Sound Amplification Bbk Jalandhar
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BY: STUDENT TRAINER: MRS RUPALI CLASS : 9TH GROUP LEADER : LOVELY KUMAR STUDENTS: SONIA MONIKA SHEKHAR GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL BASTI BAWA KHEL,JALANDHAR.
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TYPES WORKING PROPERTIES SOUND SYSTEM RESULT ACKNOWLEDGMENT
INTRODUCTION
Audio means "of sound" or "of the reproduction of sound". Specifically, it refers to the range of frequencies detectable by the human ear (approximately 20Hz to 20 kHz). Audio work involves the production, manipulation, recording, and reproduction of sound waves. To be able to understand audio, you must have a good understanding of two things: Sound Waves: What they are, how they are produced and how we hear them. Sound Equipment: What the different components are, what they do, how to choose the correct equipment and use it properly.
TYPES
The field of audio is vast, with many areas of specialty. Hobbyists use audio for all sorts of things, and audio professionals can be found in a huge range of vocations. Some common areas of audio work include: Studio Sound Engineer Live Sound Engineer Musician Music Producer DJ Radio technician Film/Television Sound Recordist Field Sound Engineer Audio Editor Post-Production Audio Creator
WORKING
Sound waves travel through air in much the same way as water waves travel through water. In fact, since water waves are easy to see and understand, they are often used as an analogy to illustrate how sound waves behave.
In the diagram below, the black dots represent air molecules. As the loudspeaker vibrates, it causes the surrounding molecules to vibrate in a particular pattern represented by the waveform. The vibrating air then causes the listener's eardrum to vibrate in the same pattern. Viola - Sound! Variations in Air Pressure and Corresponding Waveform
PROPERTIES OF WAVES
Wave Properties All waves have certain properties - three important ones are shown here: Wavelength: The distance between any point on a wave and the equivalent point on the next phase. Literally, the length of the wave. Amplitude: The strength or power of a wave signal. The "height" of a wave when viewed as a graph. Higher amplitudes are interpreted as a higher volume hence the name "amplifier" for a device which increases amplitude. Frequency: The number of times the wavelength occurs in one second. Measured in kilohertz (Khz), or cycles per second. The faster the sound source vibrates, the higher the frequency. Higher frequencies are interpreted as a higher pitch. For example, when you sing in a high-pitched voice you are forcing your vocal chords to vibrate quickly
HOW SOUND WAVES INTEREACT WITH EACH OTHER
When different waves collide (e.g. sound from different sources) they interfere with each other.
This is called, unsurprisingly, wave interference. Phasing The following table illustrates how sound waves (or any other waves) interfere with each other depending on their phase relationship:
Sound waves which are exactly in phase add together to produce a stronger wave. Sound waves which are exactly 180 degrees out of phase cancel each other out and produce silence (this is how many noise-cancellation devices work). Sound waves which have varying phase relationships produce differing sound effects
SOUND SYSTEM
Working with audio means working with sound systems. Naturally, the range of systems available for different applications is enormous. However, all electronic audio systems are based around one very simple concept: To take sound waves, convert them into an electric current and manipulate them as desired, then convert them back into sound waves. A very simple sound system is shown in the diagram below. It is made up of two types of component: Transducer - A device which converts energy from one form into another. The two types of transducers we will deal with are microphones (which convert acoustical energy into electrical energy) and speakers (which convert electrical energy into acoustical energy). Amplifier - A device which takes a signal and increases it's power (i.e. it increases the amplitude
WORKING
The next diagram shows a slightly more elaborate system, which includes: Signal processors - devices and software which allow the manipulation of the signal in various ways. The most common processors are tonal adjusters such as bass and treble controls. Record and playback section - devices which convert a signal to a storage format for later reproduction. Recorders are available in many different forms, including magnetic tape, optical CD, computer hard drive, etc.
