Sd4

  • November 2019
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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫אﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮی ﻣﻘﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻢ אﷲ אﻟﺮّﺣﻤٰﻦ אﻟﺮّﺣﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺚ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮّﺭאﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺚ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ؛ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎﻯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ؛ ﻛﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﻭ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ؛ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﮥ ﺗﺮﺗّﺐ ﻛﻠّﯿﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ؛ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ؛ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻗﻮאﻋﺪ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬

‫אﻫﺪאﻑ ﻛﻠّﻰ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺮאﮔﯿﺮﻯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ אﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻰ אﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‪ :‬אﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻭ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺧﻤﺴﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺮאﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ؛‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‪ ،‬אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺷﺮאﯾﻂ ﺁﻥ؛‬ ‫‪٣‬ـ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﯾﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻗﻮאﻋﺪ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬

‫אﻫﺪאﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺩﺭ ﺩאﻧﺶ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ؛‬ ‫‪ 9‬אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ؛‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻭ אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﮐﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩאﻧﺶ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ "ﺭﻭﺵ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ אﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ" ﺭא ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺁﻣﻮﺯﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺫﻫﻨﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭא ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﯽ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﯾﺎ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﯽ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬אﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺫﻫﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭאﺳﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ אﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮאﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﯽ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ אﺳﺎﺳ ًﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺗﻼﺵ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺑﺮאی ﻋﺒﻮﺭ אﺯ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮی ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ‪،‬‬

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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮאی ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﯽ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ אﻣﮑﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺭא ﺑﺮאی אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺮאﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦِ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﺣﯿﺎﺕِ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭאﺳﺘﺎی ﺭﻓﻊ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺎﺯی‪ ،‬ﻟﻔﻆ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺭא אﺧﺘﺮאﻉ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻤﯽ אﺯ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪۀ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺫﻫﻨﯽ‬ ‫אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﯿﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ אﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪی ﻋﻤﯿﻖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩאﺭﺩ‪ ،‬אﻣﺎ ﮔﺎﻫﯽ אﺑﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎی ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﻭ ﮐﮋﺗﺎﺑﯿﻬﺎی ﺯﺑﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫אﻧﺤﺮאﻑ ﻓﮑﺮی ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮאی ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎی ﺯﯾﺮ ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ـ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﭘﺮﻭאﺯ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮאﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭאﺯ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ـ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺣﯿﻮאﻥ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﯿﻮאﻥ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺣﺮﻑ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮאﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩאﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ـ אﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭی אﺭאﺩﻩ ﺩאﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮאﯾﻦ אﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ אﺭאﺩﻩ ﺩאﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ـ ﻣﺮگ ﻏﺎﯾﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﯾﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺕ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮאﯾﻦ ﻣﺮگ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺕ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﯾﺪ ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ ﺭא ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮאﺭ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ אﻧﺤﺮאﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﮑﺮی ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬אﺯ אﯾﻦ ﺭﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮאﻥ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ אﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﺩאﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺟﻠﻮی אﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﺭא ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﺪّ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ "אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ"‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻗﺮאﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ אﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬ـ אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻟﻐﻮی‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﻓﯽ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮی אﻟﻔﺎﻅ؛‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎی ﺩﻧﯿﺎ ﺟﺎﺭی אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬אﺯ אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫אﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪאی ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺘﮕﺮی ﻭ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ אﺳﺖ‬ ‫אﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺷﯽﺀ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪאی ﮐﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﭘﯿﺪא ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ אﻣﺮ ﺩﯾﮕﺮی ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﯽﺀ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ "ﺩאﻝّ" )ﺭאﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ( ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﯽﺀ ﺩﻭﻡ "ﻣَﺪﻟﻮﻝ" )ﺭאﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ( ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﺿﻌﯽ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ אﺯ ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺘﮕﺮی אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻭאﻗﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩאﺭﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫אﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮאﺭﺩאﺩ ﺑﺸﺮی ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﺗﺶ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻋﻘﻠﯽ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﻋﻘﻞ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻃﺒﻌﯽ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻭ ﺭﻭאﻧﯽ אﻧﺴﺎﻥ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺗﺐ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭﺿﻌﯽ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﯽ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭאﺑﻄﮥ ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺘﮕﺮی ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺮאﺭﺩאﺩ ﻭ אﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺸﺮی אﺳﺖ‪ .‬אﯾﻦ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﯽ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮאﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭﺿﻌﯽ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ אﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ אﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬אﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻧﺰﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﮐﺎﻭﺷﻬﺎﻯ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰ )ﺯﺑـﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﻭ ‪ (...‬אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬אﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﺤﺾ‪ ،‬אﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ ﮐﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﻰ ﺟﺎﻯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭא ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﺩאﺩﻩ אﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿـﺎﺯﻯ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫אﻟﻒ( ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﯽ )ﻗﺼﺪ(‬

‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺧﻮﺩ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ "ﺧﺎﻧﻪ" ﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‪ ،‬אﺗﺎﻕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺗﻀﻤّﻨﯽ )ﺣﯿﻄﻪ(‬

‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺗﺼﻤّﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫"ﮐﺘﺎﺏ" ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﺩﻻﻟﺖ אﻟﺘﺰאﻣﯽ )ﺗﻄﻔّﻞ(‬

‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ אﻟﺘﺰאﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﻣﻠﺰﻭﻡ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻆ "ﺑﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ" ﺑﺮ "ﻓﺮאﻭאﻧﯽ ﻧﻌﻤﺖ"‪ .‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩאﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻘﻼً ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻭ ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭ ﻻﺯﻣﮥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی אﺻﻠﯽ ﻭ ﻟﻐﻮی ﺁﻥ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮی ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﻮאﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺭא אﺯ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪא ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺭא ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩאﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﺗﻮאﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩאﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﻻﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﯽ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﯽ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻌﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤّﻨﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﯽ‬

‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ‬

‫אﻟﺘﺰאﻣﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ אﺯ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﮥ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ )ﻋﻘﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌﯽ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﯽ( ﻋﻘﻞ ﻣﺪﺧﻠﯿﺖ ﺩאﺭﺩ؛ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ אﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻞ אﺯ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺩאﻟّﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻟﺶ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬אﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭﺿﻌﯽ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻌﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮی ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﯾﺎ ﻃﺒﻊ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩאﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻋﻘﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ אﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺫﻫﻨﯽ‬ ‫אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﮥ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯ ﺗﻀﻤّﻨﻰ ﻭ אﻟﺘﺰאﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ אﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻋﻘﻠـﻰ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭ ﺁﯾﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ אﯾﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺭא אﺯ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭﺿﻌﻰ ﺩאﻧﺴﺘﻪאﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮאﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ אﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﻰ ﻭ אﻟﺘﺰאﻣﻰ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺟﻠﺴﮥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ אﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی אﺯ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﯾﯽ אﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺎﻩ אﺯ אﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ אﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﺭאﻩ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮאﯾﻦ אﺯ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭﺿﻌﯽ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ אﻭ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻥ ﭘﺲ אﺯ ﻃﺮﺡ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﮥ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ אﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ אﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﮥ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫אﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﯿﺮی ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻀﻤّﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎی ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ אﺭאﺋﮥ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﯾﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً‪ :‬אﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ אﺯ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ אﻟﺘﺰאﻣﯽ אﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭאﺕ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎی אﺩﺑﯽ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ אﺳﺖ‪ ،‬אﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﯿﺮی ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺩאﻧﺸﻬﺎ ﺑﺮאی ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﯾﺎ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺩﯾﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﻟﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻰ ﺑﺮאﻯ אﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻭ אﺑﺰאﺭﻯ ﺑﺮאﻯ אﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ ﺫﻫﻨﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮאﻥ אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﻤﯿﻘﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩאﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺧﻄﺎی ﺩﺭ ﻓﮑﺮ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬ـ אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻢ אﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫אﻟﻒ( אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺏ( אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ )ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ אﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ(‬ ‫‪٤‬ـ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ אﺳﺖ אﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺷﻰﺀ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪאﻯ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﭘﯿﺪא ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ אﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮﻯ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻰﺀ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ "ﺩאﻝّ" ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻰﺀ ﺩﻭﻡ "ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ" ﻣﻰﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٥‬ـ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻰ אﺳﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﻰ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻘﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻌﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ אﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﯽ אﺳﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻀﻤّﻨﯽ ﻭ ﯾﺎ אﻟﺘﺰאﻣﯽ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٦‬ـ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ אﺯ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭ ﻟﻔﻆ‪ ،‬אﺭאﺋﮥ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪﻫﺎﯾﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭۀ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻭ אﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬ ‫אﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻬﺎی ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫‪١‬ـ ﭼﺮא ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺤﺚ אﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺭא ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ؟‬ ‫‪٢‬ـ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻥ ﻭ אﺩﯾﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺤﻮۀ ﺑﺤﺚ אﺯ אﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺩאﺭﻧﺪ؟‬ ‫‪٣‬ـ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺭא ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻭ אﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺭא ﺑﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٤‬ـ ﮐﺪאﻡ ﻗﺴﻢ אﺯ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻖﺩאﻥ אﺳﺖ؟ ﭼﺮא؟‬ ‫‪٥‬ـ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﮥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭۀ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻭﺿﻌﯽ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟‬

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