Selangor Paper 2 - Question & Answer

SULIT

4551/2

1

4551/2 Biologi

Nama: ............................................... Tingkatan : ...................

Kertas 2 September 2008 2½ jam

SEKOLAH-SEKOLAH MENENGAH NEGERI SELANGOR PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PRESTASI SPM 2008

BIOLOGI Kertas 2 Dua jam tiga puluh minit JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIBERITAHU 1. Kertas soalan ini mengandungi dua bahagian, Bahagian A, dan Bahagian B . Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian A, dan dua soalan daripada Bahagian B. 2. Jawapan kepada Bahagian A hendaklah ditulis dalam ruang jawapan yang disediakan dalam kertas soalan. Langkah penting dalam kerja mengira hendaklah ditunjukkan. 3. Jawapan kepada Bahagian B hendaklah dituliskan pada kertas tulis. Anda diminta menjawab dengan lebih panjang tetapi jawapan mestilah jelas dan logik. Dalam jawapan anda, persamaan, gambar rajah, jadual, graf dan cara lain yang sesuai untuk menjelaskan jawapan anda boleh digunakan. 4. Jawapan kepada kedua-dua bahagian ini hendaklah diserahkan bersama-sama. Anda hendaklah menyerahkan kertas graf tambahan, jika digunakan, bersama-sama dengan kertas soalan. 5. Rajah yang mengiringi soalan dimaksudkan untuk memberi maklumat yang berguna bagi menjawab soalan. Rajah tidak dilukis mengikut skala kecuali dinyatakan sebaliknya. 6. Penggunaan kalkulator saintifik yang tidak boleh diprogramkan adalah dibenarkan. 7. Masa yang dicadangkan untuk menjawab Bahagian A ialah 90 minit, dan Bahagian B ialah 60 minit.

Untuk Kegunaan Pemeriksa Bahagian

Soalan

Markah

1 A

2 3 4 5

Markah Penuh 6

60

7 B

8 9

Markah Penuh

40

Jumlah Markah Diperolehi

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 21 halaman bercetak

[Lihat sebelah

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

2

4551/2 For examiner use

SECTION A [60 marks] Answer all questions in this section. 1

Diagram 1.1 shows the structure of a plant cell. [Gambarajah 1.1 menunjukkan struktur satu sel tumbuhan.]

Y

X

Diagram 1.1 [Rajah 1.1]

(a) (i) Name X and Y. [Namakan X dan Y ] X : ………………………………………………………………………………..

1(a)(i)

Y: …………………………………………………………………..................... [2 marks] (ii) By using an arrow (

), match X to its correct function.

[Dengan menggunakan satu anak panah (

), padankan X kepada fungsinya yang betul]

Structure

Function

[Strukrur]

[Fungsi]

•

Stores water in the cell [menyimpan air di dalam sel]

X

•

Site of cellular respiration [tapak respirasi sel]

•

Controls all activities in the cell

1(a)(ii)

[mengawal semua aktiviti di dalam sel] [1 mark]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

3

4551/2 (b) Diagram 1.2 shows the detail structure of Y.

Diagram 1.2 (i) Name an organ in a plant where Y is found abundantly. Give a reason for your answer. [Namakan satu organ dalam tumbuhan dimana Y didapati dengan banyaknya. Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan anda ]

Name of the organ:………………………………………………........ [ Nama organ ]

1(b)(i)

Reason :………………………………………………………………… [ Sebab ]

[2 marks ] (ii) During photosynthesis, P is the site where light reaction occurs whereas Q is the site where dark reaction occurs. [Semasa fotosintesis ,P ialah tempat dimana tindakbalas cahaya berlaku sementara Q ialah tempat dimana tindakbalas gelap berlaku]

Explain how light reaction occurs at P. [ Terangkan bagaimana tindakbalas cahaya berlaku di P]

..…………………………………………….............……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………

1(b)(ii)

....……………………………………………………………………….… [2 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

4

4551/2

(iii) Explain the effect to the process of dark reaction in Q if the light reaction at P does not occur. [ Terangkan kesan kepada proses tindakbalas gelap pada Q jika tindakbalas cahaya pada P tidak berlaku ] ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

..…………………………………………….............……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………

1(b)(iii)

....……………………………………………………………………….….. [ 3 marks ] (c)(i) Complete the word equation to show the process of photosynthesis by filling in the empty box provided. [Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan di bawah untuk menunjukkan proses fotosintesis dengan mengisi kotak kosong yang disediakan ]

Chlorophyll Carbon dioxide + water Light

….…...……

+

Oxygen.

1(c)(i) [1 marks]

(ii) Explain the effect on the rate of photosynthesis if the atmospheric temperature is more than 45º C. [Terangkan kesan ke atas kadar fotosintesis jika suhu persekitaran bertambah melebihi 45º C ]

................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................

1(c)(ii)

................................................................................................................ [2 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

5

4551/2 2

Diagram 2 shows a series of reaction. Process X is the formation of molecules Q, while process Y is the breakdown of polypeptide. [Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu siri tindakbalas. Proses X adalah pembentukan molekul Q, manakala proses Y adalah penguraian polipeptida.]