•
DIAGRAM
RESULT
The audio signal from the transducer (microphone) is passed through one or more processing units, which prepare it for recording (or directly for amplification). The signTal is fed to a recording device for storage. The stored signal is played back and fed to more processors. The signal is amplified and fed to a loudspeaker
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
WE ARE THANKUL TO OUR TEACHER WHO HELP US IN COMPLETING THIS PROJECT. THANKS
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TYPES WORKING PROPERTIES SOUND SYSTEM RESULT ACKNOWLEDGMENT
INTRODUCTION
Audio means "of sound" or "of the reproduction of sound". Specifically, it refers to the range of frequencies detectable by the human ear (approximately 20Hz to 20 kHz). Audio work involves the production, manipulation, recording, and reproduction of sound waves. To be able to understand audio, you must have a good understanding of two things: Sound Waves: What they are, how they are produced and how we hear them. Sound Equipment: What the different components are, what they do, how to choose the correct equipment and use it properly.
TYPES
The field of audio is vast, with many areas of specialty. Hobbyists use audio for all sorts of things, and audio professionals can be found in a huge range of vocations. Some common areas of audio work include: Studio Sound Engineer Live Sound Engineer Musician Music Producer DJ Radio technician Film/Television Sound Recordist Field Sound Engineer Audio Editor Post-Production Audio Creator
WORKING
Sound waves travel through air in much the same way as water waves travel through water. In fact, since water waves are easy to see and understand, they are often used as an analogy to illustrate how sound waves behave.
In the diagram below, the black dots represent air molecules. As the loudspeaker vibrates, it causes the surrounding molecules to vibrate in a particular pattern represented by the waveform. The vibrating air then causes the listener's eardrum to vibrate in the same pattern. Viola - Sound! Variations in Air Pressure and Corresponding Waveform
PROPERTIES OF WAVES
Wave Properties All waves have certain properties - three important ones are shown here: Wavelength: The distance between any point on a wave and the equivalent point on the next phase. Literally, the length of the wave. Amplitude: The strength or power of a wave signal. The "height" of a wave when viewed as a graph. Higher amplitudes are interpreted as a higher volume hence the name "amplifier" for a device which increases amplitude. Frequency: The number of times the wavelength occurs in one second. Measured in kilohertz (Khz), or cycles per second. The faster the sound source vibrates, the higher the frequency. Higher frequencies are interpreted as a higher pitch. For example, when you sing in a high-pitched voice you are forcing your vocal chords to vibrate quickly
HOW SOUND WAVES INTEREACT WITH EACH OTHER
When different waves collide (e.g. sound from different sources) they interfere with each other.
This is called, unsurprisingly, wave interference. Phasing The following table illustrates how sound waves (or any other waves) interfere with each other depending on their phase relationship:
Sound waves which are exactly in phase add together to produce a stronger wave. Sound waves which are exactly 180 degrees out of phase cancel each other out and produce silence (this is how many noise-cancellation devices work). Sound waves which have varying phase relationships produce differing sound effects
SOUND SYSTEM
Working with audio means working with sound systems. Naturally, the range of systems available for different applications is enormous. However, all electronic audio systems are based around one very simple concept: To take sound waves, convert them into an electric current and manipulate them as desired, then convert them back into sound waves. A very simple sound system is shown in the diagram below. It is made up of two types of component: Transducer - A device which converts energy from one form into another. The two types of transducers we will deal with are microphones (which convert acoustical energy into electrical energy) and speakers (which convert electrical energy into acoustical energy). Amplifier - A device which takes a signal and increases it's power (i.e. it increases the amplitude
WORKING
The next diagram shows a slightly more elaborate system, which includes: Signal processors - devices and software which allow the manipulation of the signal in various ways. The most common processors are tonal adjusters such as bass and treble controls. Record and playback section - devices which convert a signal to a storage format for later reproduction. Recorders are available in many different forms, including magnetic tape, optical CD, computer hard drive, etc.
•
DIAGRAM
RESULT
The audio signal from the transducer (microphone) is passed through one or more processing units, which prepare it for recording (or directly for amplification). The signTal is fed to a recording device for storage. The stored signal is played back and fed to more processors. The signal is amplified and fed to a loudspeaker
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
WE ARE THANKUL TO OUR TEACHER WHO HELP US IN COMPLETING THIS PROJECT. THANKS
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