maximum number of columns per table’. 1024 columns per table. Check out SQL Server books online for the page titled: "Maximum Capacity Specifications". Explain Active/Active and Active/Passive cluster configurations Hopefully you have experience setting up cluster servers. But if you don’t, at least be familiar with the way clustering works and the two clusterning configurations Active/Active and Active/Passive. SQL Server books online has enough information on this topic and there is a good white paper available on Microsoft site. Explain the architecture of SQL Server This is a very important question and you better be able to answer it if consider yourself a DBA. SQL Server books online is the best place to read about SQL Server architecture. Read up the chapter dedicated to SQL Server Architecture. What is lock escalation? o Lock escalation is the process of converting a lot of low level locks (like row locks, page locks) into higher level locks (like table locks). Every lock is a memory structure too many locks would mean, more memory being occupied by locks. To prevent this from happening, SQL Server escalates the many fine-grain locks to fewer coarse-grain locks. Lock escalation threshold was definable in SQL Server 6.5, but from SQL Server 7.0 onwards it’s dynamically managed by SQL Server. What’s the difference between DELETE TABLE and TRUNCATE TABLE commands? o DELETE TABLE is a logged operation, so the deletion of each row gets logged in the transaction log, which makes it slow. TRUNCATE TABLE also deletes all the rows in a table, but it won’t log the deletion of each row, instead it logs the deallocation of the data pages of the table, which makes it faster. Of course, TRUNCATE TABLE can be rolled back. TRUNCATE TABLE is functionally identical to DELETE statement with no WHERE clause: both remove all rows in the table. But TRUNCATE TABLE is faster and uses fewer system and transaction log resources than DELETE. The DELETE statement removes rows one at a time and records an entry in the transaction log for each deleted row. TRUNCATE TABLE removes the data by deallocating the data pages used to store the table’s data, and only the page deallocations are recorded in the transaction log. TRUNCATE TABLE removes all rows from a table, but the table structure and its columns, constraints, indexes and so on remain. The counter used by an identity for new rows is reset to the seed for the column. If you want to retain the identity counter, use DELETE instead. If you want to remove table definition and its data, use the DROP TABLE statement. You cannot use TRUNCATE TABLE on a table referenced by a FOREIGN KEY constraint; instead, use DELETE statement without a WHERE clause. Because TRUNCATE TABLE is not logged, it cannot activate a trigger. TRUNCATE TABLE may not be used on tables participating in an indexed view Explain the storage models of OLAP o Check out MOLAP, ROLAP and HOLAP in SQL Server books online for more infomation. What are the new features introduced in SQL Server 2000 (or the latest release of SQL Server at the time of your interview)? What changed between the previous version of SQL Server and the current version? o This question is generally asked to see how current is your knowledge. Generally there is a section in the beginning of the books online titled "What’s New", which has all such information. Of course, reading just that is not enough, you should have tried those things to better answer the questions. Also check out the section titled "Backward Compatibility" in books online which talks about the changes that have taken place in the new version. What are constraints? Explain different types of constraints.