Process X

Molecules Q

Proses X

Molekul Q

Process Y Proses Y

Molecules P Molekul P

Polypeptide Polipeptida

Diagram 2 Rajah 2

(a) Name molecules P and Q. [Namakan molekul P dan molekul Q.]

Molecules P : ……………………………………………………………… [Molekul P] Molecules Q ; .......…………………………………………………………

2(a)

[Molekul Q] [2 marks] (b) Explain processes X and Y. [Terangkan proses X dan proses Y.]

(i) Process X [Proses X]

2(b)(i)

………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks] (ii) Process Y [Proses Y]

2(b)(ii)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

6

4551/2

(c) The breakdown of polypeptide molecule to molecule Q through process Y occurs in human digestive system. [Pemecahan molekul polipeptida kepada molekul Q melalui proses Y berlaku dalam sistem pencernaan manusia.]

(i) State one organ where process Y occurs. [Nyatakan satu organ dimana proses Y berlaku.] ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Name one enzyme secreted by the organ which is needed in process Y. [Namakan satu enzim yang dirembes oleh orgam tersebut yang diperlukan dalam proses Y.]

2(c)

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks] (d) Enzyme is used to wash away the blood stain on a shirt. Explain how the enzyme acts on the blood stain at a maximum rate. [Enzim digunakan untuk mencuci kesan darah yang terlekat pada baju. Terangkan bagaimana enzim bertindak keatas kesan darah pada kadar maksimum.] …………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

2(d)

.. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks] (e) Enzyme is made up of chains of polypeptide molecule. The Golgi apparatus in a living cell are malfunction. Explain the effect of the malfunction to the production of extracellular enzyme. [Enzim terbina dari rantaian molekul polipeptida. Alat Golgi dalam sel hidup gagal berfungsi. Terangkan kesan kegagalan itu dalam penghasilan enzim luar sel.]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2(e)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

7

4551/2 3

Diagram 3.1 shows three stages X, Y and Z in meiosis. [Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan tiga peringkat X, Y dan Z dalam meiosis]

X

Y

Z

Diagram 3.1 [Rajah 3.1]

(a) (i) Name stages X and Y. [Namakan peringkat X dan Y] X:

.......................................................................

Y:

.......................................................................

3(a)(i) [2 marks]

(ii) State two differences between chromosomal behaviour at X and Y. [Nyatakan dua perbezaan perlakuan kromosom di X dan Y] ……………………………………………………………………………………

3(a)(ii)

…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… [2 marks] (b)

(i) State the occurrence at Z. [Nyatakan kejadian yang berlaku di Z] ……………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………….

3(b)(i)

[2 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

8

4551/2 (ii)

The chromosome number in somatic cell of this organism is 12. State the chromosome number in each of the daughter cell in Z. Give a reason for your answer. [Bilangan kromosom dalam sel soma bagi organisma ini ialah 12. Nyatakan bilangan kromosom dalam setiap sel anak Z. Berikan alasan anda.]

…………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

3(b)(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………. [2 marks] (c) Diagram 3.2 shows the formation of zygote during fertilization. The sperm has 24 chromosomes after meiosis. [Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan pembentukan zigot semasa persenyawaan. Selepas meiosis sperma mempunyai 24 kromosom.]

23

24

3

Sperm

Ovum

Sperma

ovum

ZYGOTE ZIGOT

OFFSPRING ANAK

Diagram 3.2 [Rajah 3.2]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

9

4551/2

(i) Explain why the sperm has 24 chromosomes? [Terangkan mengapa sperma mempunyai 24 kromosom] ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………... [2 marks]

3(c)(i)

(ii) Explain the genetic disease faced by offspring P? [Terangkan penyakit genetik yang dihidapi oleh anak P] ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………...

3(c)(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………. [3 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

10

4551/2 4

Graph 4.1 shows the level of antibody in the blood of an individual after receiving two injections. [Graf 4.1 menunjukkan aras antibodi dalam badan saorang individu selepas menerima dua

Immunity level Aras keimunan

Aras antibodi dalam darah

Level of antibody in blood

suntikan.]

Time (weeks) 0

1

2

3

First Injection

Second Injection

Suntikan pertama

Suntikan kedua

4

5

Masa(minggu)

Graph 4.1 (a)(i) State the content of the injections. [ Nyatakan kandungan dalam suntikan tersebut].

4(a)(i) ......................................................................................................................... [1 marks] (ii) State the type of immunity in graph 4.1. Explain your answer. [ Nyatakan jenis keimunan pada graf 4.1.] [ Terangkan jawapan anda.]

……………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………..

4(a)(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….. [3 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

11

4551/2 (b) A person is having measles. Explain how he get the disease. [ Seorang lelaki mengidap demam campak. Terangkan bagaimana dia mendapat penyakit tersebut.]

……………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………..

4(b)

[3 marks] (c)

Diagram 4.2 shows a mother is breastfeeding her baby. [Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan seorang ibu sedang menyusukan bayinya.]

