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Scripts
/)
Cyril Huang [email protected]
uÌã
June 14, 2002
Contents 1 2
G $Bourne shell 2.1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 shellÎ# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Æshell scriptsubshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 óÐóÿà;¶® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 ó¸à . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Srquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 ÀrÝóã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 (ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 ×°/ ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Ðó9jÿà; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 ÿà;P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 ¥²I/ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 /ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 ²Iú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 ó. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 File descriptorI/O0' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 ø ×?f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 ?f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 if f¾\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.8
2.6.3 for loop . . . . . . . 2.6.4 while loop . . . . . . 2.6.5 case switch . . . . . Portable Shell remote shell . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+
. . . . .
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3 Regular Express 3.1 -RE glob . . . . . . . . . 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 . . . . . . 3.2.2 3.3 . . .
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+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C- § . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ÃÍC-î . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C- § ÀrPî . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C § !Àrî . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5 7 7 7 9 11 11 11 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 18 20 22 24 24 25 27 28 28 28 29 31 31 32 32 33 33
CONTENTS 3.4 3.5
CONTENTS
P ë(address) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . greedyÝregular express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 sed 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 addressing . . . 4.3 pattern/hold space, regex 4.4 sed command . . . . . 4.4.1 . . . . . . 4.4.2 pattern/hold space 4.4.3 . . . . . .
+ Ð)fÝ
ú Ãͼ ×M
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f
5 awk 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 script . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 . . . . . . . 5.3.2 awk shell . 5.3.3 Array split 5.4 . . . . . . . . . 5.4.1 . . . 5.4.2 if . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3 for loop . . . . . . . . 5.4.4 while . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 function . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1 -match 5.6.2 print(f) . 5.6.3 rand() . . . . . . 5.6.4 system() . . . . .
+ Ã óû § / ó ó ó p Ðó ÃÍ ×+° ó.ìÕÐ
ÍÐó C § ð íáí § Bó Ù
6 perl 6.1
6.2 6.3 6.4
6.5
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35 35 36 36 37 37 39 41
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45 45 45 46 48 49 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 56 56
j
Ý §
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ÃÍ+°£]lV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.1 ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2 f × . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?powerÝregular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ðàÐó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ù § . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.1 process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.2 jn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3 system call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u`Äò·®
34 34
57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58
CONTENTS
CONTENTS 5
C+°f´ ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ff´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]º × . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Û . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Bourne shell, perl 7.1 . . . . . . 7.2 Hash . . 7.3 . . . 7.3.1 7.4 . . . 7.4.1 while 7.4.2 for loop 7.5 . . . . . 7.6 . . . . . .
u`Äò·®
59 59 60 61 61 62 62 62 63 64
CONTENTS
u`Äò·®
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
G
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11
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2.4.
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19
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RÕØÍsignal`shellÝET ;P $ trap "command" signo ÍsignoÎ 1) 5) 9) 13) 18) 22) 26) 30)
cyril@grill:~$ kill -l SIGHUP 2) SIGINT SIGTRAP 6) SIGABRT SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1 SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF SIGPWR 31) SIGSYS
3) 7) 11) 15) 20) 24) 28)
SIGQUIT SIGBUS SIGSEGV SIGTERM SIGTSTP SIGXCPU SIGWINCH
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$ trap "" 2 $ trap "rm $TMPFILE" EXIT 1 2 15
A””ÝcommandJîshell §9Ísignal 2rµÎINT;ðµÎ¶ÝCtrlCÆ\shell scriptÝÆ15µÎ TERM(processkillÝ):p×FÝ» trap_init() { trap ’
scriptcleanup [ "$SCRIPT_DISP" = ABORT ] && exit 100 [ "$SCRIPT_DISP" = PASSED ]; exit $?’ EXIT if [ -z "$__TC_INTERACTIVE" ] then for sig in HUP INT TERM; do trap " trap - HUP INT TERM; echo ’Signaled - cleanup after script ...’ >&2; scriptcleanup $sig; kill -$sig $$; exit 101" $sig done fi trap : PIPE
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2.4.
CHAPTER 2.
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}
9Í»ÝG«A8ÕEXIT9ÍsignalµÆscriptcleanÕexit $?Ýcode µÎquote/Ý A$ TC INTERACTIVEÎèCµÆì« Ýsignal § t¡AÎSIGPIPE(13r)µ¢¯(Ar:) shift
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# list_append list_name item ... - append items to a list list_append() { _list_a_name=$1; shift eval "set -- \${$_list_a_name} \$*" eval "$_list_a_name=\$*" }
2.4.2
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b°²IúðàÕ • basename J*j(Ý § • echo messageÝ]° • find 0jn • getopts §F ¼Ýarguments«CÐP0Ýgetopt() • xargs pipe`ÝúÆ¢óargumentsÝ § ¨²sed awkºbÝ +Û basename
Rj(j( Ì $ basename foo.c .c
Jj( .c º* u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 2.
$BOURNE SHELL
2.4.
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21
echo
Î ÕÇKÝWð(ôbprint, printf|à) 9\ýÝÎsh, /ÝechobashÝ×øX|' b°×ø echo -n "messages" ð(newline) echo -e "messages\c" ÕescapeC-\cy-nà° echo -e "\t messages" tab3messagesG
echo ksh
FÙsh, kshÎ^b-n -eó4Ýà#àechoµ? echo "messages" ð(newline) echo "messages\c" ÕescapeC-\c ð(newline) echo "\t messages" tab3messagesG getopt
getoptsÍ@Îksh, bashÝ/IúgetoptÎËݲIú 9 C Ýgetopt():Í» while getopts :dvt:n: c do case $c in d) DEBUG=yes ;; t) TYPE=$OPTARG ;; n) NUMBER=$OPTARG ;; v) VERBOSE=’yes’ ;; esac done
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$OPTARG¼ôb$OPTIND«C libraryÝà° find
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2.4.
CHAPTER 2.
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0 0 0 0 0 0
find . -name "regex" find / -type d directory f plain file l symbolic link p named pipe file b block device c char device find . -perm 755 find / -user cyril gzip ‘find . \! -name ’*.gz’ -print‘
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# find /usr/include/ -name "*.h" | xargs -n 2 diff
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# find /usr/include/ -name "*.h" | xargs grep ’#ifdef’
Ñð/ ÎíÝ×rZ8Ýbàxargs`Î×Í×Í;¡«Ýú # find /usr/include/ -name "*.h" | xargs -i cp {} ~/include/ -i { }|.findÝíÝN×Í WcpÝÏ×Íargument /.µ| WÏ ÞÍargument Í@find «b-exec9Íó4¡«ô|à{ }î×Í×Í ;¡«PÎ ×rZ0Ý;¡«P # find /usr/include/ -name "*.h" -exec cp {} ~/include/
2.4.3
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CHAPTER 2.
$BOURNE SHELL
2.4.
¥ ² I / ú
23
let ’x = x + 1’ let ’x = x * 1’
¥!!9\r\ÝxãÂ`àþÐrv3quote/ô|bè } kshôb/ÝÄ9ÎNËshellKbÝ f´1 Ýportable®° Îàexpr9ͲIú :» if [ "$KSH" ] then eval ’ add() { result=$((${1} + ${2})) } sub() { result=$(($1 - $2)) } mul() { result=$(($1 * $2)) } div() { result=$(($1 / $2)) } inc() { eval "$1=\$((\${$1} + ${2:-1}))" } dec() { eval "$1=\$((\${$1} - ${2:-1}))" } ’ else add() { result=‘expr $1 + $2‘ } mul() { result=‘expr $1 * $2‘ } div() {
u`Äò·®
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2.5. FILE DESCRIPTOR I/O
CHAPTER 2.
$BOURNE SHELL
result=‘expr $1 / $2‘ } sub() { result=‘expr $1 - $2‘ } inc() { eval "$1=\‘expr \${$1} + ${2:-1}\‘" } dec() { eval "$1=\‘expr \${$1} - ${2:-1}\‘" }
9î« LÝ×°P|3script «×ø ñ§× úñ§ Î×ÍsubshellÆ1+1¬vF/ì«»¯&R&Ýbasic P $((1+1))
i=0 while [ $((i=$i+1)) -lt 10 ]; do echo $i; done
Ä$(( ))9«${VAR%value}×ø©bksh bashbt?à3m portable ÝshellPî PÝposition parameters $1, $2 ....«¿ðscriptPæJ ×ø A?9Ýó.»AóFݺÕTïsin logÐó¸à µàbcõawkÏ kshbashKYîtypesetÄFÙÝsh¬Yîbashbdeclare9Í/I ú 9ËÍKÎJ¼ L9ÍóÎ#P²Ý CÝ ×Ä Ýportableà µàÎàtÃÍÝshµ?AËݶÿÓ µàperlÏA&ðÝ ¯µàCC $ typeset -i int_var $ declare -r constant
'WJóACJint varݺÎ0Aà-r JconstantÝ ¨3R;Ý
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2.5
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I/O0'
×ÍPtÃÍݺ @ëÍjE®`8ETÝrµÎfile descriptor Í@ôµÎ®¼ÙNgÕÝfile descriptorÎper processÝ • 0 standard input ;ðµÎ"8 u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 2.
$BOURNE SHELL 2.5.
I/O0'
FILE DESCRIPTOR
25
;ðµÎÇK buffer I/O • 2 standard error ;ðµÎÇK &Æ|àI/O0' • 1 standard output
$ cat file1 > file2 $ dirs 2>&1 > /dev/null
Ædirs`X®ßÝstandard erroróÕstandard outÕAü/dev/null µ Î#ô:Õ exec tðà3file descriptorÝnÐ9 $ $ $ $
exec exec exec exec
3> $LOGFILE 3>> $LOGFILE 2>&< infile
Í&L5½ ×Í3rfile descriptor8Ey$LOGFILE.standard errn* .êGshellÝstandard inputWinfile $ cat something >&3 $ read <3
¨3 9Í µ8Ey ÝX|cat somethingÝ/ ºÕ ¥ 0'ÐrÝè} ×°¥ÝI/O0': > ¥±0'¬v.jnéè(&ËÎ?:-)) >> .0'¬vappendÕjn¡ < ¥±0'standard input >&n .standard outófile descriptor n <&n file descriptor nJstandard in >&close standard out <
¥ÝÎb°¡«©#jnbÝ#file descriptorb #file descriptor`bè} ftpÝscripts3\\|G .ÝftpìÎ b(ÝXçì Ä©º3 wêÝDãX|&Ƶ§é\3 `cron jobQ&Æftpbb #!/bin/ksh # A script to automate FTP transfer HOST=ftp USER=user
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CHAPTER 2.