Constraints enable the RDBMS enforce the integrity of the database automatically, without needing you to create triggers, rule or defaults. Types of constraints: NOT NULL, CHECK, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY. For an explanation of these constraints see books online for the pages titled: "Constraints" and "CREATE TABLE", "ALTER TABLE" What is an index? What are the types of indexes? How many clustered indexes can be created on a table? I create a separate index on each column of a table. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this approach? o Indexes in SQL Server are similar to the indexes in books. They help SQL Server retrieve the data quicker. Indexes are of two types. Clustered indexes and non-clustered indexes. When you create a clustered index on a table, all the rows in the table are stored in the order of the clustered index key. So, there can be only one clustered index per table. Non-clustered indexes have their own storage separate from the table data storage. Non-clustered indexes are stored as B-tree structures (so do clustered indexes), with the leaf level nodes having the index key and it’s row locater. The row located could be the RID or the Clustered index key, depending up on the absence or presence of clustered index on the table. If you create an index on each column of a table, it improves the query performance, as the query optimizer can choose from all the existing indexes to come up with an efficient execution plan. At the same t ime, data modification operations (such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) will become slow, as every time data changes in the table, all the indexes need to be updated. Another disadvantage is that, indexes need disk space, the more indexes you have, more disk space is used. What is RAID and what are different types of RAID configurations? o RAID stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, used to provide fault tolerance to database servers. There are six RAID levels 0 through 5 offering different levels of performance, fault tolerance. MSDN has some information about RAID levels and for detailed information, check out the RAID advisory board’s homepage What are the steps you will take to improve performance of a poor performing query? o This is a very open ended question and there could be a lot of reasons behind the poor performance of a query. But some general issues that you could talk about would be: No indexes, table scans, missing or out of date statistics, blocking, excess recompilations of stored procedures, procedures and triggers without SET NOCOUNT ON, poorly written query with unnecessarily complicated joins, too much normalization, excess usage of cursors and temporary tables. Some of the tools/ways that help you troubleshooting performance problems are: SET SHOWPLAN_ALL ON, SET SHOWPLAN_TEXT ON, SET STATISTICS IO ON, SQL Server Profiler, Windows NT /2000 Performance monitor, Graphical execution plan in Query Analyzer. Download the white paper on performance tuning SQL Server from Microsoft web site. Don’t forget to check out sql-server-performance.com What are the steps you will take, if you are tasked with securing an SQL Server? o Again this is another open ended question. Here are some things you could talk about: Preferring NT authentication, using server, databse and application roles to control access to the data, securing the physical database files using NTFS permissions, using an unguessable SA password, restricting physical access to the SQL Server, renaming the Administrator account on the SQL Server computer, disabling the Guest account, enabling auditing, using multiprotocol encryption, setting up SSL, setting up firewalls, isolating SQL Server from the web server etc. Read the white paper on SQL Server security from Microsoft website. Also check out My SQL Server security best practices What is a deadlock and what is a live lock? How will you go about resolving deadlocks? o Deadlock is a situation when two processes, each having a lock on one piece of data, attempt to acquire a lock on the other’s piece. Each process would wait indefinitely for the other to release the lock, unless one of the user processes is terminated. SQL Server detects deadlocks and terminates one user’s process. A livelock is one, where a request for an exclusive lock is repeatedly denied because a series of overlapping shared locks keeps interfering. SQL Server detects the situation after four denials and refuses further shared locks. A livelock also occurs when read transactions monopolize a table or page, forcing a write transaction to wait indefinitely. Check out SET DEADLOCK_PRIORITY and "Minimizing Deadlocks" in SQL Server books online. Also check out the article Q169960 from Microsoft knowledge base. What is blocking and how would you troubleshoot it? o Blocking happens when one connection from an application holds a lock and a second connection requires a conflicting lock type. This forces the second connection to wait, blocked on the first. Read up the following topics in SQL Server books online: Understanding and avoiding blocking, Coding efficient transactions. Explain CREATE DATABASE syntax Many of us are used to creating o