Diagram 4.2 Explain the type of immunity that the baby would acquire. [Nyatakan jenis immuniti yang akan diperolehi oleh bayinya.]

……………………………………………………………………………….. .. ………………………………………………………………………………

4(c)

...……………………………………………………………………………… ..………………………………………………………………………………. [3 marks] (d)

Explain the importance of vaccination to a new born baby. [ Terangkan kepentingan pemvaksinan kepada bayi yang baru dilahirkan.]

……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………

4(d)

……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………….. [ 3 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

12

4551/2

4551/2

5

Diagram 5 shows the structure of a nephrone in a human kidney

Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1

(a) Explain the process that take place at P? [Terangkan proses yang berlaku di P?] .......................................................................................................................

5(a)

....................................................................................................................... [2 marks] (b) State one difference in the content in part Q and R.

5(b)

[Nyatakan satu perbezaan kandungan di dalam bahagian Q dan R] ........................................................................................................................ ………………………………………………………………………………………. [1 mark]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

13

4551/2 (c)(i) Explain the effect on the urine content formed at R if structure at Q is impaired? [Terangkan kesan keatas kandungan air kencing yang dihasilkan di R sekiranya struktur di Q gagal berfungsi]

.................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................

5(c)(i)

.................................................................................................................... [4 marks] (ii) Suggest a method to overcome the problem of impaired kidney. [Cadangkan satu kaedah untuk mengatasi masalah kegagaian fungsi ginjal]

5(c)(ii)

..................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (d) Describe the importance of kidney in osmoregulation. [Huraikan kepentingan ginjal dalam pengosmokawalaturan]

……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

5(d) ……………………………………………………………………………………….. [3 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

14

4551/2 Section B Bahagian B

[40 marks] [40 markah]

Answer any two questions from this section. Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini.

Diagram 6.1 shows a human digestive system.

6

[ Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan manusia ]

Fried food P Makanan bergoreng P

Q Diagram 6.1 RAJAH 6.1

(a)

Explain how fried food P is digested in the digestive system. [Terangkan bagaimana makanan bergoreng P dicernakan di dalam sistem pencernaan itu ] [ 5 marks ] Diagram 6.2 shows a structure found in Q. [ Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu struktur yang terdapat dalam Q.]

Diagram 6.2 Rajah 6.2

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

15

4551/2

4551/2 (b)

State the characteristics of the structure for the absorption of the digested food of P. [ Nyatakan ciri-ciri struktur itu untuk penyerapan makanan P yang telah tercerna]

[ 2 marks ] (c)

Diagram 6.3 shows a part of the digestive system and the organs related to digestion. [ Rajah 6.3 menunjukkan sebahagian sistem pencernaan dan organ-organ yang berkaitan dengan proses pencernaan

]

Diagram 6.3 Rajah 6.3

(i) Explain the effect of malfunction of organ S and organ R to the digestion of food P. [Terangkan kesan kegagalan fungsi organ S dan organ R ke atas pencernaan makanan P ]

[ 4 marks ] (ii) Explain how organ R helps in the assimilation of the following digested food [ Terangkan bagaimana organ R membantu dalam asimilasi makanan tercerna berikut ]

(a) glucose Glukosa

(b) amino acid Asid amino [ 4 marks ]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

16

4551/2 Diagram 6.4 shows the daily menu taken by a teenage boy aged 15 . [ Rajah 6.4 menunjukkan menu harian yang diambil oleh seorang remaja lelaki berumur 15 tahun ] Carbonated drink [Minuman bergas]

Oil [Minyak] Banana Pisang

Cheese [keju]

Vegetable [Sayur] Meat [Daging]

Diagram 6.4 Rajah 6.4

(d)

Explain whether the menu is suitable for the boy. Explain the consequences to his health if he continues taking the daily menu for a long time . [Terangkan sama ada menu itu sesuai bagi budak lelaki tersebut. Terangkan kesan kaetas kesihatanya jika dia terus mengambil menu harian tersebut dalam satu jangka masa yang panjang ]

[ 5 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

17

4551/2 7

Diagram 7 shows the cross –section of plant organs that involved in transportation of substances in a green plant. [Gambarajah 7 menunjukkan struktur organ tumbuhan yang berkaitan dengan pengangkutan bahan-bahan dalam satu tumbuhan hijau.]

Air space Ruang udara

S Xylem

R S Phloem Xylem R Pore T Phloem Stoma Liang T

Guard cell Sel pengawal

R Phloem

S Xylem Diagram 7 Rajah 7

(a) Explain the movement of water molecules from air space through pore T. [Terangkan pergerakan molekul air keluar daripada ruang udara melalui liang T.] [2 marks] (b) The size of pore T is controlled by two guard cells. Explain the process which occurs in the opening of pore T. [Saiz liang T dikawal oleh sepasang sel pengawal. Terangkan proses yang berlaku semasa pembukaan liang T.