$BOURNE SHELL
PASSWORD=password FILENAME_PATTERN=remote_files REMOTE_DIR=/usr/doc LOCAL_DIR=/usr/local # -i = non-interactive, -n = disable auto-login ftp -i -n <
¥<<Ýà°ftpÝinputº×à\ÕHERE copen, user, cd, mget K ÎftpÝúÄô|. 9°ftpú¶W×ÍjnQ¡ftp < jnô
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?f
3Bourne shellÝ/Iú «b?fÝ+°testif whileà Tï
test condition [ condition ]
Ýautoconfprogrammerf´Kàtest àÀrconditionÝ ]°ÀrÝà°¥è} »A jn?f test -f /etc/file jnÎÍ× jnÎÍ©jn[ [ -e file ] jnD3[ [ -d /etc/ ] êD3[ [ -s file ] jny0[ [ -r file ] jn\[ C?f [ "$string" ] stringbµ/true [ -n "$string" ] stringb(non-zero)/true [ -z "$string" ] string^(zero)/true [ "$s1" = "$s2" ] s1 y s2`/true u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 2.
$BOURNE SHELL
[ "$s1" != "$s2" ]
óÂf Tb9Í-
[ [ [ [
$num1 $num1 $num1 $num1
-eq -ne -lt -ge
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] ] ] ]
s1
2.6.
ø ×?f
27
y s2`/true
num1
8 num2 true num2 true y num2 true yynum2 true
9¥f
[ ! -f "testfile" -o ! -r "testfile" ] [ test condition -o test condition ] ! not -a and -o or
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¼®$VARÎÍÎèÝ?LͯA?ÎÍ èC ?Î£Í Â%9øµº®Ëg?¼à9ø®f´Bz ¨²9«perlCóÂ? |«perlâ?8Dvperl^b9perl+° if ($str1 eq $str2) if ($num1 == $num2)
t¡bÍf´º×Rshell perl cÝ-²¼(ßÝB&Î9ø B |perl ÃãeqÎCX|G¡Îstring==ÎÐrX|G¡Înumber bourne shellÎMhâ?xÅeqÍ-Ðr==K×Í=) C+° if (!strcmp(string1, string2)) if (num1 == num2)
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f ¾ \
if test;then cmd1; elif test; cmd2; else cmd3 fi
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CHAPTER 2.
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if test then cmd1 ... elif test cmd2 ... else cmd3 ... fi
!ø¥¶W×`Ý5rHLÍ3¶Makefile`ºàÕ ¨²Ýelse ifÎelif «CÝelse if×ø ¨²bËÝifà° [ "$VERBOSE" ] && echo ’everything’ && îF/true`Æ&&¡ «® [ "$VERBOSE" ] || echo ’nothing’ || îF/false`Æ||¡ «® 9\bF¥ AÎèCF/false 9Í@ [ "$var" ]
[ -n "$var" ]
;ðÀr «Î9°¾\Ý]P¬Í@NgA:ÕbúðÝP ºÆ×gú ¬ÎBÎC|3if while «ÆP (expression)/return X/¼ÝÎúÝstandard outX| |½!`Æú Q¡¾\ÆWͼX ì×M§® ÄbÝúWݺ3standard out ×ÀC&Æ|¿à9øÝ
¼ ®¾\»A [ "$(find . -name gyoza.txt)" ] && echo "I Find It !!!"
à$(cmd) yà‘cmd‘A0Õݺ 9Íjn¼X|ÔSr «” ”b  Àr µ/trueCA^bÔSr A©b×ÍCJº WCÕG true X| u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 2. $ $ 0 $ $ 0
$BOURNE SHELL
2.6.
ø ×?f
29
[ 1 ] echo $? [ 0 ] echo $?
AbËÍ|îJshell.findó¼ÝCê WúƵs ß ý0Ý 2.6.3
for loop
for var in $list; do cmd1; cmd2; done for var in $somelist do cmd1 cmd2 done
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µÎ×Ílist(bashÝman pageàlistî×Àcommnands .wordî9 Ý bÝhTïksh, shÝman pageê×ø X|&K L9° (Þb`ÎÊ¡9°^bL RÕkey pointf´¥)for B|×g.× Í-ô;G«Ývar ME list
for ELEMENT in $ME do echo $ELEMENT done
µº¨ I am a gyoza
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2.7. PORTABLE SHELL REMOTE SHELL CHAPTER 2.
2.6.4
$BOURNE SHELL
while loop
while test ; do cmd1; cmd2; done while test do cmd1 cmd2 done
!ø¥¶W×`Ý5rHLÍ3¶Makefile`ºàÕ 2.6.5
case switch
case $var in *)cmd1; cmd2 ;; xx?)cmd3; cmd4 ;; esac case $string in *) cmd1; cmd2 ;; xx?) cmd3 cmd4 ;; esac case $answer in [Yy]) echo ’yes’ ;; [Nn]) echo ’no’ ;; esac
Ýà° CÝÎJóÝcase switchÎ|bCÝ Í Ð)ÝCfàglobbingÝ]PôµÎwildcard *, ?, [ ] bÝhî ¶regular expressÎý0Ý¥à׶Ý]° case switch
2.7
Portable Shell
remote shell
remote shellÆÎËÝ.GÐÝstandard out =Õ Ýstandard out X| × telnetP Í@A ®(@ ©3bashî£ôàÊ×°¬¿¬Ý Ä A®development`ÊÕportableݶ®TàtæÝshµ? u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 2.
2.8
+
$BOURNE SHELL
2.8.
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31
× ýãàshellÎBourne Shell¡¼;¨Korn Shell9×ÄÝ / f´Kàkorn shell¶scripts¨²bBSDÝC shell c shellôCW×ô± LÍ39system admin¡¼tcsh 9ýÝ©F Bourne Again Shell.bÝ^Ý©FZZÚÚw3×R´GNU/Linux ± OD×Ý /9KbashÄ¥portableÝshell scripts¶® sh, ksh bashÎ !×HÝ9¿Í+°f´# tcsh cshΨ×H -9× 1¼sys adminKàc shellFÙÝprogrammeràshÝ´9
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Chapter 3
Regular Express 3.1
+-REglob
regular expressÎ×Ëî]°à×°©ÝC-¼î×°é\ Ý© L¬v ´0Ý×ËøPfE (pattern match) 3MS dos/windows ôb8 ÝC-»A * XbCX|¯àdel *.* µ|B *Xbjn* µ§wildcardC-Ä93shellÝ §©Î§globbing ¬Îregular expressÍ@9 QÎUnix.ÝUNIXîÝregular express?ú vÊày9Unix 8 « grep, sed, awk, vi, emacs perl... |1regular expressµÎ¸àUNIXÝ·~ ļ.unix.DOS£ general Ý CP « §regular expressAÎPOSIXÝÙJà regcomp() regexec() System VÝbregcmp(), regex()BSDÙbre_comp(), re_exec() 3shellÝpattern match§globbingshellÎ-ÿregular expressÝ ;ðà y5(Ý ? * [] ÝfEETàfnmatch()¼ § Ä9ÎÝ¥ F©Î|¡ $àC¶P`|Õà#function call ;ð9¸àregular expressÝ`¡ºà×E//ô /reg express/
¼î0Õ){reg expressfÝCperl «1Í@Î m// s///
îmatchsÎsubstitudeÄm|6¯¶µW//Ý ;ðà° Îm//ú s///úúð:ÕÝb • p -> print ;ðôචm
33
3.2.
C- §
CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS
9;ðΫ3mú¡ Ð)ݵB* • c -> confirm ;ðà3sú ®ÎÎËã • g -> global ;;ð . matchÕ`/ ©bÏ×ÍÐ)Ýb[ • i -> ignore Ѷ Äô× grepúµ^bàÔSrµ|Ý anyway,©Î9K Î9øî • d -> delete
3.2 3.2.1
C- §
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C-µÎ××ÍzZCÒÝ §¼ÍÃÍÝC• . ”×Í”C-tÝðnewlineC-Äawk|matchðB • ? ”G«”C-¨0gT1g • + ”G«”C-¨1g|î 1 2 3 4 ... ¨return false • * ”G«”C-¨0g|î 0 1 2 3 ... 9\.ïf´ðÙÝý0Î3shellìÝwildcard * ÝêY| ©Í* µXbC-Í@Î ? + * KG«¤g . ¼¸àC• ^ ´ • $ • \ ñ^C-(escape)ã© C-ÝLàÝ 9\f´¥ÝÎC3´R Ý^ Ý$3Ýcase5ò! Ýregular expressTbÝPº.9ëË W!Ýregular express 9º ×øÄbݺ • /^#/ b#3×ÝÏ×C-` µ/TRUE • /^bag/ bag3´Ý • /bag$/ bag Ý • /bag/ bag3 Ý ÄbÝP §^b9} sed • /b.g/ îbag beg bugK • /b\.g/ îb.g • /^..g/ î´bag beg bug xxgKÐ) ¬× ëÍCÒ • /^.*g/ î´b¢C-ÝQ¡bÍgÝK|/true u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS
3.3.
C § - ! À r î
35
• /beg*/ be, beg, begg, beggg, ....... • /beg+/ beg, begg, beggg, begggg, ...... • / */
3.2.2
èçC-ô
C- § - ÀrPî
/Ý×”×C-”Ð)µ/TRUE • [^ ] []ÝD[ â[]/Ý××C- /true X|9\^3[]/ b!ÝL • [1-10] -r3[]/|î×ðPàÆÕWTi X|A î-rÄ6w3Ï×Tt¡C• w{n,m} =C-¨î° fà /.../?à «L T XÝtableÝà° îb”=”Ð) wC¨”=” ngÕmgE Kº/TRUE • 0{3,} 0K¨3g -> /xxxx000xxxxxx/ 3Cì{} ()ÎîËÝ9°C-Ý [ ]ºregular express W×Ë ºÕX| Ýàñ^C- W\{ \} \( \) • [ ] []
A
3.3
C § - ! À r î
×°CÝ §î
• ( ) Group operator
Tï Tï Î Ý ©b×°8AegrepbYîX |3à8Ý `Ä6á¼ §Ý æ • & î0ÕÝC • \1 \2 \3 ... s///G«àÀr\(\)ÀR¼ÝC 9;ðôÎ0 ÕÝCÄ&©b×Í à \1 \2 \3 |b9Í \1 Ï×ÍÀr/C \2 ÏÞÍÀr/C ;ð\1 \2 \3Îà¼EmatchÕÝC §`àÝ /[Yy]es/ Yes õ yes /80[23]?86/ 8086 80286 Tï80386 /[A-Za-z0-9]/ C-|b9øÝ=î° /compan(y|ies)/ company companies /0\{3,\}/ î0¨ëg|î u`Äò·® • (str1|str2|str3) str1 str2 str3 () | extend regular expression regex regex
3.4.
