Sd5

  • November 2019
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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫אﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮی ﻣﻘﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻢ אﷲ אﻟﺮّﺣﻤٰﻦ אﻟﺮّﺣﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫אﻫﺪאﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ؛‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ‪ ،‬ﮐﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﻭ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ؛‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﻭאژﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻭ אﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ אﯾﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ‪.‬‬

‫אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯿﺎﻥ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺭא ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻩאﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ אﺯ אﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﯽﭘﺮﺩאﺯﯾﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫אﻟﻒ( ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ‪ :‬אﮔﺮ ﯾﮏ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺭא ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﯾﮑﻰ אﺯ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎﻯ ﭘﻨﺞﮔﺎﻧﮥ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮک‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺠﻞ ﯾﺎ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺭא ﺧﻮאﻫﺪ ﺩאﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫אﯾﻦ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺭא ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺩאﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮאﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺩאﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ ﻭאﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺩאﺭאﻯ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩאﺭאﻯ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﻭאﺣﺪ אﺳﺖ )ﻣﺨﺘﺺ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻆ »אﷲ«‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭאﺿﻊ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ )ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻭ ﻡ ﺟﺎﺯ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﻔﻆ "ﻣﺎﻩ" )ﺑﺮאﻯ ﮐﺮۀ ﻗﻤﺮ ﻭ אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺵﺳﯿﻤﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭאﺿﻊ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﻣﺸﺘﺮک(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻆ "ﺷﯿﺮ" ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﺣﯿﻮאﻥ ﺩﺭﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﻧﻮﺷﯿﺪﻧﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﻻﺣﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﮥ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ אﺳﺖ )ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻆ "ﺻﻠﻮﺓ" ﮐﻪ אﺑﺘﺪא ﺑﺮאﻯ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎﯾﺶ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﻧﻤﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﯿﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﻻﺣﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﮥ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ אﺳﺖ )ﻣﺮﺗﺠﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫אﮐﺜﺮ אﺳﺎﻣﯽ אﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ אﻣﺎﮐﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ אﺯ ﺫﮐﺮ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﭘﻨﺞﮔﺎﻧﮥ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ אﯾﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻭ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ אﺯ ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮک ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺟﺰ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻗﺮﯾﻨﻪ אﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺠﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺎﺩאﻣﻰ ﮐﻪ אﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ אﻭﻟﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮאﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ אﺳﻠﻮﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻰ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ אﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﻮאﺭﻩ אﺯ אﻟﻔﺎﻇﻰ אﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﻭאﺣﺪﻯ ﺩאﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻭ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﮑﻰ אﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺭא ﺧﻮאﻫﻨﺪ ﺩאﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﺗﺮאﺩﻑ‪ :‬ﺗﺮאﺩﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﮥ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺩאﺭאﻯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﺗﺒﺎﯾﻦ‪ :‬ﺗﺒﺎﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﺩאﺭאﻯ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ ﺟﺪאﮔﺎﻧﻪאﻯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻨﮓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ אﺯ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ אﯾﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ אﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ אﺯ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﺘﺮאﺩﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻭ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﮐﺴﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﮕﻮﯾﺪ‪ :‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻯ אﻧﺴﺎﻥ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ אﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﺘﻔﮑﺮ אﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮאﯾﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻔﮑﺮ אﺳﺖ ﻭ ﯾﺎ אﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﮕﻮﯾﺪ‪ :‬אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﺮ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ( ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻟﻔﻆ ـ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻈﺮ אﺯ אﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻭאﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ـ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‪ :‬אﯾﻦ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﮥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﻯ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬אﻣﺎ אﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﯾﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬא ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺼﺪﯾﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮאﻫﯿﻢ ﭘﺮﺩאﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ אﺯ אﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﺮﺩﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮑﻰ אﺯ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯ ﺧﻄﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬אﺭאﺋﮥ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮאی ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ אﯾﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ אﺯ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻭ אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺬﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾﺮא ﺑﺮאﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ אﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺟﺴﺖ ﻭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻬﺮﻩאﻯ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ "ﻟﻔﻆ" אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺌﻮאﻝ אﯾﻦ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ אﮔﺮ ﻟﻔﻆْ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻰ ﺑﺮאﻯ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮאﻥ אﺯ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻔﻆ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﯽ ﺑﺮאﻯ אﺭאﺋﮥ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ אﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ אﯾﻦ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ אﺩﺑﻰ‪ ،‬אﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ אﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺮאﺩ אﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩאﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﯾﻨﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪۀ ﯾﮏ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻮאﻩ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ אﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻟﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪۀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﺷﻰﺀ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻰ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ אﺯ ﺷﮑﻮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭאﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ‪ ،...‬ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭאﺳﻄﮥ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪۀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻰﺑﻨﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻭאﻗﻊ‬ ‫אﺩﺭאﮐﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﻰﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ "ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ" ﻣﻰﮔﻮﯾﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺑﺮﺧﻰ אﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ ﺭא ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮥ ﻣِﺜﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺭא ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺗـﻀﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨـﺎﻗﺾ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﯾﻒ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻠﮑﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻩאﻧﺪ‪ .‬אﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ אﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﺎﺕ אﺯ ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭ ﺭﺳـﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﻄـﻖ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺻـﺤﯿﺢ ﺗﻔﮑـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬא אﺯ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺮﻫﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ אﯾﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﺧﻮאﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ אﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭼﯿﺰی אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻰﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕِ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ אﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻔﻆْ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﮐﻰ אﺯ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡْ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﮐﻰ אﺯ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩאﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻩ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺘﻰ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ אﺯ ﺫﻫﻦ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮאﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﯾﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫אﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺫﻫﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻖאﻧﺪ ﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﻫﻢ אﻓﺮאﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮐﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺪﯾﻖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺩאﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﯿﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﺪאﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺷﺮﯾﮏ אﻟﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻯ ﺟﯿﻮﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮐﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫אﻟﻒ( ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕْ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﺪﻕ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻗﺮﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﮐﻌﺒﻪ‪ ،‬אﯾﺮאﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮐﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮐﻠﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﯿﺶ אﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕْ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﺪﻕ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬אﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭאﺟﺐ אﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬אﻗﯿﺎﻧﻮﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺮﯾﮏ אﻟﺒﺎﺭﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ אﺳﺎﺱ אﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮאﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ אﻭﻻً ﻣﻼک ﮐﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺑﻮﺩﻥِ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ "ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺻﺪﻕ" ﻭ‬ ‫"ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺻﺪﻕ" ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﯾﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ אﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﯾﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻰﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥِ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺧﻠﻰ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻠﯿﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻧﺪאﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻰﺗﻮאﻥ ﻟﻔﻈﻰ ﺭא ﮐﻪ ﺩאﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ אﺳﺖ "ﻟﻔﻆ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ" ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻰ ﺭא ﮐﻪ ﺩאﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﮐﻠﻰ אﺳﺖ‪" ،‬ﻟﻔﻆ ﮐﻠﻰ" ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ אﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻰ אﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡﮔﺬאﺭﻯ ﺩאﻝّ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﺧﻮאﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩאﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ אﻓﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪" :‬ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻣﻰﮐﻨﺪ" ﻭ "אﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺧﻮאﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ"‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺰ אﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻠﻰ‬ ‫אﺳﺖ؛ ﺯﯾﺮא אﯾﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﺪﻕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﯾﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﻰ "ﮐﻠﻰ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ" ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ אﺯ‬ ‫אﺳﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ אﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ אﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻠﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﭼﺮא ﮐﻪ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻯ ﻓﮑﺮﻯ ﺩאﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪאﻥِ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﮕﻰ ﺑﺮאﻯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮאﻧﯿﻦ ﮐﻠﻰ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺷﯿﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ אﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻯ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩאﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮאﺹ ﮐﻠﯽ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮאﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮאﻥ "ﺭﻭﺷﻰ" ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺭא אﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﻰﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻠﻰ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ אﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ אﺯ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﮐﺸﻒ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﻗﻮאﻧﯿﻦ ﮐﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﭙﺮﺩאﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻰ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ אﺿﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫אﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﻧﺰﺩ אﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﺭﻭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫אﻟﻒ( ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻰ‬

‫ﺟﺰﺋﯽ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﯿﺶ אﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ אﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻣﮑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺟﺰﺋﻰ אﺿﺎﻓﻰ‬

‫ﺟﺰﺋﯽ אﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺗﻌﺪאﺩ אﻓﺮאﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﺪﻕ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ אﯾﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ אﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﯿﺶ אﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼً אﮔﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮐﻠﻰ‬ ‫אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﯿﻮאﻥ ﺭא ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻰﺑﯿﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﯿﻮאﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ אﻓﺮאﺩﻯ ﺑﯿﺶ אﺯ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﯾﻖ אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﯿﻮאﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺋﻰ אﺿﺎﻓﻰ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮک‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺠﻞ ﻭ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﻪ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺮאﺩﻑ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ ﻭ ﺑﻪ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﺑﺮאﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ אﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺟﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬ـ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ‪» ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ« ﻣﻰﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٤‬ـ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ אﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭼﯿﺰی אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻰﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٥‬ـ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٦‬ـ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ אﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻢ אﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫אﻟﻒ( ﺟﺰﺋﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ אﺳﺖ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﺪﻕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﯾﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﮐﻠﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ אﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﺪﻕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﯾﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٧‬ـ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡِ ﮐﻠﻰ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٨‬ـ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺩﺭ אﺻﻄﻼﺡ אﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﺭﻭﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫אﻟﻒ( ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ אﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺮ אﻓﺮאﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺟﺰﺋﻰ אﺿﺎﻓﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺗﻌﺪאﺩ אﻓﺮאﺩِ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﺪﻕ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻬﺎی ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ؟ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﮥ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ אﯾﻦ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ؟ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﮥ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ אﯾﻦ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫‪٣‬ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺪאﻕ ﺭא ﺑﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٤‬ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺮﺋﻰ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻰ ﺭא ﺑﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٥‬ـ ﭼﺮא ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ אﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻠﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻰﮐﻨﺪ؟‬

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