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databases from the Enterprise Manager or by just issuing the command: CREATE DATABAE MyDB. But what if you have to create a database with two filegroups, one on drive C and the other on drive D with log on drive E with an initial size of 600 MB and with a growth factor of 15%? o That’s why being a DBA you should be familiar with the CREATE DATABASE syntax. Check out SQL Server books online for more information. How to restart SQL Server in single user mode? How to start SQL Server in minimal configuration mode? o SQL Server can be started from command line, using the SQLSERVR.EXE. This EXE has some very important parameters with which a DBA should be familiar with. -m is used for starting SQL Server in single user mode and -f is used to start the SQL Server in minimal configuration mode. Check out SQL Server books online for more parameters and their explanations. As a part of your job, what are the DBCC commands that you commonly use for database maintenance? o DBCC CHECKDB, DBCC CHECKTABLE, DBCC CHECKCATALOG, DBCC CHECKALLOC, DBCC SHOWCONTIG, DBCC SHRINKDATABASE, DBCC SHRINKFILE etc. But there are a whole load of DBCC commands which are very useful for DBAs. Check out SQL Server books online for more information. What are statistics, under what circumstances they go out of date, how do you update them? o Statistics determine the selectivity of the indexes. If an indexed column has unique values then the selectivity of that index is more, as opposed to an index with non-unique values. Query optimizer uses these indexes in determining whether to choose an index or not while executing a query. Some situations under which you should update statistics: 1) If there is significant change in the key values in the index 2) If a large amount of data in an indexed column has been added, changed, or removed (that is, if the distribution of key values has changed), or the table has been truncated using the TRUNCATE TABLE statement and then repopulated 3) Database is upgraded from a previous version. Look up SQL Server books online for the following commands: UPDATE STATISTICS, STATS_DATE, DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS, CREATE STATISTICS, DROP STATISTICS, sp_autostats, sp_createstats, sp_updatestats What are the different ways of moving data/databases between servers and databases in SQL Server? o There are lots of options available, you have to choose your option depending upon your requirements. Some of the options you have are: BACKUP/RESTORE, dettaching and attaching databases, replication, DTS, BCP, logshipping, INSERT…SELECT, SELECT…INTO, creating INSERT scripts to generate data. Explain different types of BACKUPs avaialabe in SQL Server? Given a particular scenario, how would you go about choosing a backup plan? o Types of backups you can create in SQL Sever 7.0+ are Full database backup, differential database backup, transaction log backup, filegroup backup. Check out the BACKUP and RESTORE commands in SQL Server books online. Be prepared to write the commands in your interview. Books online also has information on detailed backup/restore architecture and when one should go for a particular kind of backup. What is database replication? What are the different types of replication you can set up in SQL Server? o Replication is the process of copying/moving data between databases on the same or different servers. SQL Server supports the following types of replication scenarios: · Snapshot replication · Transactional replication (with immediate updating subscribers, with queued updating subscribers) · Merge replication See SQL Server books online for indepth coverage on replication. Be prepared to explain how different replication agents function, what are the main system tables used in replication etc. How to determine the service pack currently installed on SQL Server? o The global variable @@Version stores the build number of the sqlservr.exe, which is used to determine the service pack installed. To know more about this process visit SQL Server service packs and versions. What are cursors? Explain different types of cursors. What are the disadvantages of cursors? How can you avoid cursors? o Cursors allow row-by-row processing of the resultsets. Types of cursors: Static, Dynamic, Forward-only, Keyset-driven. See books online for more information. Disadvantages of cursors: Each time you fetch a row from the cursor, it results in a network roundtrip, where as a normal SELECT query makes only one roundtrip, however large the resultset is. Cursors are also costly because they require more resources and temporary storage (results in more IO operations). Further, there are restrictions on the SELECT statements that can be used with some types of cursors. Most of the times, set based operations can be used instead of cursors. Here is an