] [4 marks]

(c) The plant is grown in an area which is exposed to hot weather during the day. Explain the adaptations of the plant in order to survive in the environment. [Tumbuhan ini ditanam dalam satu kawasan yang terdedah kepada cuaca yang panas pada siang hari. [Terangkan penyesuaian tumbuhan ini supaya terus hidup dalam persekitaran tersebut.]

[4 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

18

4551/2 (d) R and S are vascular tissues. Explain how R and S are involved in the movement of substances in plants. [R dan S ialah tisu vaskular. Terangkan bagaimana R dan S terlibat dalam pergerakan bahan dalam tumbuhan.]

[5 marks] (e) Discuss the importance of transportation of water in plants. [Bincangkan kepentingan pengangkutan air dalam tumbuhan.] [5 marks]

8

Diagram 8 shows human activities which are carried out near a river. [Rajah 8 menunjukkan aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh manusia berhampiran dengan sungai]

Agriculture area Kawasan pertanian

P Palm oil factory Kilang kelapa sawit

Q Housing area Kawasan perumahan

R Diagram 8 [Rajah 8]

(a) Explain one type of pollution that occurs at site Q. [Terangkan satu jenis pencemaran di kawasan Q] [2 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

19

4551/2 (b) The farmers at site P spray a large amount of pesticide in their agriculture activity. Diagram 9 shows a food chain at site R.

Algae [Alga]

Tadpole [Berudu ]

Fish [ Ikan]

Diagram 9 [Rajah 9]

Explain why the tissues in the fish contains a higher level of pesticide molecules compared to the algae. [Petani – petani menyembur racun serangga dengan banyak di kawasan P dalam aktiviti pertanian mereka. Rajah 9 menunjukkan rantai makanan di kawasan R. Terangkan mengapa kandungan racun tersebut lebih tinggi di dalam tisu ikan berbanding dengan alga]

[4 marks] (c) Explain the differences in BOD value between site P and site R? [Terangkan perbezaan nilai BOD antara kawasan P dan kawasan R?] [4 marks]

(d) Explain the impact of human activities at site Q on humans. [Terangkan kesan aktiviti manusia di kawasan Q kepada manusia.] [5 marks] (e) Discuss the importance in maintaining a balance ecosystem in a river. [Bincangikan kepentingan mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem sungai] [5 marks]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

20

4551/2 9

Ahmad has blood group A, while his wife Fatimah has blood group B. Their daughter Amirah has blood group O.

IA and IB are dominant alleles while IO is recessive allele. The inheritance is summarized as in diagram 9.1

[Ahmad mempunyai kumpulan darah A manakala isterinya Fatimah mempunyai kumpulan darah B. Anak perempuan mereka Amirah mempunyai kumpulan darah O] A

B

O

[ I dan I adalah alel dominan manakala I adalah alel resesif]

[Perwarisan tersebut diringkaskan seperti rajah 9.1]

Parents Phenotype [Fenotip Induk]

Ahmad Blood group A

Fatimah Blood group B

[Kumpulan Darah A]

[Kumpulan Darah B]

X

Amirah Blood group O [Kumpulan Darah O]

Offspring Phenotype [Fenotip Anak]

Diagram 9.1 [Rajah 9.1]

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

21

4551/2 (a) Explain how Amirah inherits blood group O. [Terangkan bagaimana Amirah mewarisi darah kumpulan O] [5 marks] (b) Continuous variation and discontinuous variation are types of variation. [Variasi selanjar dan variasi tak selanjar adalah jenis-jenis variasi]

(i) Identify the type of variation of blood group. Give a reason for your answer. [Kenalpasti jenis variasi bagi kumpulan darah. Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan anda]

[2 marks] (ii) State the differences between continuous variation and discontinuous variation. [Nyatakan perbezaan diantara variasi selanjar dengan variasi tak selanjar] [4 marks] (c) Amirah lost plenty of blood during an accident. She needs to replace the blood lost. Explain why her father is not a compatible donor to Amirah. [Amirah kehilangan banyak darah dalam satu kemalangan. Dia perlu menggantikan darah yang hilang. Terangkan mengapa bapanya bukan penderma yang sesuai kepada Amirah]

[4 marks] (d) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The virus can be transmitted by sexual intercourse with the infected person. Discuss the importance of the HIV test to ensure the virus is not transmitted to their children. [AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) disebabkan oleh HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Virus ini dijangkiti melalui hubungan seks dengan seorang yang telah menghidap penyakit ini. Bincangkan kepentingan ujian HIV untuk memastikan virus ini tidak dipindahkan kepada anak-anak mereka]

[5 marks]

END OF THE QUESTION PAPER

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

22

4551/2 SCHEMA No 1a(i)

a ( ii )

Criteria

Score

Able to name X and Y Answer X : Vacuole Y : Chloroplast Able to match X to its function

1 1

2

1

1

Answer : X b(i)

Stores water in the cell

Able to name an organ where Y is abundantly found in a plant and able to give a reason Answer Leaf

1

Reason The leaf has plenty of palisade mesophyll cells ( containing plenty of chloroplasts ) // the site for photosynthesis b ( ii )

b ( iii )

c ( ii )