P ë(ADDRESS)
CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS
ÞæÍÝîÀr .ËÍCE ¥\1 \2Ýà° Í 9°ðà3ð(substitue) ¥Àr3G«b!LX|Ä6à\¼escape
s/.*/(&)/ ( ) s/\(str1\) \(str2\)/\2 \1/ & \1 \2 \3 ...
3.4
P ë(address)
3sed, vieditor &Æ|¼ §ÝP 9˼ §Ýf TØðrangeô§address( ë) LÍÎðúðà range(addressing)s///
sed $ sed ’1,3d’ file
3Ï×ÕÏë *J
vi :%s/xx/yy/g
.JSZaÝxxðWyy
ðàÝPÐr • , ó§× 1,5 îÏ×ÕÏ" • 0 tî× • . êG • $ t¡× 5,$ îÏ"Õt¡× .,$êGÕt¡× • % JSZaôy1,$ • x-n x?îón .,.+10 îêGÕêGè • x+n x?ìón 3.5
greedy
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XÛgreedyÎ1A× «Ð)regular expressionݵb9ôµÎ ! `b9patternKÐ)`;ðº1TÝÐ)tÝ£ÍpatternÄ ¬ Î&ÆÝLÍ3HTMLÝtag §î»Aà/t.*t/0 this is a tag3 !× bôbgreedyÝ §©bperlbf´Ý] °9Þ3perl
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sed 4.1
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Î×ËStream EDitorôµÎ;¸×£]ø«úW_ìÝ® 9Ê);Ýscripts®¼ sed
file -> stream -> sed -> stream -> file
ãy¸Ä6bÍin §¡bÍoutX|!`;Íjn Ä6 § jn¡XW±j(.jl*.±j;(Wj ê. / í Îstandard outX|ð:ÕÝ]°Î $ sed ’sed_syntax’ old_file > new_file $ mv new_file old_file
Äsed;ðÎà¼ECÝ §îÎ × editor¼modifyjnÝ vBÎ×× §ÝX|èç, tab, ð9°C-¥ sedÝ× PÎ sed [address],[address][!]command[args] file
Íaddress,commandàSr’xxx ’ addressµÎî«regular expressÝ ðàÝúbd(delete), s///(ð) ×°» $ sed ’s/yes/no/g’ file .jnyesðWno $ sed ’/save/!d’ file .^bsaveC¿Ý* $ sed -e ’s/\(.*\)\(#.*\)/\1/’ xxx.sh .#¡«ÝÛ* Í-eÎðàÝ×Íoption;ðÎà3ËÍ|îÝó4` Íãy( )b ©½LX|mDEaescape×ì 37
4.2.
4.2
Ð)fÝADDRESSING
CHAPTER 4. SED
Ð)fÝaddressing
addressÎsed Ý©à+à¼' Ð)fÝ|-E¸Æ_ìú Ð)fÝf¼ ]°b1. range(P) 2.regular express sedÝaddresstÝ Gregular expression+ÛÝ 1,3 . $ %9Ëî°² |à#à /regex/0ÕÝ $ sed ’2d’ file 0ÕÏÞ* $ sed ’/delete/d’ file 0Õdelete9ÍC*J $ sed ’/RE/,$d’ file bREC¿ÝÕjn ;;* $ sed ’/^$/d’ file *èç $ sed ’/START/,/END/!s/xx/yy/g’ file > file1 .xxðWyy
4.3
pattern/hold space,
AbËÍf|î£|-e
9regexfscriptj
$ sed -e xxxx -e xxxx file
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[address],[address]{command[args];command[args];...;command[args];}
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TïNÍcommandÝt¡«wÍ5r; ¨²sedbÍhold spaceÎÍõD Ýbuffersedb°ú|¿à hold spacepattern space vi « Ýyy dd wÕ×Í:Ý bufferàpú.¸§¼ u`Äò·®
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CHAPTER 4. SED
4.4
sed command
command
4.4.1
b25Íf´ðàÝ
4.4. SED COMMAND
39
ú
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µÎ.9¿Í_ìú.?¦ • Append a\ 0Õaddress¡appendXba\ ¡«XbC • Change c\ ;×ðZC • Delete d B*regex0ÕÝC£×BÎJB* • Insert i\ 0Õaddress¡3G«insertC • Substitution s/// ðÎtðàÝ • Translate y/// |×ÍC-×ÍC-®!Ýð a\ úi\ú¥a\ i\ Kð áÝZCA ÝZC bðà\ 9ÍÐrîðAáÝZCb\ | à\\¼escape*\Ä9\bÝ®Þ ôµÎAZC «!`b\ ’§ ð ãyshellÝSr ’ ^ð°^*9Í©ÿ¨¶scriptjX: » Ï× t¡×
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Z: Ï× Z: t¡× Z:
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’a\ > > ’ last
Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢ §` øÄ×` º§ø §9øÝ®Þ
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’$a\ > > sed > ’ last sed: -e expression #1, char 93: Unterminated ‘s’ command
Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢ §` øÄ×`\ º§ø §9øÝ®Þ Ï× u`Äò·®
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’$a\ > > sed > ’ last
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
CHAPTER 4. SED
t¡× Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢ §` øÄ×` sedº§ø §9øÝ®Þ ¬½»P×ð r
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat address.txt 270 <Michele’s Address>
¬½n ×ð10r
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat insert.sed //i\ 100 Gyoza Blvd\ San Jose, CA
¬½»P×ð r
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f inser.sed address.txt 270 <Michele’s Address> 100 Gyoza Blvd San Jose, CA
¬½n ×ð10r
9Íú«a\ i\ ©b×F¥ µÎA;ÝZC ¬9J adressÎÍrange 1,109ø`XbÝrangeKº´¬v© b×;Ý
c\ change
Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last first line second line last line cyril@gyoza:~$ cat change.sed 1,2c\
Ï׫ÏÞK*Ý Ï׫ÏÞK*Ý t¡× last line
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f change.sed last
u`Äò·®
ú
CHAPTER 4. SED
4.4. SED COMMAND
41
¶¶ .Ï×ÕÏèݶ¶
$ sed ’1,10y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/’ lower.txt
ðÝúb¥ÝÏÞ· §A3×/ÝCÙ)ðÝb 9 Í£/ ºàÏ×ÍÙ)Ýð*Að*© ݵ3¡«î Ý Ï¿ÍIð*àg9Íflag Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last first line second line last line
Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/first/line/1’ last line line second line last line
Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/first/line/2’ last first line second line last line
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat lines first line second line multiple line line last line
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/line/row/2’ lines first line second line multiple line row last line
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/line/row/g’ lines first row second row multiple row row last row
4.4.2
pattern/hold space
Ý §
ÝÎ# • h .hold space Ýz*.pattern spaceÝcopyhold space u`Äò·® • l list pattern space
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
CHAPTER 4. SED
.pattern spaceÝ3hold space¡« • g .pattern space Ýz*.hold spaceJ/pattern space • G .hold spaceÝ3pattern space¡« • p pattern spaceÝ • x øð(exchange)pattern spacehold space l«pÝ-½3E&ASCIIÝ § • H
Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last first line second line last line
Ï× Ï× ÏÞ ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’1,2p’ last first line first line second line second line last line cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’1,2l’ last \262\304\244@\246\346 first line$ first line \262\304\244G\246\346 second line$ second line last line
Ï× ÏÞ t¡× 9\|Epattern spaceb?ÝÝÏ× Õpattern space :Õp.Ï× #½pattern spaceWoutputX|sedê. ×Å#½ÏÞ
¼Ý3pattern space :Õp.ÏÞ !§êbËÍÏÞ Ïëãyp^®àà#Îpattern space XÕoutput:×Í»(' ¼Ý) cyril@gyoza:~$ cat command.txt This describes the Linux ls command. This describes the Linux cp command. cyril@gyoza:~$ cat command.sed /Linux/{ h s/.* Linux \(.*\) .*/\1:/ p x }
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
43
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f command.sed command.txt ls: This describes the Linux ls command. cp: This describes the Linux cp command.
