CYBERNETICS
By: -Bhagyashree Shejwal. -T.E. Comp-A -Roll No.: 3356
Guide: Mrs. Sunita Jahirabadkar
Overview
Introduction to Cybernetics History of Cybernetics Defining the Cybernetics Various Areas of Cybernetics Principles of Cybernetics Goal-directed system Feedback an Important principle of Cybernetic Use of Feedback in Various Systems Artificial Intelligence & Cybernetics Software Cybernetics Concepts Current Software Engineering Software as Control Problem Self Adaptive Software Research Topics
Introduction Importance of Concept Cybernetics and the steersman
Cybernetics and the steersman
History of Cybernetics The Macy Foundation conferences in New
York City 1946-1953 lack of a 'common terminology' . “Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems”. Cybernetics, derived from the Greek ‘Steersman’. Wiener defined cybernetics first.
Defining the Cybernetics • The art of governing or the science of government
-
A.M. Ampere
• The science of effective organization
-
L. Couffignal
• Cybernetics is essentially about circularity.
-
Ranulph Glanville
• Control and communication in the animal and the
machine Norbert Wiener • Cybernetics is the study of systems which can be mapped using loops
-
Alan Scrivener
Various Areas of Cybernetics Generic term for many subject matters
• • • • • • • • •
In Biology In Complexity Science In Computer Science In Engineering Organizational Cybernetics In Psychology In Sociology Pure Cybernetics Software Cybernetics
Principles of Cybernetics The principle of homeostasis The principle of external completion The principle of requisite variety The principle of feedback The principle of intentionality
Goal-directed system (1) (2) (3) (4)
Sensor (S) Goal (G) Error Detection (E) Effectors (E')
Two Rules: 1. 2.
Well-defined procedure Minimized deviation
Cybernetic models are structures of mathematically
related goal-directed systems systems may be combined by coupling their variables - So Competitive interaction is necessary.
Finally, they can be organized into a hierarchy, in which only the lowest-level systems act upon the environment or have goals that refer to it directly.
Feedback an Important principle of Cybernetic
Use of Feedback in Various Systems Vehicle and robot control Temperature control Learning Virtual Reality and Human Computer
Interaction Cybernetics and the environment
Artificial Intelligence & Cybernetics • Are both of them same? – NO • AI o o
concepts of universal computation challenge of reproducing and/or explaining human Intelligence
• Cybernetics o o o
concepts of information feedback and control were generalized from systems of self-reference
Approach of cybernetic to AI • The human brain - inspiration for AI
researchers . • A number of researchers explored the connection between neurology, information theory, and cybernetics • Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary intelligence
SOFTWARE CYBERNETICS Need Concepts and Definitions Definition:
The field of science concerned with processes of communication and control in software systems.
Software Cybernetics Concepts Software Control Control system Control of software Open-loop control Closed-loop control /Feedback control Adaptive control – Self Adaptive Software
Closed-loop control /Feedback control
Current Software Engineering Problems 1. Control of the software test process 2. Optimal selection of tests -So CMC approach is there. 3. Software performance control 4. Control of the software development process etc. Cybernetic Approaches (a) Use simulation: “forward” approach. (b) Use (a) plus feedback control: “inverse” approach Cybernetic Approaches
Software as Control Problem software may contain various defects
So we treat Software test process as a controlled object The process manager as a controller So the management of software testing becomes a feedback control problem.
The ultimate goal of software engineering is to deliver quality software in a costeffective and timely manner.
Self Adaptive Software Evaluates its own behavior and changes
behavior when the evaluation indicates that it is not accomplishing what the software is intended to do, or when better functionality or performance is possible.
Has multiple ways of accomplishing its
purpose So it should have a “sensor-evaluate-adjust” executing loop
Characteristics of Self adaptive Systems Self-knowledge Self-configuration/re-configuration Self-optimizing Self-healing Self-protecting Environmentally aware Co-operative Anticipatory
Cybernetic Perspective The controller changes the controlled object’s
behaviors by delivering control. Signals (called control inputs) which force the controlled object to achieve a desired goal (called set point).
Comparison of the entities in software self adaptation technologies and in control theory. Control theory
Software self-adaptation technologies
Controlled object
Software entities to be adapted
Controller
Adaptation infrastructure
Control inputs
Adjusting operations to controlled software entities
Set Point
Desired properties of controlled software entities
Open-loop control
Traditional software system
Feedback control
Self-adaptive software with a fixed control law
Adaptive control
Self-adaptive software with an adaptive control law.
To adjust these software entities for desired goals 1) Sense the current states of these entities. 2) Evaluate the sensed data. 3) Generate adaptive strategies and map them into controlled entities’ properties. 4) Change the controlled entities.
Research Topics Feedback Mechanisms in Software
Processes Adaptive Software The CMC Approach and Adaptive Testing Bisimulation and Controllability
Conclusion Cybernetic itself is a very vast area First
order Cybernetics Second order Cybernetics Third order Cybernetics Feedback–Important principle of Cybernetics Software Cybernetics It can be considered as an interesting
research area.
QUESTIONS ?
…..? ? ? ? ?.....
THANK YOU!