1

Able to explain the light reaction at P Sample answer • P ( granum ) contains plenty of chlorophyll absorb /capture light energy • to produce chemical energy // ATP • to split / break down the water molecule // photolysis of water • to release oxygen and hydrogen atom Any two Able to explain the effect of dark reaction if the light reaction does not occur Sample answer • Photolysis / splitting of water molecules does not occur • No hydrogen atom (is released) to combine with carbon dioxide ( during reduction process ) // no reduction of carbon dioxide • No glucose is produced Able to explain the effect on the rate of photosynthesis if the atmospheric temperature is higher than 45 ºC • Rate of photosynthesis is lower / stops • Enzyme is denatured

1 1 1 1 2

1 3 1 1

1 1

Total No

4551/2

Criteria

2

2 13

Mars

Total Mark

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

23

4551/2 2 (a)

Able to name molecules P and Q. Answer: Molecules P : Amino acids Molecules Q : Dipeptides

(b)

2

Able to explain processes X and Y. Sample answer: Process X :
Condensation of amino acids / (molecules) P // (Two unit of) amino acids / (molecules) P combine / link and water (molecules) are released.
Peptide bond formed (between amino acids / P). Process Y :
Hydrolysis of dipeptides / (molecules) Q // Dipeptides / Q is broken down by water (molecules).
Peptide bonds are broken down.

(c) (i)

1 1

1 1

2

1 1

2

1

1

1

1

Able to state the organ in which process Y occurs. Answer:
Stomach / Ileum / Small intestine/duodenum Able to name one enzyme needed in process Y.

(ii) Sample answer:
Pepsin / Erepsin/ Peptidase/ Trypsin / Protease Note: The enzyme named is related to the organ stated in (c)(i). (d)

Able to explain how to ensure the process Y occurs at a maximum rate in the washing of blood stain on a shirt Sample answer:



Use (warm) water with temperature of 37ºC. This is an optimum temperature for enzyme (activity) // Enzymes work best at this temperature.

OR
Add a little vinegar / acid (in the water)
Enzymes / pepsin work best in an acidic medium. OR
Add more soap / alkali solution (in the water)
Enzymes / trypsin / protease work best in an alkaline medium. (e)

1 1 1 1

2

Able to explain the effect of the malfunction of golgi apparatus. Sample answer: • Processing/ modifying/ packaging/ sorting/ transporting of the synthesised protein / carbohydrates/ glycoproteins/

4551/2

1 1

1

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

24

4551/2 •

phospholipids could not be carried out Resulting thesynthesised protein/ carbohydrates/ glycoproteins are not able to be released out of the cell through the plasma membrane.

1

TOTAL No

Marking criteria

3

(a)(i) Able to name stages X and Y . Answer: X : Prophase I Y : Metaphase I (ii) Able to explain the differences in chromosomal behavior At X and Y. Sample Answer: Prophase I Metaphase I (Paired homologous (Paired homologous chromosomes) are arranged chromosomes) are arranged randomly. on the metaphase plate / equatorial plane. Spindle fibre does not hold Spindle fibre holds on the on the centromer of the centromer of the chromosomes . chromosomes. (The homologous chromosomes paired and) crossing over take place.

12 Marks

1 1

Total marks

2

(The homologous chromosomes paired) crossing over does not take place. 2

Any 2 (b)(i) Able to explain the occurrence at Z. Sample answer: P1 : Four daughter cells formed P2 : Each daughter cell has two chromosomes / haploid / n (ii) Able to state the chromosome number in the daughter cell and give reason for the answer. Answer: Six (chromosomes) Reason: (During meiosis) the daughter cell / n receives half The number of chromosome from the parent cell / 2n // Daughter cell haploid / n, daughter cell diploid / 2n (d)(i) Able to explain why the chromosomes contain 24 chromosomes. Sample answer: 1. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate equally (during anaphase I) 2. due to exposure to mutagen // any example of mutagens

4551/2

2

1 1

2

1 2 1

1 1

2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

25

4551/2 (d)(ii) Able to explain the genetic disease faced by the offspring. Sample answer : 1. Offspring has 47 chromosomes 2. Down’s Syndrome 3. Chromosome number 21 has three chromosome 4. Has short tongue / broad face // any suitable characteristic.

1 1 1 1 2 Any 2

Total

No Marking Criteria 4(a)(i) Able to name the content in the injections correctly. Answer: Antiserum

(a)(ii)

Able to state the type of immunity. Answer: Artificial passive immunity Able to explain the reason for the answer correctly. Sample answer: * The antibody increase above the immunity level immediately after the injection is given. * The quantity of antibody in blood last for only two weeks/ does not last long

(b)

4551/2

1

1

1

1 1

3

1 1 1

3

Able to explain the type of immunity acquire by the baby. Sample answer: • Natural passive immunity • Because breast milk contain antibody • Antibody destroys pathogen • Protects the baby from disease (which the mother immune) Any three

(d)

Marks

Able to explain how a person get measles correctly. Sample answer: • The first time measles virus enter the blood . • The lymphocyte takes longer time to produce antibody. • The level of antibody is lower than the immunity level. (So he gets the measles)

(c )

12

Able to explain the importance of vaccination to a new born baby. Sample answer • Vaccination contain vaccine/weak /dead pathogen.

