Solution 1 Sources For Energy Penalty Of Desalination Process Reverse

Solution 1 Sources for energy penalty of desalination Process

Operating cost / Acre-Feet (AF)

Reverse Osmosis Multi stage Flash (MSF) Multiple Effects (MED)

$3,173.78 $5,301.20 $5,306.54

Total water = (2000 L / day) * (365 days/ year) * 3.359 billion = 2,452,070 billion liters / year Total energy = (2,452,070 * 10^9 L / year) * (KWH / L) = (2,452,070 * 10^9 * KWH) / (365*24 hours) = 279.9 * 10^12 W = 279.9 TW Solution 2

World Irrigated Are

49

47

After projecting the irrigated area per thousand people, we get 42.47 hectares in 2025 and 39.94 hectares in 2050. Therefore, the land productivity should be increased 9.6% in 2025 and 15.02% in 2050. Solution 3

recalculated percapita fish harvest

25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

years

Solution 5

2006-07

2002-03

1998-99

1994-95

1990-91

Years

1986-87

1982-83

1978-79

1974-75

1970-71

1966-67

1962-63

1958-59

1954-55

0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 1950-51

Increase in world population in billions

Annual increase in world population

Though there were fluctuations in the early years, later on the birth rates outnumbered the death rates. Much of the mortality decline occurred due to modern changes in medical

technology and treatment. Declining death rates in combination with continuing high birthrates triggered the rapid growth of the population. At some period birth rates decreased due to decline in fertility rates. There was a stable population growth almost for a decade from 1994 to 2004 which is due to dramatic changes in economic and social conditions, ideas about the family and the role of children and women, the availability of family planning programs, and the acceptance and use of contraception. The decrease in population in 2004-05 is due to the natural calamities like tsunami and floods around the world. Solution 6 Total world population = 6,801,100,000 Population of OECD countries (USA, Canada, Europe, Japan) = 1,200,094, 389 Population of developing countries = 5,601,005,611 Per capita of developed world = 0.176 Per capita of developing world = 0.823 Number of Deaths / people in developed world = 13.4 * 10^6 / 1,200,094,389 = 0.011 = 11 deaths per 1000 people Number of Deaths / people in developing world = 43.5 * 10^6 / 5,601,005,611 = 0.007 = 7 deaths per 1000 people Solution 7 Plot showing AIDS deaths, HIV cases and annual change of both cases 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0

HIV CASES

60.0 50.0 40.0

AIDS DEATHS

30.0 20.0

CHANGE IN HIV CASES

10.0 0.0 -10.01975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

CHANGE IN AIDS CASES

2005

2010

Year

The AIDS deaths and HIV cases increased drastically over all the years but the change in HIV cases and AIDS deaths declined in recent years.