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example: If you have to give a flat hike to your employees using the following criteria: Salary between 30000 and 40000 – 5000 hike Salary between 40000 and 55000 – 7000 hike Salary between 55000 and 65000 – 9000 hike. In this situation many developers tend to use a cursor, determine each employee’s salary and update his salary according to the above formula. But the same can be achieved by multiple update statements or can be combined in a single UPDATE statement as shown below: o UPDATE tbl_emp SET salary = CASE WHEN salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000 THEN salary + 5000 WHEN salary BETWEEN 40000 AND 55000 THEN salary + 7000 WHEN salary BETWEEN 55000 AND 65000 THEN salary + 10000 END o Another situation in which developers tend to use cursors: You need to call a stored procedure when a column in a particular row meets certain condition. You don’t have to use cursors for this. This can be achieved using WHILE loop, as long as there is a unique key to identify each row. For examples of using WHILE loop for row by row processing, check out the ‘My code library’ section of my site or search for WHILE. Write down the general syntax for a SELECT statements covering all the options. Here’s the basic syntax: (Also checkout SELECT in books online for advanced syntax). o SELECT select_list [INTO new_table_] FROM table_source [WHERE search_condition] [GROUP BY group_by_expression] [HAVING search_condition] [ORDER BY order_expression [ASC | DESC] ] What is a join and explain different types of joins. o Joins are used in queries to explain how different tables are related. Joins also let you select data from a table depending upon data from another table. Types of joins: INNER JOINs, OUTER JOINs, CROSS JOINs. OUTER JOINs are further classified as LEFT OUTER JOINS, RIGHT OUTER JOINS and FULL OUTER JOINS. For more information see pages from books online titled: "Join Fundamentals" and "Using Joins". Can you have a nested transaction? o Yes, very much. Check out BEGIN TRAN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVE TRAN and @@TRANCOUNT What is an extended stored procedure? Can you instantiate a COM object by using T-SQL? o An extended stored procedure is a function within a DLL (written in a programming language like C, C++ using Open Data Services (ODS) API) that can be called from T-SQL, just the way we call normal stored procedures using the EXEC statement. See books online to learn how to create extended stored procedures and how to add them to SQL Server. Yes, you can instantiate a COM (written in languages like VB, VC++) object from T-SQL by using sp_OACreate stored procedure. Also see books online for sp_OAMethod, sp_OAGetProperty, sp_OASetProperty, sp_OADestroy. For an example of creating a COM object in VB and calling it from T-SQL, see ‘My code library’ section of this site. What is the system function to get the current user’s user id? o USER_ID(). Also check out other system functions like USER_NAME(), SYSTEM_USER, SESSION_USER, CURRENT_USER, USER, SUSER_SID(), HOST_NAME(). What are triggers? How many triggers you can have on a table? How to invoke a trigger on demand? o Triggers are special kind of stored procedures that get executed automatically when an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE operation takes place on a table. In SQL Server 6.5 you could define only 3 triggers per table, one for INSERT, one for UPDATE and one for DELETE. From SQL Server 7.0 onwards, this restriction is gone, and you could create multiple triggers per each action. But in 7.0 there’s no way to control the order in which the triggers fire. In SQL Server 2000 you could specify which trigger fires first or fires last using sp_settriggerorder. Triggers can’t be invoked on demand. They get triggered only when an associated action (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) happens on the table on which they are defined. Triggers are generally used to implement business rules, auditing. Triggers can also be used to extend the referential integrity checks, but wherever possible, use constraints for this purpose, instead of triggers, as constraints are much faster. Till SQL Server 7.0, triggers fire only after the data modification operation happens. So in a way, they are called post triggers. But in SQL Server 2000 you could create pre triggers also. Search SQL Server 2000 books online for INSTEAD OF triggers. Also check out books online for ‘inserted table’, ‘deleted table’ and COLUMNS_UPDATED() There is a trigger defined for INSERT operations on a table, in an OLTP system. The trigger is written to instantiate a COM object and pass the newly insterted rows to it for some custom processing. What do you think of this implementation? Can this be implemented better? o Instantiating COM objects is a time consuming process and since you are doing it from within a trigger, it slows down the data insertion process. Same is the case with sending emails from triggers. This scenario can be better implemented by logging all the necessary data into a separate table, and have a job which periodically checks this table and does the needful.

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What is a self join? Explain it with an example. o Self join is just like any other join, except that two instances of the same table will be joined in the query. Here is an example: Employees table which contains rows for normal employees as well as managers. So, to find out the managers of all the employees, you need a self join. o CREATE TABLE emp ( empid int, mgrid int, empname char(10) ) o INSERT emp SELECT 1,2,’Vyas’ INSERT emp SELECT 2,3,’Mohan’ INSERT emp SELECT 3,NULL,’Shobha’ INSERT emp SELECT 4,2,’Shridhar’ INSERT emp SELECT 5,2,’Sourabh’ o SELECT t1.empname [Employee], t2.empname [Manager] FROM emp t1, emp t2 WHERE t1.mgrid = t2.empid Here’s an advanced query using a LEFT OUTER JOIN that even returns the employees without managers (super bosses) o SELECT t1.empname [Employee], COALESCE(t2.empname, ‘No manager’) [Manager] FROM emp t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN emp t2 ON t1.mgrid = t2.empid

UML interview questions General

1. What is UML? UML is Unified Modeling Language. It is a graphical language for visualizing specifying 2.

3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

9.

