Seminar Presentation On Cybernetics

CYBERNETICS

By: -Bhagyashree Shejwal. -T.E. Comp-A -Roll No.: 3356

Guide: Mrs. Sunita Jahirabadkar

Overview              

Introduction to Cybernetics History of Cybernetics Defining the Cybernetics Various Areas of Cybernetics Principles of Cybernetics Goal-directed system Feedback an Important principle of Cybernetic Use of Feedback in Various Systems Artificial Intelligence & Cybernetics Software Cybernetics Concepts Current Software Engineering Software as Control Problem Self Adaptive Software Research Topics

Introduction  Importance of Concept  Cybernetics and the steersman

Cybernetics and the steersman

History of Cybernetics  The Macy Foundation conferences in New    

York City 1946-1953 lack of a 'common terminology' . “Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems”. Cybernetics, derived from the Greek ‘Steersman’. Wiener defined cybernetics first.

Defining the Cybernetics • The art of governing or the science of government

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A.M. Ampere

• The science of effective organization

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L. Couffignal

• Cybernetics is essentially about circularity.

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Ranulph Glanville

• Control and communication in the animal and the

machine Norbert Wiener • Cybernetics is the study of systems which can be mapped using loops

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Alan Scrivener

Various Areas of Cybernetics Generic term for many subject matters

• • • • • • • • •

In Biology In Complexity Science In Computer Science In Engineering Organizational Cybernetics In Psychology In Sociology Pure Cybernetics Software Cybernetics

Principles of Cybernetics  The principle of homeostasis  The principle of external completion  The principle of requisite variety  The principle of feedback  The principle of intentionality

Goal-directed system (1) (2) (3) (4)

Sensor (S) Goal (G) Error Detection (E) Effectors (E')

Two Rules: 1. 2.

Well-defined procedure Minimized deviation

 Cybernetic models are structures of mathematically

related goal-directed systems  systems may be combined by coupling their variables - So Competitive interaction is necessary.

Finally, they can be organized into a hierarchy, in which only the lowest-level systems act upon the environment or have goals that refer to it directly.

Feedback an Important principle of Cybernetic

Use of Feedback in Various Systems  Vehicle and robot control  Temperature control  Learning  Virtual Reality and Human Computer

Interaction  Cybernetics and the environment

Artificial Intelligence & Cybernetics • Are both of them same? – NO • AI o o

concepts of universal computation challenge of reproducing and/or explaining human Intelligence

• Cybernetics o o o

concepts of information feedback and control were generalized from systems of self-reference

Approach of cybernetic to AI • The human brain - inspiration for AI

researchers . • A number of researchers explored the connection between neurology, information theory, and cybernetics • Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary intelligence

SOFTWARE CYBERNETICS  Need  Concepts and Definitions  Definition: 

The field of science concerned with processes of communication and control in software systems.

Software Cybernetics Concepts  Software  Control  Control system  Control of software  Open-loop control  Closed-loop control /Feedback control  Adaptive control – Self Adaptive Software

Closed-loop control /Feedback control

Current Software Engineering  Problems 1. Control of the software test process 2. Optimal selection of tests -So CMC approach is there. 3. Software performance control 4. Control of the software development process etc.  Cybernetic Approaches (a) Use simulation: “forward” approach. (b) Use (a) plus feedback control: “inverse” approach Cybernetic Approaches

Software as Control Problem  software may contain various defects

So we treat  Software test process as a controlled object  The process manager as a controller  So the management of software testing becomes a feedback control problem. 

The ultimate goal of software engineering is to deliver quality software in a costeffective and timely manner.

Self Adaptive Software  Evaluates its own behavior and changes

behavior when the evaluation indicates that it is not accomplishing what the software is intended to do, or when better functionality or performance is possible.

 Has multiple ways of accomplishing its

purpose  So it should have a “sensor-evaluate-adjust” executing loop

Characteristics of Self adaptive Systems  Self-knowledge  Self-configuration/re-configuration  Self-optimizing  Self-healing  Self-protecting  Environmentally aware  Co-operative  Anticipatory

Cybernetic Perspective  The controller changes the controlled object’s

behaviors by delivering control.  Signals (called control inputs) which force the controlled object to achieve a desired goal (called set point).

Comparison of the entities in software self adaptation technologies and in control theory. Control theory

Software self-adaptation technologies

Controlled object

Software entities to be adapted

Controller

Adaptation infrastructure

Control inputs

Adjusting operations to controlled software entities

Set Point

Desired properties of controlled software entities

Open-loop control

Traditional software system

Feedback control

Self-adaptive software with a fixed control law

Adaptive control

Self-adaptive software with an adaptive control law.

To adjust these software entities for desired goals 1) Sense the current states of these entities. 2) Evaluate the sensed data. 3) Generate adaptive strategies and map them into controlled entities’ properties. 4) Change the controlled entities.

Research Topics  Feedback Mechanisms in Software

Processes  Adaptive Software  The CMC Approach and Adaptive Testing  Bisimulation and Controllability

Conclusion  Cybernetic itself is a very vast area  First

order Cybernetics  Second order Cybernetics  Third order Cybernetics  Feedback–Important principle of Cybernetics  Software Cybernetics  It can be considered as an interesting

research area.

QUESTIONS ?

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THANK YOU!