1 1 1 1 3

1

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

26

4551/2 • • • •

1 1 1 1

Stimulates the lymphocytes To produce antibody Enhance production of antibody until achieve the immunity level To protect the body against disease. Any two

2

Total No 5(a)

MARKING CRITEIA

12

MARKS

TOTAL MARKS

Able to explain the process Answer : Ultrafiltration 1 Explanation : P1 : Higher hydrostatic pressure biger diameter of afferent arteriole than efferent arteriole in the glomerulus cause P2 : Blood plasma without protein plasma (of the Blood) to be filered out (from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule) Any one

5 (b)

1 1 1

Able to state one difference in content of part Q and R : Sample answer: Q

R

P1 : Presence of glucose

Absent of glucose

1

P2 : Precence of amino acid P3 : Less content of urea

Absent of amino acid

1

High content of urea 1

Any one

5(c)(i)

4551/2

1

Able to explain the effect on the urine content at R if Q is impaired.

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

27

4551/2 Sample answer: P1: Reabsorption of water/amino acid/glucose cannot occur. P2: Glucose present in urine. P3: amino acid present in urine P4: Volume of water increase (c)(ii)

(d)

1 1 1 1

4

Haemodialysis // kidney transplant

1

1

Able to describe the importance of kidney in osmoregulation Sample answer: F1 : Blood osmotic pressure can be regulated P1 : If blood osmotic pressure increases, P2 : More ADH will be produced P3 : More water will be reabsorbed // P1 : If blood osmotic pressure P2 : decreases more aldosterone will be P3 : Produced to reabsorbed more salt

1 1 1 1

Able to suggest a method to overcome the impaired kidney Answer:

1 1 Any 3 1

3 11

Total

Item No. 6 (a) (i)

Criteria

Mark

Total Mark

Able to explain the role of digestive system in digestion of food P / Fried banana Criteria 1. Identify the classes of food in fried food P/banana 2. Peristalsis occurring in the any parts of the alimentary canal 3. Digestion of carbohydrates in mouth // ileum with correct enzymes 4. Digestion of fats in duodenum //ileum with correct enzyme 5. Any correct product of carbohydrates//fats

1 1 1 1 1

5

Sample answer P1 : Fried banana/food P is rich in carbohydrates/starch and fats ( Physical digestion takes place in the mouth where fried banana are chewed into smaller pieces ) 4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

28

4551/2 P3: In the mouth salivary amylase hydrolysed the (pieces of) carbohydrates /starch P5: into Maltose P2 : The food is pushed down the esophagus through peristalsis (In stomach , Food P is not hydrolysed ) P4: Fats is hydrolysed / break down P5: to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase // Lipase Fats +water ( in alkaline medium )

Fatty acids + Glycerol

In ileum , P4 & P5 :( Fats is hydrolyzed / break down into fatty acids and glycerol ) P3 & P5 :Maltose is hydrolysed into glucose // Sucrose is hydrolysed by sucrase to glucose and fructose //Lactose is hydrolysed by lactase to glucose and galactose ( In alkaline medium )

(a) (ii)

b(i)

Able to state the characteristic of villus in absorption of digested food P correctly Sample answer P1 :Villus has very thin cell wall //one cell thick

1

P2 : surrounded by dense blood capillaries//lacteal

1

P3 : They are many villi (to increases the total surface area per volume) P4 : The Villus is moist/ covered with a thin layer of water Any two

1 1

2

Able to state the effect of malfunction of organ R/ liver and organ S / Pancreas to the digestion of fried banana Sample answer Malfunction of the liver

4551/2

P1 : Too little / no bile is secreted by the liver P2: Resulting fats is not /hardly emulsified // medium is not alkaline Malfunction of pancreas

1 1

P3: Too little / no pancreatic juice is secreted

1 SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

29

4551/2 P4 : Lipids is not /hardly hydrolysed by Lipase to fatty acids and glycerol 1 P5 : Starch is not / hardly hydrolysed by amylase to maltose 1 Any four 6(b)ii

(b)

Able to explain the assimilation of digested food of glucose and amino acids by organ R / liver Sample answer Glucose • Glucose is used (by cells) to produced energy/carry (cellular) respiration. • Excess of glucose in the blood is converted to glycogen and stored // excess glucose is stored as glycogen. • When glucose level in the blood is low the glycogen is converted into glucose • Excess of glycogen is converted into lipids Amino acid • Synthesis of plasma protein/ enzymes/ any suitable protein molecule from amino acids • Excess amino acids are converted/deaminated into urea (to be excreted) Any four

4

1 1 1 1 1 1 4

Able to justify and explain if the menu is suitable for a teenage boy Criteria 1. Justify the menu 2. Explanation 3. Consequences Sample answer : P1 : The Menu is not a balance diet ( not suitable for the boy ) 1