10. 11. 12.

constructing and documenting the artifacts of the system. It allows you to create a blue print of all the aspects of the system, before actually physically implementing the system. What is modeling? What are the advantages of creating a model? Modeling is a proven and wellaccepted engineering technique which helps build a model. Model is a simplification of reality; it is a blueprint of the actual system that needs to be built. Model helps to visualize the system. Model helps to specify the structural and behavior of the system. Model helps make templates for constructing the system. Model helps document the system. What are the different views that are considered when building an object-oriented software system? Normally there are 5 views. Use Case view - This view exposes the requirements of a system. Design View - Capturing the vocabulary. Process View - modeling the distribution of the systems processes and threads. Implementation view - addressing the physical implementation of the system. Deployment view - focus on the modeling the components required for deploying the system. What are diagrams? Diagrams are graphical representation of a set of elements most often shown made of things and associations. What are the major three types of modeling used? Major three types of modeling are structural, behavioral, and architectural. Mention the different kinds of modeling diagrams used? Modeling diagrams that are commonly used are, there are 9 of them. Use case diagram, Class Diagram, Object Diagram, Sequence Diagram, statechart Diagram, Collaboration Diagram, Activity Diagram, Component diagram, Deployment Diagram. What is Architecture? Architecture is not only taking care of the structural and behavioral aspect of a software system but also taking into account the software usage, functionality, performance, reuse, economic and technology constraints. What is SDLC? SDLC is Software Development Life Cycle. SDLC of a system included processes that are Use case driven, Architecture centric and Iterative and Incremental. This Life cycle is divided into phases. Phase is a time span between two milestones. The milestones are Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition. Process Workflows that evolve through these phase are Business Modeling, Requirement gathering, Analysis and Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment. Supporting Workflows are Configuration and change management, Project management. What are Relationships? There are different kinds of relationships: Dependencies, Generalization, and Association. Dependencies are relations ships between two entities that that a change in specification of one thing may affect another thing. Most commonly it is used to show that one class uses another class as an argument in the signature of the operation. Generalization is relationships specified in the class subclass scenario, it is shown when one entity inherits from other. Associations are structural relationships that are: a room has walls, Person works for a company. Aggregation is a type of association where there is a has a relation ship, That is a room has walls, ño if there are two classes room and walls then the relation ship is called a association and further defined as an aggregation. How are the diagrams divided? The nine diagrams are divided into static diagrams and dynamic diagrams. Static Diagrams (Also called Structural Diagram): Class diagram, Object diagram, Component Diagram, Deployment diagram. Dynamic Diagrams (Also called Behavioral Diagrams): Use Case Diagram, Sequence Diagram, Collaboration Diagram, Activity diagram, Statechart diagram.

13. What are Messages? A message is the specification of a communication, when a message is passed that results in action that is in turn an executable statement.

14. What is an Use Case? A use case specifies the behavior of a system or a part of a system, óse cases are used to capture the behavior that need to be developed. It involves the interaction of actors and the system.