Tï¶W×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’/Linux/{h;s/.* Linux \(.*\) .*/\1:/;p;x;}’ command.txt
9\:Ï×Íh.Ï×. hold spaceÄBpattern space1b æÍÏ ×ÝQ¡ð*Wls:¨3pattern space©bls: Q¡p ls:t ¡.hold space«ls:øðX|t¡pattern space/ µÎæÍÝsed WoutputXcpÎ!øݼ§ X|^%©ÎËÍ¿:ÕÝspace3£\ð¼ð./ 39Ë Í 2]33copy/pasteµ?ÝA!viÝßT |º 4.4.3
×M
9 §]º 3æÍÝh, H, g, G, x «K©bE× §Apattern match¬ `µRDì«Ýú༠§Ë|îÝpattern matchCpattern space, hold spaceÝ § • n .pattern spaceX\áì×X|ì×Wpattern space Ý • N \áì׫êGpattern spaceÝ =R¼×¬Î «b ÍembeddedðÐr|à \n¼îB©b9`|à\n¼ î • D *ÕÏ×embedded newlineI N)à AD3t9ìÆ ÝJpattern space1ºì¼ ]ºÕscriptcм×g • P printÕbembedded newlineÝ×1ºXbpattern space A P3t9ìÆÝJpattern space1ºì¼ ]ºÕscriptc м×g JoinË /join/ { N s/\n/ /g }
.9èç*W×èç u`Äò·®
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
CHAPTER 4. SED
/^$/ { N /^\n$/D }
:0Õèç¡.ì× ¼A©b×èçèç ì× ¿W×1º3pattern spaceÄ9`ìÍú /^\n$/D^®àpattern spaceIX AbËèçX|Delete*Ï×èçyì×èç 1ºì¼ 9`. Dú¨b®àÝX|¬Xpattern spaceÝ µ /^$/×àºb×èçºì¼9\DPKb]ºÝ®à |J¼ ®¥Ý § flow control branch
9Î༻ÉúÆݵ Îc Ýif else, while9° ×ú 9¤g:×R àã:' ×ÍlabelQ¡àb label®Õ9Í2]Æ • : label, ' label • b label branch ðÕlabel2]ÆA^blabelµ;;Æ à#® Õscript O • t label A×ÍðWtest ?fWñ¡®Õlabel X|Ä6 s///ú×Ràsú× 3túG 91A:» $ cat join.txt join second line C
3 +DEaCÝ; \ 9׫î×Î=3×sÝ $ sed ’{ :a N s/\\\n// t a}’ join.txt join second line C
3 +DEaCÝ; 9׫î×Î=3×sÝ 9j § • r \jn ÞjnappendÕêGpattern space • w ¶jn Þpattern spaceݶÕ×Íjn u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED $ cat insert.sed //i\ 100 Gyoza Blvd\ San Jose, CA
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
$ cat lines first line second line multiple line line last line
Ï×
$ sed ’/first/r insert.sed’ lines first line //i\ 100 Gyoza Blvd\ San Jose, CA second line multiple line line last lin
ÏÞ 9 t¡×
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
$ sed ’/first/w firstline.txt’ lines first line second line multiple line line last line
Ï×
$ cat firstline.txt first line
Í
r • q Ò sed • =
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
$ cat lines first line second line multiple line line last line $ sed -e ’/first/=’ -e ’/second/q’ lines 1 first line second line
Ï× ÏÞ u`Äò·®
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
45
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
CHAPTER 4. SED
b9Ý»:http://www.student.northpark.edu/pemente/sed/sedfaq.html
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Chapter 5
awk 5.1
+
ÝÌFÎawkfsed?àÝ2]8Eysed××Ý §awkèºÝ × /IûtÝ §b?powerfulÝ CP+°]º × § ;P |Î field
awk ’script’ var=value files awk -f scriptfile var=value files
ÍvarÎ ÝawkóvalueÎ ÝÂ9|༫shellóÚ; ¨² sedÝregular expressKJ×¼®/ ÝíáfE9ø^ b ÄPawk.&àawkÝ×Íó¼®regular expressÝíáfE.h û ô |DêÝJ¼fExÎàfEÕÐ ¼«×Íregular expressfE var ~ /re/ var !~ /re/
9øµ]-Ýv9fEô!øºF/true, false| W×Ícondition tÝû §|²awkb?9?àÝfunction|ñ§¨²ôbÝif,while, for functionÝæ9°fsed«shell)¿ÝæêîÝ&9ôÎÞ ¼ perlÝÃÍÝà 5.2
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×Íscriptã condition{procedure},condition{procedure},.....àW «sed 0Õ%f(patternI )%®(procedureI ) b×°/IÝ ó|Q&Æ' ×°fcondition|Îpattern regular expressTØ ÍÐ)f9Í:ìºÕÐrfEÕÐ ÍbËÍ¥ Ý/ 47
5.3.
óû §
CHAPTER 5. AWK
condition, BEGIN«END×Íscript;ðÎ9ø BEGIN {xxx} /re/{xxx} END{xxx}
× ¶P× binit;װµ ßbßO`^âC×ø P@ôb §¡Ýroutine¼ §awk® ×ÍPlVÝscript+ èºÝ×ÍgeneralÝ@Ý § ÕÕb¿Íèç $ awk ’BEGIN{x=0} /^$/{x++} END{print x}’ scripts.tex
× ' x=0¡BEGIN¡Ýµ3ÆQ¡N\× ¼AÎèç µ x++t¡\Õj x B3î«Ý» awkÝó«cÎ×øÝôµÎ^bþÐrÝ9 \«shell perlscriptf´×ø 5.3
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«¥ÝËÍ L • record µÎ××Ý£] • field ;ðãspaceTïtab"â Ý£]ûµÎfield :»¬¥shell command lineÝSrÔSr awk
$ cat /etc/mnttab /proc /proc proc fd /dev/fd fd mnttab /etc/mnttab swap /var/run swap /tmp tmpfs
dev=31c0000 1022606134 rw,suid,dev=32c0000 1022606198 mntfs dev=3380000 1022606209 tmpfs dev=1 1022606209 dev=2 1022606211
$ awk ’/swap/{print $2}’ /etc/mnttab /var/run /tmp $ awk Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello
’{print "Hello World"}’ /etc/mnttab World World World World World
×Þû ÎtabÞëû Îèç u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK
5.3.
$ cat datafile 99 98 3.5 300 298 4.9 498 493 5.9 699 698 7.6 900 748 9.0 1200 703 9.6 1500 651 10.4 1698 627 10.8
B 9øÎ
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input output $ awk ’{print $1 $2}’ datafile 9998 300298 498493 699698 900748 1200703 1500651 1698627
9øÎinputËÍûíoutputËÍû àprintíûã
9øÎinputËÍûíoutput×Íû $ awk ’{print $1 "," $2}’ datafile 99,98 300,298 498,493 699,698 900,748 1200,703 1500,651 1698,627
ôµÎ1print $1$2 yprint $1 $2 u`Äò·®
ó û §
49
5.3.
óû §
5.3.1
CHAPTER 5. AWK
/ ó
tÝ C+°Ýóx,y,z....awkb×°/ Ýó( ûîÝ/ ó ARGC ARGV ARGIND $0 $1....$n
: : : : :
ENVIRON ERRNO
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number of arguments on command line array containing the command line arguments
Jrecord ÏnÍû(field) ×Íassociate arrayâbIÝ(ó t¡systemýÝerror number:/usr/include/errno.h
FILENAME : FIELDWIDTHS :
current filename list of field widths
FS OFS RS ORS NF NR
field separator tab output field seperator record separator newline output record seperator newline number of field number of record
: : : : : :
/ ÎèçT / Îèç / Î / Î
ÍFS, OFS, RS, ORS, NF, NRÎðàÕÝ:» $ cat /etc/passwd list:x:38:38:SmartList:/var/list:/bin/sh irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var:/bin/sh nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/home:/bin/sh cyril:x:1000:1000:Cyril Huang,,,:/home/cyril:/bin/bash $ awk ’{FS=":"; print $7}’ /etc/passwd /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/bash $ awk ’{FS=":"; OFS=","; print $1,$6,$7}’ /etc/passwd list,/var/list,/bin/sh irc,/var,/bin/sh nobody,/home,/bin/sh cyril,/home/cyril,/bin/bash
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK
Ð~
5.3.
ó û §
51
|J¼®conditionà ô|J¼®conditionà¤góregular express matchÕ
NF NR $1 $2....
$ cat datafile # This is the data file from experiment 99 98 3.5 300 298 4.9 498 493 5.9 # Failed data 122 123 699 698 7.6 900 748 9.0 1200 703 9.6 1500 651 10.4 1698 627 10.8 $ awk ’NF == 3 && $1 ~ /[0-9]+/{print $3,$1,$2}’ datafile 3.5 99 98 4.9 300 298 5.9 498 493 7.6 699 698 9.0 900 748 9.6 1200 703 10.4 1500 651 10.8 1698 627
5.3.2
awk
óshelló
awk sedKÎQÃshell programmingÝ? Ì.h«shellóÚ; ; PÝ var=valuevarµÎawkóvalueµÎshellóÝÂ
# fs_mounted $dev $mnt_pt $fs_type # This is shell script version of fs_mounted, check if the file system is # mounted. fs_mounted() { _BINGO= [ $# -eq 3 ] || return $ERRNO_EINVAL _BINGO="‘$AWK ’{if (\$1 == _DEVICE && \$2 == _MNT_PT && \$3 == _FS_TYPE) print \$1}’ _DEV [ "$_BINGO" ] || return -1 return 0; }
u`Äò·®
5.3.
óû §
CHAPTER 5. AWK
shell scriptÝÆshell commandÝawkEy×°1ºC- §«sed×ø TF 9Í» «¥$1 $2 $33AWK ’ ’Sr «ÝÎawkÝ$1$2$3 3 ²« DEVICE=$1...ÎshellÝ $1 $2 $3 DEVICE MNT PT ÎawkÝ óX|awkÝ$1 $2 $3b\9Íescape3G«ôµÎ1shell §¸Æ¬. 9°Xawk §
5.3.3
pArraysplitÐó
XbawkÝarrayKÎassociate array,ôµÎhashôµÎñb(CidÝp 9Í(CidµÎhashÝkey× &Æà1, 2 ,3 ...¼ ®pÝidÛý3 awk «.&&Æà(̼ id index¼¨´pÄawkÏA:Õ Îó ClÝindexô| 3C «àÝ×ø ¥!parray[1] Îarray[0] «c×ø &Æ|¼ x[1], x[2]...Ýpï1,2,3 ...45 ¬associate arrayÝ4Î& Æ| ×Ý¥associate arrayÝ¥ýà SrÀR¼:for loopÝà ° |àsplit(string, array, [sep])¼ÿÕ×Ípsep^bµàFSÝ 9ÍstringÝû5â×ÍûµÎ×Íp-ô $ cat split.awk #! /bin/awk BEGIN{FS=":"} /cyril/{ print $0 split($0, afield) for (i = 0; i < NF; ++i) { print i","afield[i] } delete afield[2] for (i = 0; i <= NF; ++i) { print i","afield[i] } } $ awk -f split.awk /etc/passwd lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lcyril:/usr/bin/bash 0, 1,lcyril 2,x 3,100 4,1 5,
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK
5.4.
ÃÍ ×+°
53
6,/export/lcyril 7,/usr/bin/bash 0, 1,lcyril 2, 3,100 4,1 5, 6,/export/lcyril 7,/usr/bin/bash
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5.4
tÝûÝó© à°²awkfsedúÝ3y?#P+Ý ×] ° awkÝ+° c1@3awkËÝbcÝà |µºÝ Q ô|. awk.c 5.4.1 C
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5.4.
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5.4.2
CHAPTER 5. AWK
if
^%ÝRµÎc if (condition) { } else if (condition) { } else { }
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9\ÝforbËÍÎcbourne shellÝá)perlôÎ×øÄperlàÝ c shellÝ+° for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { } for x in xarray { }
:» $ cat gyoza.awk #! /bin/awk heehee BEGIN { x[1]="I" x[2]="am" x[3]="a" x[4]="gyoza" y["I"]="I" y["am"]="am" y["a"]="a" y["gyoza"]="gyoza" for (i = 1; i < 5; i++) { print x[i] } for item in x { print item, x[item] } for item in y { print item, y[item] } }
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK
¡«Ý
5.5. FUNCTION 55
^bঠ&©Îþ9ÍBEGIN
gyoza.awk $ awk -f gyoza.awk gyoza.awk I am a gyoza 2 am 3 a 4 gyoza 1 I gyoza gyoza am am I I a a
5.4.4
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^%ÝRµÎc while (condition) { statment } do { statment } while (condition) for loopwhile loopK«c×ø|àbreakÒ continue9loopðÕì Í loop
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u`Äò·®
5.6.