1

// The Menu does not contain food from 7 food classes in appropriate ratio P2 : It contains too little food rich in carbohydrates , ( it only has banana and carbonated drink ) which does not give enough energy value required by the boy to undergo his daily activity

1

P3 : It contains too little food which is rich in proteins (red meat and cheese ) which is required by the boy for the growth / new cells formation // cells replacement

1

P4 : It contains too little water which is required for biochemical processes // any suitable function of water

1

P5 : It does not contain sufficient vitamins for healthy growth

1

P6 : It contains food highly rich in fats example butter and oil 4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

30

4551/2 which will supply too much energy for the boy , if stored will cause obesity / arteriosclerosis / heart attack/ high blood pressure ( only about one third of body’s energy requirements comes from food rich in fats)

1

But P7 : It has sufficient vegetables and fruit ( banana ) which are rich in fibre /roughage to prevent constipation.

1

P8 : The banana , vegetable provide minerals needed for the development of bones and maintaining health (But the different types of minerals requirement are not sufficient )

1

Any 3 from P2 to P8

3

If the boy keeps taking the above menu his total energy value is not enough // energy needed is less than energy taken Bad effects to the boy May have malnutrition diseases (I ) Rickets , lack of vitamin D (ii ) Beri beri , lack of vitamin B (iii) Scurvy , lack of vitamin C (iv ) Kwashiorkor, lack of protein (v ) Cretinism ,lack of iodine// any suitable health problems (vii ) Diabetic Any one bad effect

4551/2

1

1

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

31

4551/2

Item 7 (a)

Criteria

1 1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

Able to explain the adaptation of plant grown in an area which is exposed to an intense heat of the sun during the day. Sample answer:
Leaves / (young) stems are covered with thick cuticles/ waxy.
Have sunkened stomata // stomata are in grooves.
More stomata on the lower epidermis (compared to

4551/2

1

Able to explain the process which occurs in the opening of pore T. Sample answer:
During the day // In the presence of sunlight.
Guard cells carry out photosynthesis // Glucose is produce.
Active transport of potassium ions into the guard cells.
Osmotic pressure in the guard cells increases.
Water enters the guard cells by osmosis.
Hydrostatic pressure in the guard cells increases.
The guard cells become turgid. (Any 4 correct answer)

(c)

Total Mark

Able to explain the movement of water molecules from air space through pore T. Sample answer:
The lost of water (molecules) from a plant into the atmosphere,
in the form of water vapour // evaporation of water
Occurs when the water content in the atmosphere is lower than (in the sub-stomatal air spaces) in leaves. (Accept the difference in any suitable physical condition between these two regions). (Any 2 correct answer)

(b)

Marks

1 1 1

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

32

4551/2




(d)

the upper epidermis). The stomata are closed during the day // Absorption of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis occurs during the night. The young leaves roll / to reduce the surface area. These are to reduce the rate of transpiration / lost of water from the plant. (Any 4 correct answer)

1 1 1 4

Able to explain how xylem and phloem involved in the movement of substances in plants. Sample answer: Xylem: P1 S are xylem (vessels) P2 Xylem / S are well-adapted for water transport which are long / narrow / continuous tubes. P3 which transports water in plants P4 by capillary action P5 due to the forces between water molecules / cohesion force, and the forces between water molecules and wall of xylem / S / adhesion force. OR P4 by root pressure P5 water enters xilem by osmosis OR P4 by transpirational pull P5 water is pulled out of xilem (during transpiration)

1 1 1 1 1

3

(Any 3 correct answer) Phloem:
R are phloem / sieve tubes and companion cells
which transport organic compounds / glucose / products of photosynthesis.
by translocation. (Any 2 correct answer) (e)

1 2

5

Able to discuss the importance of water transport in plants. Sample answer:
It is a necessity / need / important (for water transport in plant to survive).
Water is a medium to transport minerals.
As the medium of biochemical reaction (in cells).
Transpiration creates a transpirational pull / pull water from roots.
Evaporation of water (during transpiration) keeps the plants cool.

4551/2

1 1

1 1 1 1 1

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

33

4551/2



Water provides turgor pressure for support Water / are needed in guard cells in the opening of stomata. (Any 5 correct answer)

1 1 5

TOTAL

8

20

(a) Able to explain one type of pollution at site Q. Sample answer: F1: Water pollution. E1: Effluents/ phosphate/any suitable pollutant are released from the factory release into the river. F2: Thermal pollution E2: Hot water from the factory is released into the river// Which reduce dissolved oxygen in the river.