Database programming for the Web interview questions Database Q: How would you make the following SQL statement run faster? SELECT * FROM TABLEA WHERE COL1=’A’ AND COL2=’B'; A: Make sure that COL1 and COL2 have indexes. Find out which condition will return less values and use that as the first conditonal. Q: What is Data Mining A: Data Mining is the process of sifting through extremely large amounts of Data to find trends or relevent information. Q: Name the Seven layers in the OSI Model. A: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Phyiscal Q: What is one way to view a unix network share on a Windows computer, within explorer A: NFS, The Unix computer can be running a NFS Server Daemon. Q: How would you find all the processes running on your computer. A: Unix, is ps -ef or ps -aux depending on version. Q: What is DHCP A: DHCP is a way to dynamically assign IP address to computers. Dyanmic Host Configuration Protocol Q: What is HTTP Tunneling A: HTTP Tunneling is a security method that encryptes packets traveling throught the internet. Only the intended reciepent should be able to decrypt the packets. Can be used to Create Virtual Private Networks. (VPN) Q: Scenario: You have 9 identical looking balls, however one ball is heavier than the others. You have two chances to use a balance. How do you find out which ball is the heaviest? A: Split into groups of three, randomly choose two groups and use balance on them. If one group is heavier, then discard the other 6 balls. If the two groups are the same weight. The heavier ball must be in the group that was not on the scale. Now randomly choose two balls and test on balance. If they are the same weight, the heaviest ball is on one that was not tested. Else the heaviest ball is already known from the balance.

Interface Vs abstract class

Interfaces vs Abstract Classes Feature

Interface

Abstract class

Multiple inheritance

A class may implement several interfaces.

A class may extend only one abstract class.

Default implementa tion

An interface cannot provide any code at all, much less default code.

An abstract class can provide complete code, default code, and/or just stubs that have to be overridden.

Constants

Static final constants only, can use them without qualification in classes that implement the interface. On the other paw, these unqualified names pollute the namespace. You can use them and it is not obvious where they are coming from since the qualification is optional.

Both instance and static constants are possible. Both static and instance intialiser code are also possible to compute the constants.

Third party convenienc e

An interface implementation may be added to any existing third party class.

A third party class must be rewritten to extend only from the abstract class.

is-a vs -able or can-do

Interfaces are often used to describe the peripheral abilities of a class, not its central identity, e.g. an Automobile class might implement the Recyclable interface, which could apply to many otherwise totally unrelated objects.

An abstract class defines the core identity of its descendants. If you defined a Dog abstract class then Damamation descendants are Dogs, they are not merely dogable. Implemented interfaces enumerate the general things a class can do, not the things a class is.

Plug-in

You can write a new replacement module for an interface that contains not one stick of code in common with the existing implementations. When you implement the interface, you start from scratch without any default implementation. You have to obtain your tools from other classes; nothing comes with the interface other than a few constants. This gives you freedom to implement a radically different internal design.

You must use the abstract class as-is for the code base, with all its attendant baggage, good or bad. The abstract class author has imposed structure on you. Depending on the cleverness of the author of the abstract class, this may be good or bad. Another issue that's important is what I call "heterogeneous vs. homogeneous." If implementors/subclasses are homogeneous, tend towards an abstract base class. If they are heterogeneous, use an interface. (Now all I have to do is come up with a good definition of hetero/homo-geneous in this context.) If the various objects are all of-a-kind, and share a common state and behavior, then tend towards a common base class. If all they share is a set of method signatures, then tend towards an interface.

Homogeneit y

If all the various implementations share is the method signatures, then an interface works best.

If the various implementations are all of a kind and share a common status and behavior, usually an abstract class works best.

Maintenanc e

If your client code talks only in terms of an interface, you

Just like an interface, if your client code talks only in terms of

can easily change the concrete implementation behind it, using a factory method.

an abstract class, you can easily change the concrete implementation behind it, using a factory method.

Speed

Slow, requires extra indirection to find the corresponding method in the actual class. Modern JVMs are discovering ways to reduce this speed penalty.

Fast

Terseness

The constant declarations in an interface are all presumed public static final, so you may leave that part out. You can't call any methods to compute the initial values of your constants. You need not declare individual methods of an interface abstract. They are all presumed so.

You can put shared code into an abstract class, where you cannot into an interface. If interfaces want to share code, you will have to write other bubblegum to arrange that. You may use methods to compute the initial values of your constants and variables, both instance and static. You must declare all the individual methods of an abstract class abstract.

Adding functionalit y

If you add a new method to an interface, you must track down all implementations of that interface in the universe and provide them with a concrete implementation of that method.

If you add a new method to an abstract class, you have the option of providing a default implementation of it. Then all existing code will continue to work without change.