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CHAPTER 5. AWK
# sorting function function sort(Array, elements, temp, i,j) for (i = 2; i<= elements; ++i) { for(j = i; array[j - 1] > array[j]; --j) { temp = array[j] array[j] = array[j - 1] array[j - 1] = temp } } return } # main routine, { for (i = 2; i <= NF; ++i) { grades[i - 1] = $i } sort(grades, NF-1) printf("%s: ", $1) for (j = 1; j <= NF - 1; ++j) { printf("%d ", grades[j]) } printf("\n") }
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YY
$ awk -f sort.awk grade.txt : 23 60 75 100 : 89 98 99 100
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CHAPTER 5. AWK • •
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57
ÝÏ×ÍCðWstring1WF/1
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9Í»àÝlength()9ÍÐóregexàSrbstringÝ2]à double quoteÀR¼àgensubº;string2Ý v:ÏëÍprint $09\ ÎbgreedyÝ[T3X|©yì¡«×^ 5.6.2
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u`Äò·®
5.6.
ÍÐó %s %d %n.mf
CHAPTER 5. AWK
î×ÍC î×ÍJó î×ÍnÍJómÍóÝFó
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5.6.3
®ß+y0 Õ 1 ÝBó BEGIN { srand(systime()) random_num = rand() print random_num }
F/1970, 1, 1Õ¨3ÝJó srand()®ß×ÍÌaÝBóp|º ¸à
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u`Äò·®
Chapter 6
perl 8Eysed, awk, shell script Ì Larry WallÆÿs×Ë|ã ×°ÓÚÓâscript½;àlÝscript ÌfRXbÝscriptpower §Rregular expressô?]-XÝ×°AgreedyÝ®Þperlt¡« system callÝ=jn,processsocket programÝ §¯WúÝ script+ perl«ÍÑshell, TCL/expect...script+Í@ÎàC¶¼Ý N ×ËscriptÍ@KÎ×ÍÆP©Ä9ÍÆPUÿ×°/ +° ºÕ9°!JQ¡»ð9°scriptó ×]ºW Ýcó« ]º Q¦!Í@t¡ÎKÎassemblyÝó«]º ¼Æµ«shell, awk× ø
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6.4.2
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6.4.3
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6.5
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u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 6. PERL
Chapter 7
Bourne shell, perl
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61
7.2.
pHASH
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
perl $var C var Makefile ${var} or $(var)
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
7.3
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7.3.
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63
shell if test; then dosomething elif test; then doother else allright fi perl if (c) { do_something; } elsif () { do_other; } else { allright; } C if (c) { do_something; } else if () { do_other; } else { allright; }
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7.4.
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
C
C if (strcmp(str1, str2)) óÂ if (num1 == num2)
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for loop
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Bourne shell for
for var in "element1 element2 element3..." do echo $var done
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C perl
bËËforÝà°
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) { statement } foreach $var (@array) { statement; } C
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for (i = 0, init = 1; i < 10; i++) { statement; }
7.5
P
shell func1() { arg1=$1 arg2=$2 } awk function func1(arg1, arg2) { xxx } perl sub func1(arg1, arg2) { xxx } C int func1(int arg1, char *arg2) { xxx }
u`Äò·®
7.5.
P
65
7.6.
7.6
Û
Û
shell # comment perl # comment C /* comment */
u`Äò·®
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
Bibliography [1] Linux In a Nutshell, Ellen Siever, O’Reilly & Associates, ISBN 0596000251 [2] Sek & Awk, Dale Dougherty, et al, O’Reilly & Associates, ISBN 1565922255 [3] Perl Cookbook, Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington O’Reilly & Associate, ISBN 1565922433 [4] The C Programming Language, Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0131103628
67
/)
Cyril Huang [email protected]
uÌã
June 14, 2002
Contents 1 2
G $Bourne shell 2.1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 shellÎ# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Æshell scriptsubshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 óÐóÿà;¶® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 ó¸à . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Srquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 ÀrÝóã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 (ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 ×°/ ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Ðó9jÿà; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 ÿà;P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 ¥²I/ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 /ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 ²Iú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 ó. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 File descriptorI/O0' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 ø ×?f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 ?f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 if f¾\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.8
2.6.3 for loop . . . . . . . 2.6.4 while loop . . . . . . 2.6.5 case switch . . . . . Portable Shell remote shell . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+
. . . . .
. . . . .
3 Regular Express 3.1 -RE glob . . . . . . . . . 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 . . . . . . 3.2.2 3.3 . . .
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+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C- § . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ÃÍC-î . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C- § ÀrPî . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C § !Àrî . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5 7 7 7 9 11 11 11 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 18 20 22 24 24 25 27 28 28 28 29 31 31 32 32 33 33
CONTENTS 3.4 3.5
CONTENTS
P ë(address) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . greedyÝregular express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 sed 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 addressing . . . 4.3 pattern/hold space, regex 4.4 sed command . . . . . 4.4.1 . . . . . . 4.4.2 pattern/hold space 4.4.3 . . . . . .
+ Ð)fÝ
ú Ãͼ ×M
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f
5 awk 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 script . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 . . . . . . . 5.3.2 awk shell . 5.3.3 Array split 5.4 . . . . . . . . . 5.4.1 . . . 5.4.2 if . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3 for loop . . . . . . . . 5.4.4 while . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 function . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1 -match 5.6.2 print(f) . 5.6.3 rand() . . . . . . 5.6.4 system() . . . . .
+ Ã óû § / ó ó ó p Ðó ÃÍ ×+° ó.ìÕÐ
ÍÐó C § ð íáí § Bó Ù
6 perl 6.1
6.2 6.3 6.4
6.5
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35 35 36 36 37 37 39 41
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45 45 45 46 48 49 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 56 56
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Ý §
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ÃÍ+°£]lV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.1 ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2 f × . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?powerÝregular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ðàÐó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ù § . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.1 process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.2 jn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3 system call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u`Äò·®
34 34
57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58
CONTENTS
CONTENTS 5
C+°f´ ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ff´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]º × . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Û . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Bourne shell, perl 7.1 . . . . . . 7.2 Hash . . 7.3 . . . 7.3.1 7.4 . . . 7.4.1 while 7.4.2 for loop 7.5 . . . . . 7.6 . . . . . .
u`Äò·®
59 59 60 61 61 62 62 62 63 64
CONTENTS
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1
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CHAPTER 2.
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2.4.
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19
n*-v -x –ëËó4 set -- Tïset - ððà3shell scripts « set -o ÎðàÝ»Aset -o vi' shellÝE®]Pàvi]° ã/îÍúµÎ¶ESC¶kC set -o emacsµÎàemacsÝ]° • set -
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scriptcleanup [ "$SCRIPT_DISP" = ABORT ] && exit 100 [ "$SCRIPT_DISP" = PASSED ]; exit $?’ EXIT if [ -z "$__TC_INTERACTIVE" ] then for sig in HUP INT TERM; do trap " trap - HUP INT TERM; echo ’Signaled - cleanup after script ...’ >&2; scriptcleanup $sig; kill -$sig $$; exit 101" $sig done fi trap : PIPE
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}
9Í»ÝG«A8ÕEXIT9ÍsignalµÆscriptcleanÕexit $?Ýcode µÎquote/Ý A$ TC INTERACTIVEÎèCµÆì« Ýsignal § t¡AÎSIGPIPE(13r)µ¢¯(Ar:) shift
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b°²IúðàÕ • basename J*j(Ý § • echo messageÝ]° • find 0jn • getopts §F ¼Ýarguments«CÐP0Ýgetopt() • xargs pipe`ÝúÆ¢óargumentsÝ § ¨²sed awkºbÝ +Û basename
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CHAPTER 2.
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2.4.
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21
echo
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getoptsÍ@Îksh, bashÝ/IúgetoptÎËݲIú 9 C Ýgetopt():Í» while getopts :dvt:n: c do case $c in d) DEBUG=yes ;; t) TYPE=$OPTARG ;; n) NUMBER=$OPTARG ;; v) VERBOSE=’yes’ ;; esac done
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0 0 0 0 0 0
find . -name "regex" find / -type d directory f plain file l symbolic link p named pipe file b block device c char device find . -perm 755 find / -user cyril gzip ‘find . \! -name ’*.gz’ -print‘
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CHAPTER 2.
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2.4.
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let ’x = x + 1’ let ’x = x * 1’
¥!!9\r\ÝxãÂ`àþÐrv3quote/ô|bè } kshôb/ÝÄ9ÎNËshellKbÝ f´1 Ýportable®° Îàexpr9ͲIú :» if [ "$KSH" ] then eval ’ add() { result=$((${1} + ${2})) } sub() { result=$(($1 - $2)) } mul() { result=$(($1 * $2)) } div() { result=$(($1 / $2)) } inc() { eval "$1=\$((\${$1} + ${2:-1}))" } dec() { eval "$1=\$((\${$1} - ${2:-1}))" } ’ else add() { result=‘expr $1 + $2‘ } mul() { result=‘expr $1 * $2‘ } div() {
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2.5. FILE DESCRIPTOR I/O
CHAPTER 2.
$BOURNE SHELL
result=‘expr $1 / $2‘ } sub() { result=‘expr $1 - $2‘ } inc() { eval "$1=\‘expr \${$1} + ${2:-1}\‘" } dec() { eval "$1=\‘expr \${$1} - ${2:-1}\‘" }
9î« LÝ×°P|3script «×ø ñ§× úñ§ Î×ÍsubshellÆ1+1¬vF/ì«»¯&R&Ýbasic P $((1+1))
i=0 while [ $((i=$i+1)) -lt 10 ]; do echo $i; done
Ä$(( ))9«${VAR%value}×ø©bksh bashbt?à3m portable ÝshellPî PÝposition parameters $1, $2 ....«¿ðscriptPæJ ×ø A?9Ýó.»AóFݺÕTïsin logÐó¸à µàbcõawkÏ kshbashKYîtypesetÄFÙÝsh¬Yîbashbdeclare9Í/I ú 9ËÍKÎJ¼ L9ÍóÎ#P²Ý CÝ ×Ä Ýportableà µàÎàtÃÍÝshµ?AËݶÿÓ µàperlÏA&ðÝ ¯µàCC $ typeset -i int_var $ declare -r constant
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CHAPTER 2.