1 1

2

1 1

(b) Able to explain why the tissues in the fish contains a higher level of pesticide molecules compared to the algae. Sample Answer: P1 : Algae absorbs the contaminated water/ chemicles P2 : The tadpole feeds on the algae. P3 : The chemical in the algae will accumulate in the tadpole body tissue. P4 : The fish feeds on the tadpole. P5 : Will cause the chemical (accumulated) in the body tissue of the tadpole to be passed to the fish. P6 : The fish will have a higher concentration of chemicals in their body tissues. Any 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 4

(c) Able to explain the difference in BOD value in site P and R. Sample answer: P1 : The BOD value in site P is lower than in site R. P2 : Because R is at the down stream. P3 : More pollutants accumulated in R. P4 : The river water flow from agriculture area / P to palm oil factory / Q. P5 : The higher/ increase in organic substance in the river will increase the population of bacteria / decomposition // more aquatic organism die // less oxygen dissolved in the river water (at R)/ Resulting the BOD to increase

4551/2

1 1 1 1

1 Max 4

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

34

4551/2

(d) Able to explain the impact of human activities at Q on human. Sample answer: Impact 1: Lack of clean water supply P1: Water effluents from factories contain numerous Contaminants/pollutants/chemicals P2: Leads to disease example diarrhea/ cholera/ any suitable example which threaten health

1 1

Impact 2 : Reduction of freshwater fish/food/aquatic organism/natural resources P1: Lack of food /protein for human//any suitable impact and explanation P2: Destruction of food chain//aquatic organisms die

1

Impact 3: Destruction of food chain P1: Accumulation of chemicals in human P2: Through food chains/taking fresh water food P3: Cancer/mutation/disease

1

1 1

1 1 1

5

(e) Able to discuss the importance of maintaining the balance ecosystem of a river. Sample answer: F: A balance ecosystem in a river must be maintain. P1: When water pollution occurs//chemical content is very high P2: Sunlight penetration is reduced/amount of dissolved oxygen very low. P3: Plants/producers do not carry out photosynthesis P4: First consumer species/herbivores/carnivores do not receive enough energy//destruction of energy flow. P5: Very high decomposition/eutrophication P6: Aquatic organisms die/extinct//destruction of food chain. P7: River becomes shallower/causing flooding/overflow of water. Any 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5

.

4551/2

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

35

4551/2 No 9 (a)

Marking Criteria Able to explain how Amirah inherits blood group O. Criteria : P1 Parents genotypes P2 The formation of gamete P3 Random fertilization of gametes P4 Offspring genotype P5 Offspring phenotype P6 Conclusion of Amirah’s blood group Sample answer: Parents Ahmad Fatimah IA IO

genotype

Gametes

IA

IB IO

X

IO

Marks

IB

1

IO

1 Fertilisation

Offsprings Genotype Phenotype

A B

I I

A O

B O

I I

I I

Blood group Blood group AB A

1

O O

I I

Blood group B

Blood group O

Conclusion: Amirah’s genotype

1 1

4

1

1

Any 4 of P1  P5 : 4 marks P6 : 1 mark

OR 9(a)

Able to explain how Amirah inherits blood group O. P1 : Ahmad’s probable genotype is IAIA and IAIO Fatimah’s probable genotype is IBIB and IBIO Amirah’s genotype should be IOIO P2 : To obtain IOIO Ahmad’s genotype is IAIO, while Fatimah’s genotype is IBIO P3 : During meiosis, gametes produced from Ahmad carry allele IA and IO While from Fatimah carry allele IB and IO P4 : During fertilization, P5 : Genotypes produced in the offsprings are IAIB, IAIO, IBIO, IOIO P6 : Phenotypes produced by the offspring are blood group AB, A, B and O respectively. P7 : So Amirah with blood group O has the genotype of IOIO

1

1

1 1 1 1

4

1

1

Any 4 of P1  P6 : 4 marks P7 : 1 mark

(b)(i)

4551/2

Able to identify and explain the type of variation of blood group. Answer: Discontinuous variation

1

SULIT

SULIT

4551/2

36

4551/2 Reason 1 Blood group shows distinctive differences in the characteristic// does not show intermediate characteristics/ (ii) Qualitative characteristic. Able to differentiate the continuous variation and discontinuous variation. •

Continuous variation Has a normal distribution/ Bell shape graph//graph drawn Quantitative//has intermediate Characteristic/values Influenced by genetic and environmental factors Controlled by many genes/ polygenes No 9(c)

Discontinuous variation Has a discrete graph// graph drawn Qualitative// no intermediate Characteristic/values Influenced by genetic factor Controlled by A, AB, B,O single gene

Marking Criteria Able to explain Ahmad and Fatimah is not a compatible donour to Amirah. Sample answer: P1: ( Ahmad’s blood group is A), the erythrocyte has antigen A and the blood plasma has antibody B. P2: (Amirah’s blood group is O) erythrocyte has no antigen A or B but blood plasma has antibody A and antibody B. P3: Agglutination of Amirah’s blood occurs because P4: Antibody A acts on antigen A (in Ahmad’s blood)

(d)

1 1 1

Marks

1 1 1 1

4

1 1 1 1 1

5

Able to discuss the importance of the HIV test to ensure the virus is not transmitted to their children. P1: P2: P3: P4: P5:

4551/2

1

HIV test is a screen test done on the blood To detect the present of the virus(HIV) As a safety measure for couple to have children So that the virus is not transmitted// free from HIV Healthy future generation// any suitable explanation on healthy community Total

20

SULIT