$BOURNE SHELL 2.5.
I/O0'
FILE DESCRIPTOR
25
;ðµÎÇK buffer I/O • 2 standard error ;ðµÎÇK &Æ|àI/O0' • 1 standard output
$ cat file1 > file2 $ dirs 2>&1 > /dev/null
Ædirs`X®ßÝstandard erroróÕstandard outÕAü/dev/null µ Î#ô:Õ exec tðà3file descriptorÝnÐ9 $ $ $ $
exec exec exec exec
3> $LOGFILE 3>> $LOGFILE 2>&< infile
Í&L5½ ×Í3rfile descriptor8Ey$LOGFILE.standard errn* .êGshellÝstandard inputWinfile $ cat something >&3 $ read <3
¨3 9Í µ8Ey ÝX|cat somethingÝ/ ºÕ ¥ 0'ÐrÝè} ×°¥ÝI/O0': > ¥±0'¬v.jnéè(&ËÎ?:-)) >> .0'¬vappendÕjn¡ < ¥±0'standard input >&n .standard outófile descriptor n <&n file descriptor nJstandard in >&close standard out <
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CHAPTER 2.
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PASSWORD=password FILENAME_PATTERN=remote_files REMOTE_DIR=/usr/doc LOCAL_DIR=/usr/local # -i = non-interactive, -n = disable auto-login ftp -i -n <
¥<<Ýà°ftpÝinputº×à\ÕHERE copen, user, cd, mget K ÎftpÝúÄô|. 9°ftpú¶W×ÍjnQ¡ftp < jnô
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3Bourne shellÝ/Iú «b?fÝ+°testif whileà Tï
test condition [ condition ]
Ýautoconfprogrammerf´Kàtest àÀrconditionÝ ]°ÀrÝà°¥è} »A jn?f test -f /etc/file jnÎÍ× jnÎÍ©jn[ [ -e file ] jnD3[ [ -d /etc/ ] êD3[ [ -s file ] jny0[ [ -r file ] jn\[ C?f [ "$string" ] stringbµ/true [ -n "$string" ] stringb(non-zero)/true [ -z "$string" ] string^(zero)/true [ "$s1" = "$s2" ] s1 y s2`/true u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 2.
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[ "$s1" != "$s2" ]
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$num1 $num1 $num1 $num1
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s1
2.6.
ø ×?f
27
y s2`/true
num1
8 num2 true num2 true y num2 true yynum2 true
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[ ! -f "testfile" -o ! -r "testfile" ] [ test condition -o test condition ] ! not -a and -o or
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if test then cmd1 ... elif test cmd2 ... else cmd3 ... fi
!ø¥¶W×`Ý5rHLÍ3¶Makefile`ºàÕ ¨²Ýelse ifÎelif «CÝelse if×ø ¨²bËÝifà° [ "$VERBOSE" ] && echo ’everything’ && îF/true`Æ&&¡ «® [ "$VERBOSE" ] || echo ’nothing’ || îF/false`Æ||¡ «® 9\bF¥ AÎèCF/false 9Í@ [ "$var" ]
[ -n "$var" ]
;ðÀr «Î9°¾\Ý]P¬Í@NgA:ÕbúðÝP ºÆ×gú ¬ÎBÎC|3if while «ÆP (expression)/return X/¼ÝÎúÝstandard outX| |½!`Æú Q¡¾\ÆWͼX ì×M§® ÄbÝúWݺ3standard out ×ÀC&Æ|¿à9øÝ
¼ ®¾\»A [ "$(find . -name gyoza.txt)" ] && echo "I Find It !!!"
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CHAPTER 2. $ $ 0 $ $ 0
$BOURNE SHELL
2.6.
ø ×?f
29
[ 1 ] echo $? [ 0 ] echo $?
AbËÍ|îJshell.findó¼ÝCê WúƵs ß ý0Ý 2.6.3
for loop
for var in $list; do cmd1; cmd2; done for var in $somelist do cmd1 cmd2 done
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for ELEMENT in $ME do echo $ELEMENT done
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2.7. PORTABLE SHELL REMOTE SHELL CHAPTER 2.
2.6.4
$BOURNE SHELL
while loop
while test ; do cmd1; cmd2; done while test do cmd1 cmd2 done
!ø¥¶W×`Ý5rHLÍ3¶Makefile`ºàÕ 2.6.5
case switch
case $var in *)cmd1; cmd2 ;; xx?)cmd3; cmd4 ;; esac case $string in *) cmd1; cmd2 ;; xx?) cmd3 cmd4 ;; esac case $answer in [Yy]) echo ’yes’ ;; [Nn]) echo ’no’ ;; esac
Ýà° CÝÎJóÝcase switchÎ|bCÝ Í Ð)ÝCfàglobbingÝ]PôµÎwildcard *, ?, [ ] bÝhî ¶regular expressÎý0Ý¥à׶Ý]° case switch
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Portable Shell
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remote shellÆÎËÝ.GÐÝstandard out =Õ Ýstandard out X| × telnetP Í@A ®(@ ©3bashî£ôàÊ×°¬¿¬Ý Ä A®development`ÊÕportableݶ®TàtæÝshµ? u`Äò·®
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2.8
+
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2.8.
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31
× ýãàshellÎBourne Shell¡¼;¨Korn Shell9×ÄÝ / f´Kàkorn shell¶scripts¨²bBSDÝC shell c shellôCW×ô± LÍ39system admin¡¼tcsh 9ýÝ©F Bourne Again Shell.bÝ^Ý©FZZÚÚw3×R´GNU/Linux ± OD×Ý /9KbashÄ¥portableÝshell scripts¶® sh, ksh bashÎ !×HÝ9¿Í+°f´# tcsh cshΨ×H -9× 1¼sys adminKàc shellFÙÝprogrammeràshÝ´9
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Chapter 3
Regular Express 3.1
+-REglob
regular expressÎ×Ëî]°à×°©ÝC-¼î×°é\ Ý© L¬v ´0Ý×ËøPfE (pattern match) 3MS dos/windows ôb8 ÝC-»A * XbCX|¯àdel *.* µ|B *Xbjn* µ§wildcardC-Ä93shellÝ §©Î§globbing ¬Îregular expressÍ@9 QÎUnix.ÝUNIXîÝregular express?ú vÊày9Unix 8 « grep, sed, awk, vi, emacs perl... |1regular expressµÎ¸àUNIXÝ·~ ļ.unix.DOS£ general Ý CP « §regular expressAÎPOSIXÝÙJà regcomp() regexec() System VÝbregcmp(), regex()BSDÙbre_comp(), re_exec() 3shellÝpattern match§globbingshellÎ-ÿregular expressÝ ;ðà y5(Ý ? * [] ÝfEETàfnmatch()¼ § Ä9ÎÝ¥ F©Î|¡ $àC¶P`|Õà#function call ;ð9¸àregular expressÝ`¡ºà×E//ô /reg express/
¼î0Õ){reg expressfÝCperl «1Í@Î m// s///
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33
3.2.
C- §
CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS
9;ðΫ3mú¡ Ð)ݵB* • c -> confirm ;ðà3sú ®ÎÎËã • g -> global ;;ð . matchÕ`/ ©bÏ×ÍÐ)Ýb[ • i -> ignore Ѷ Äô× grepúµ^bàÔSrµ|Ý anyway,©Î9K Î9øî • d -> delete
3.2 3.2.1
C- §
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C-µÎ××ÍzZCÒÝ §¼ÍÃÍÝC• . ”×Í”C-tÝðnewlineC-Äawk|matchðB • ? ”G«”C-¨0gT1g • + ”G«”C-¨1g|î 1 2 3 4 ... ¨return false • * ”G«”C-¨0g|î 0 1 2 3 ... 9\.ïf´ðÙÝý0Î3shellìÝwildcard * ÝêY| ©Í* µXbC-Í@Î ? + * KG«¤g . ¼¸àC• ^ ´ • $ • \ ñ^C-(escape)ã© C-ÝLàÝ 9\f´¥ÝÎC3´R Ý^ Ý$3Ýcase5ò! Ýregular expressTbÝPº.9ëË W!Ýregular express 9º ×øÄbݺ • /^#/ b#3×ÝÏ×C-` µ/TRUE • /^bag/ bag3´Ý • /bag$/ bag Ý • /bag/ bag3 Ý ÄbÝP §^b9} sed • /b.g/ îbag beg bugK • /b\.g/ îb.g • /^..g/ î´bag beg bug xxgKÐ) ¬× ëÍCÒ • /^.*g/ î´b¢C-ÝQ¡bÍgÝK|/true u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS
3.3.
C § - ! À r î
35
• /beg*/ be, beg, begg, beggg, ....... • /beg+/ beg, begg, beggg, begggg, ...... • / */
3.2.2
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C- § - ÀrPî
/Ý×”×C-”Ð)µ/TRUE • [^ ] []ÝD[ â[]/Ý××C- /true X|9\^3[]/ b!ÝL • [1-10] -r3[]/|î×ðPàÆÕWTi X|A î-rÄ6w3Ï×Tt¡C• w{n,m} =C-¨î° fà /.../?à «L T XÝtableÝà° îb”=”Ð) wC¨”=” ngÕmgE Kº/TRUE • 0{3,} 0K¨3g -> /xxxx000xxxxxx/ 3Cì{} ()ÎîËÝ9°C-Ý [ ]ºregular express W×Ë ºÕX| Ýàñ^C- W\{ \} \( \) • [ ] []
A
3.3
C § - ! À r î
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• ( ) Group operator
Tï Tï Î Ý ©b×°8AegrepbYîX |3à8Ý `Ä6á¼ §Ý æ • & î0ÕÝC • \1 \2 \3 ... s///G«àÀr\(\)ÀR¼ÝC 9;ðôÎ0 ÕÝCÄ&©b×Í à \1 \2 \3 |b9Í \1 Ï×ÍÀr/C \2 ÏÞÍÀr/C ;ð\1 \2 \3Îà¼EmatchÕÝC §`àÝ /[Yy]es/ Yes õ yes /80[23]?86/ 8086 80286 Tï80386 /[A-Za-z0-9]/ C-|b9øÝ=î° /compan(y|ies)/ company companies /0\{3,\}/ î0¨ëg|î u`Äò·® • (str1|str2|str3) str1 str2 str3 () | extend regular expression regex regex
3.4.
P ë(ADDRESS)
CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS
ÞæÍÝîÀr .ËÍCE ¥\1 \2Ýà° Í 9°ðà3ð(substitue) ¥Àr3G«b!LX|Ä6à\¼escape
s/.*/(&)/ ( ) s/\(str1\) \(str2\)/\2 \1/ & \1 \2 \3 ...
3.4
P ë(address)
3sed, vieditor &Æ|¼ §ÝP 9˼ §Ýf TØðrangeô§address( ë) LÍÎðúðà range(addressing)s///
sed $ sed ’1,3d’ file
3Ï×ÕÏë *J
vi :%s/xx/yy/g
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file -> stream -> sed -> stream -> file
ãy¸Ä6bÍin §¡bÍoutX|!`;Íjn Ä6 § jn¡XW±j(.jl*.±j;(Wj ê. / í Îstandard outX|ð:ÕÝ]°Î $ sed ’sed_syntax’ old_file > new_file $ mv new_file old_file
Äsed;ðÎà¼ECÝ §îÎ × editor¼modifyjnÝ vBÎ×× §ÝX|èç, tab, ð9°C-¥ sedÝ× PÎ sed [address],[address][!]command[args] file
Íaddress,commandàSr’xxx ’ addressµÎî«regular expressÝ ðàÝúbd(delete), s///(ð) ×°» $ sed ’s/yes/no/g’ file .jnyesðWno $ sed ’/save/!d’ file .^bsaveC¿Ý* $ sed -e ’s/\(.*\)\(#.*\)/\1/’ xxx.sh .#¡«ÝÛ* Í-eÎðàÝ×Íoption;ðÎà3ËÍ|îÝó4` Íãy( )b ©½LX|mDEaescape×ì 37
4.2.
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Ð)fÝADDRESSING
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Ð)fÝaddressing
addressÎsed Ý©à+à¼' Ð)fÝ|-E¸Æ_ìú Ð)fÝf¼ ]°b1. range(P) 2.regular express sedÝaddresstÝ Gregular expression+ÛÝ 1,3 . $ %9Ëî°² |à#à /regex/0ÕÝ $ sed ’2d’ file 0ÕÏÞ* $ sed ’/delete/d’ file 0Õdelete9ÍC*J $ sed ’/RE/,$d’ file bREC¿ÝÕjn ;;* $ sed ’/^$/d’ file *èç $ sed ’/START/,/END/!s/xx/yy/g’ file > file1 .xxðWyy
4.3
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[address],[address]{command[args];command[args];...;command[args];}
N×command8 ybÍ-eÝ®àº.wÕ×Ípattern space | ¶W×Ísed script fileQ¡à-f Æ $ sed -f script_file file
TïNÍcommandÝt¡«wÍ5r; ¨²sedbÍhold spaceÎÍõD Ýbuffersedb°ú|¿à hold spacepattern space vi « Ýyy dd wÕ×Í:Ý bufferàpú.¸§¼ u`Äò·®
ú
CHAPTER 4. SED
4.4
sed command
command
4.4.1
b25Íf´ðàÝ
4.4. SED COMMAND
39
ú
Ãͼ
µÎ.9¿Í_ìú.?¦ • Append a\ 0Õaddress¡appendXba\ ¡«XbC • Change c\ ;×ðZC • Delete d B*regex0ÕÝC£×BÎJB* • Insert i\ 0Õaddress¡3G«insertC • Substitution s/// ðÎtðàÝ • Translate y/// |×ÍC-×ÍC-®!Ýð a\ úi\ú¥a\ i\ Kð áÝZCA ÝZC bðà\ 9ÍÐrîðAáÝZCb\ | à\\¼escape*\Ä9\bÝ®Þ ôµÎAZC «!`b\ ’§ ð ãyshellÝSr ’ ^ð°^*9Í©ÿ¨¶scriptjX: » Ï× t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last
Z: Ï× Z: t¡× Z:
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’a\ > > ’ last
Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢ §` øÄ×` º§ø §9øÝ®Þ
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’$a\ > > sed > ’ last sed: -e expression #1, char 93: Unterminated ‘s’ command
Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢ §` øÄ×`\ º§ø §9øÝ®Þ Ï× u`Äò·®
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’$a\ > > sed > ’ last
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
CHAPTER 4. SED
t¡× Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢ §` øÄ×` sedº§ø §9øÝ®Þ ¬½»P×ð r
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat address.txt 270 <Michele’s Address>
¬½n ×ð10r
¬½»P×ð r
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f inser.sed address.txt 270 <Michele’s Address> 100 Gyoza Blvd San Jose, CA
¬½n ×ð10r
9Íú«a\ i\ ©b×F¥ µÎA;ÝZC ¬9J adressÎÍrange 1,109ø`XbÝrangeKº´¬v© b×;Ý
c\ change
Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last first line second line last line cyril@gyoza:~$ cat change.sed 1,2c\
Ï׫ÏÞK*Ý Ï׫ÏÞK*Ý t¡× last line
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f change.sed last
u`Äò·®
ú
CHAPTER 4. SED
4.4. SED COMMAND
41
¶¶ .Ï×ÕÏèݶ¶
$ sed ’1,10y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/’ lower.txt
ðÝúb¥ÝÏÞ· §A3×/ÝCÙ)ðÝb 9 Í£/ ºàÏ×ÍÙ)Ýð*Að*© ݵ3¡«î Ý Ï¿ÍIð*àg9Íflag Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last first line second line last line
Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/first/line/1’ last line line second line last line
Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/first/line/2’ last first line second line last line
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat lines first line second line multiple line line last line
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/line/row/2’ lines first line second line multiple line row last line
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/line/row/g’ lines first row second row multiple row row last row
4.4.2
pattern/hold space
Ý §
ÝÎ# • h .hold space Ýz*.pattern spaceÝcopyhold space u`Äò·® • l list pattern space
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
CHAPTER 4. SED
.pattern spaceÝ3hold space¡« • g .pattern space Ýz*.hold spaceJ/pattern space • G .hold spaceÝ3pattern space¡« • p pattern spaceÝ • x øð(exchange)pattern spacehold space l«pÝ-½3E&ASCIIÝ § • H
Ï× ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last first line second line last line
Ï× Ï× ÏÞ ÏÞ t¡×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’1,2p’ last first line first line second line second line last line cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’1,2l’ last \262\304\244@\246\346 first line$ first line \262\304\244G\246\346 second line$ second line last line
Ï× ÏÞ t¡× 9\|Epattern spaceb?ÝÝÏ× Õpattern space :Õp.Ï× #½pattern spaceWoutputX|sedê. ×Å#½ÏÞ
¼Ý3pattern space :Õp.ÏÞ !§êbËÍÏÞ Ïëãyp^®àà#Îpattern space XÕoutput:×Í»(' ¼Ý) cyril@gyoza:~$ cat command.txt This describes the Linux ls command. This describes the Linux cp command. cyril@gyoza:~$ cat command.sed /Linux/{ h s/.* Linux \(.*\) .*/\1:/ p x }
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
43
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f command.sed command.txt ls: This describes the Linux ls command. cp: This describes the Linux cp command.
Tï¶W×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’/Linux/{h;s/.* Linux \(.*\) .*/\1:/;p;x;}’ command.txt
9\:Ï×Íh.Ï×. hold spaceÄBpattern space1b æÍÏ ×ÝQ¡ð*Wls:¨3pattern space©bls: Q¡p ls:t ¡.hold space«ls:øðX|t¡pattern space/ µÎæÍÝsed WoutputXcpÎ!øݼ§ X|^%©ÎËÍ¿:ÕÝspace3£\ð¼ð./ 39Ë Í 2]33copy/pasteµ?ÝA!viÝßT |º 4.4.3
×M
9 §]º 3æÍÝh, H, g, G, x «K©bE× §Apattern match¬ `µRDì«Ýú༠§Ë|îÝpattern matchCpattern space, hold spaceÝ § • n .pattern spaceX\áì×X|ì×Wpattern space Ý • N \áì׫êGpattern spaceÝ =R¼×¬Î «b ÍembeddedðÐr|à \n¼îB©b9`|à\n¼ î • D *ÕÏ×embedded newlineI N)à AD3t9ìÆ ÝJpattern space1ºì¼ ]ºÕscriptcм×g • P printÕbembedded newlineÝ×1ºXbpattern space A P3t9ìÆÝJpattern space1ºì¼ ]ºÕscriptc м×g JoinË /join/ { N s/\n/ /g }
.9èç*W×èç u`Äò·®
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
CHAPTER 4. SED
/^$/ { N /^\n$/D }
:0Õèç¡.ì× ¼A©b×èçèç ì× ¿W×1º3pattern spaceÄ9`ìÍú /^\n$/D^®àpattern spaceIX AbËèçX|Delete*Ï×èçyì×èç 1ºì¼ 9`. Dú¨b®àÝX|¬Xpattern spaceÝ µ /^$/×àºb×èçºì¼9\DPKb]ºÝ®à |J¼ ®¥Ý § flow control branch
9Î༻ÉúÆݵ Îc Ýif else, while9° ×ú 9¤g:×R àã:' ×ÍlabelQ¡àb label®Õ9Í2]Æ • : label, ' label • b label branch ðÕlabel2]ÆA^blabelµ;;Æ à#® Õscript O • t label A×ÍðWtest ?fWñ¡®Õlabel X|Ä6 s///ú×Ràsú× 3túG 91A:» $ cat join.txt join second line C
3 +DEaCÝ; \ 9׫î×Î=3×sÝ $ sed ’{ :a N s/\\\n// t a}’ join.txt join second line C
3 +DEaCÝ; 9׫î×Î=3×sÝ 9j § • r \jn ÞjnappendÕêGpattern space • w ¶jn Þpattern spaceݶÕ×Íjn u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED $ cat insert.sed /
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
$ cat lines first line second line multiple line line last line
Ï×
$ sed ’/first/r insert.sed’ lines first line /
ÏÞ 9 t¡×
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
$ sed ’/first/w firstline.txt’ lines first line second line multiple line line last line
Ï×
$ cat firstline.txt first line
Í
r • q Ò sed • =
Ï× ÏÞ 9 t¡×
$ cat lines first line second line multiple line line last line $ sed -e ’/first/=’ -e ’/second/q’ lines 1 first line second line
Ï× ÏÞ u`Äò·®
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
45
ú
4.4. SED COMMAND
CHAPTER 4. SED
b9Ý»:http://www.student.northpark.edu/pemente/sed/sedfaq.html
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Chapter 5
awk 5.1
+
ÝÌFÎawkfsed?àÝ2]8Eysed××Ý §awkèºÝ × /IûtÝ §b?powerfulÝ CP+°]º × § ;P |Î field
awk ’script’ var=value files awk -f scriptfile var=value files
ÍvarÎ ÝawkóvalueÎ ÝÂ9|༫shellóÚ; ¨² sedÝregular expressKJ×¼®/ ÝíáfE9ø^ b ÄPawk.&àawkÝ×Íó¼®regular expressÝíáfE.h û ô |DêÝJ¼fExÎàfEÕÐ ¼«×Íregular expressfE var ~ /re/ var !~ /re/
9øµ]-Ýv9fEô!øºF/true, false| W×Ícondition tÝû §|²awkb?9?àÝfunction|ñ§¨²ôbÝif,while, for functionÝæ9°fsed«shell)¿ÝæêîÝ&9ôÎÞ ¼ perlÝÃÍÝà 5.2
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×Íscriptã condition{procedure},condition{procedure},.....àW «sed 0Õ%f(patternI )%®(procedureI ) b×°/IÝ ó|Q&Æ' ×°fcondition|Îpattern regular expressTØ ÍÐ)f9Í:ìºÕÐrfEÕÐ ÍbËÍ¥ Ý/ 47
5.3.
óû §
CHAPTER 5. AWK
condition, BEGIN«END×Íscript;ðÎ9ø BEGIN {xxx} /re/{xxx} END{xxx}
× ¶P× binit;װµ ßbßO`^âC×ø P@ôb §¡Ýroutine¼ §awk® ×ÍPlVÝscript+ èºÝ×ÍgeneralÝ@Ý § ÕÕb¿Íèç $ awk ’BEGIN{x=0} /^$/{x++} END{print x}’ scripts.tex
× ' x=0¡BEGIN¡Ýµ3ÆQ¡N\× ¼AÎèç µ x++t¡\Õj x B3î«Ý» awkÝó«cÎ×øÝôµÎ^bþÐrÝ9 \«shell perlscriptf´×ø 5.3
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«¥ÝËÍ L • record µÎ××Ý£] • field ;ðãspaceTïtab"â Ý£]ûµÎfield :»¬¥shell command lineÝSrÔSr awk
$ cat /etc/mnttab /proc /proc proc fd /dev/fd fd mnttab /etc/mnttab swap /var/run swap /tmp tmpfs
dev=31c0000 1022606134 rw,suid,dev=32c0000 1022606198 mntfs dev=3380000 1022606209 tmpfs dev=1 1022606209 dev=2 1022606211
$ awk ’/swap/{print $2}’ /etc/mnttab /var/run /tmp $ awk Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello
’{print "Hello World"}’ /etc/mnttab World World World World World
×Þû ÎtabÞëû Îèç u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK
5.3.
$ cat datafile 99 98 3.5 300 298 4.9 498 493 5.9 699 698 7.6 900 748 9.0 1200 703 9.6 1500 651 10.4 1698 627 10.8
B 9øÎ
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input output $ awk ’{print $1 $2}’ datafile 9998 300298 498493 699698 900748 1200703 1500651 1698627
9øÎinputËÍûíoutputËÍû àprintíûã
9øÎinputËÍûíoutput×Íû $ awk ’{print $1 "," $2}’ datafile 99,98 300,298 498,493 699,698 900,748 1200,703 1500,651 1698,627
ôµÎ1print $1$2 yprint $1 $2 u`Äò·®
ó û §
49
5.3.
óû §
5.3.1
CHAPTER 5. AWK
/ ó
tÝ C+°Ýóx,y,z....awkb×°/ Ýó( ûîÝ/ ó ARGC ARGV ARGIND $0 $1....$n
: : : : :
ENVIRON ERRNO
: :
number of arguments on command line array containing the command line arguments
Jrecord ÏnÍû(field) ×Íassociate arrayâbIÝ(ó t¡systemýÝerror number:/usr/include/errno.h
FILENAME : FIELDWIDTHS :
current filename list of field widths
FS OFS RS ORS NF NR
field separator tab output field seperator record separator newline output record seperator newline number of field number of record
: : : : : :
/ ÎèçT / Îèç / Î / Î
ÍFS, OFS, RS, ORS, NF, NRÎðàÕÝ:» $ cat /etc/passwd list:x:38:38:SmartList:/var/list:/bin/sh irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var:/bin/sh nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/home:/bin/sh cyril:x:1000:1000:Cyril Huang,,,:/home/cyril:/bin/bash $ awk ’{FS=":"; print $7}’ /etc/passwd /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/bash $ awk ’{FS=":"; OFS=","; print $1,$6,$7}’ /etc/passwd list,/var/list,/bin/sh irc,/var,/bin/sh nobody,/home,/bin/sh cyril,/home/cyril,/bin/bash
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK
Ð~
5.3.
ó û §
51
|J¼®conditionà ô|J¼®conditionà¤góregular express matchÕ
NF NR $1 $2....
$ cat datafile # This is the data file from experiment 99 98 3.5 300 298 4.9 498 493 5.9 # Failed data 122 123 699 698 7.6 900 748 9.0 1200 703 9.6 1500 651 10.4 1698 627 10.8 $ awk ’NF == 3 && $1 ~ /[0-9]+/{print $3,$1,$2}’ datafile 3.5 99 98 4.9 300 298 5.9 498 493 7.6 699 698 9.0 900 748 9.6 1200 703 10.4 1500 651 10.8 1698 627
5.3.2
awk
óshelló
awk sedKÎQÃshell programmingÝ? Ì.h«shellóÚ; ; PÝ var=valuevarµÎawkóvalueµÎshellóÝÂ
# fs_mounted $dev $mnt_pt $fs_type # This is shell script version of fs_mounted, check if the file system is # mounted. fs_mounted() { _BINGO= [ $# -eq 3 ] || return $ERRNO_EINVAL _BINGO="‘$AWK ’{if (\$1 == _DEVICE && \$2 == _MNT_PT && \$3 == _FS_TYPE) print \$1}’ _DEV [ "$_BINGO" ] || return -1 return 0; }
u`Äò·®
5.3.
óû §
CHAPTER 5. AWK
shell scriptÝÆshell commandÝawkEy×°1ºC- §«sed×ø TF 9Í» «¥$1 $2 $33AWK ’ ’Sr «ÝÎawkÝ$1$2$3 3 ²« DEVICE=$1...ÎshellÝ $1 $2 $3 DEVICE MNT PT ÎawkÝ óX|awkÝ$1 $2 $3b\9Íescape3G«ôµÎ1shell §¸Æ¬. 9°Xawk §
5.3.3
pArraysplitÐó
XbawkÝarrayKÎassociate array,ôµÎhashôµÎñb(CidÝp 9Í(CidµÎhashÝkey× &Æà1, 2 ,3 ...¼ ®pÝidÛý3 awk «.&&Æà(̼ id index¼¨´pÄawkÏA:Õ Îó ClÝindexô| 3C «àÝ×ø ¥!parray[1] Îarray[0] «c×ø &Æ|¼ x[1], x[2]...Ýpï1,2,3 ...45 ¬associate arrayÝ4Î& Æ| ×Ý¥associate arrayÝ¥ýà SrÀR¼:for loopÝà ° |àsplit(string, array, [sep])¼ÿÕ×Ípsep^bµàFSÝ 9ÍstringÝû5â×ÍûµÎ×Íp-ô $ cat split.awk #! /bin/awk BEGIN{FS=":"} /cyril/{ print $0 split($0, afield) for (i = 0; i < NF; ++i) { print i","afield[i] } delete afield[2] for (i = 0; i <= NF; ++i) { print i","afield[i] } } $ awk -f split.awk /etc/passwd lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lcyril:/usr/bin/bash 0, 1,lcyril 2,x 3,100 4,1 5,
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK
5.4.
ÃÍ ×+°
53
6,/export/lcyril 7,/usr/bin/bash 0, 1,lcyril 2, 3,100 4,1 5, 6,/export/lcyril 7,/usr/bin/bash
ÃÍ ×+°
5.4
tÝûÝó© à°²awkfsedúÝ3y?#P+Ý ×] ° awkÝ+° c1@3awkËÝbcÝà |µºÝ Q ô|. awk.c 5.4.1 C
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if (x ~ /^[0-9]+/) { x += y }
u`Äò·®
5.4.
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5.4.2
CHAPTER 5. AWK
if
^%ÝRµÎc if (condition) { } else if (condition) { } else { }
¥else if«c+°×ø 5.4.3
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9\ÝforbËÍÎcbourne shellÝá)perlôÎ×øÄperlàÝ c shellÝ+° for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { } for x in xarray { }
:» $ cat gyoza.awk #! /bin/awk heehee BEGIN { x[1]="I" x[2]="am" x[3]="a" x[4]="gyoza" y["I"]="I" y["am"]="am" y["a"]="a" y["gyoza"]="gyoza" for (i = 1; i < 5; i++) { print x[i] } for item in x { print item, x[item] } for item in y { print item, y[item] } }
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK
¡«Ý
5.5. FUNCTION 55
^bঠ&©Îþ9ÍBEGIN
gyoza.awk $ awk -f gyoza.awk gyoza.awk I am a gyoza 2 am 3 a 4 gyoza 1 I gyoza gyoza am am I I a a
5.4.4
while
^%ÝRµÎc while (condition) { statment } do { statment } while (condition) for loopwhile loopK«c×ø|àbreakÒ continue9loopðÕì Í loop
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u`Äò·®
5.6.
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CHAPTER 5. AWK
# sorting function function sort(Array, elements, temp, i,j) for (i = 2; i<= elements; ++i) { for(j = i; array[j - 1] > array[j]; --j) { temp = array[j] array[j] = array[j - 1] array[j - 1] = temp } } return } # main routine, { for (i = 2; i <= NF; ++i) { grades[i - 1] = $i } sort(grades, NF-1) printf("%s: ", $1) for (j = 1; j <= NF - 1; ++j) { printf("%d ", grades[j]) } printf("\n") }
××¼
YY
$ cat grade.txt 100 60 75 23 100 98 99 89
YY
$ awk -f sort.awk grade.txt : 23 60 75 100 : 89 98 99 100
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5.6 5.6.1
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CHAPTER 5. AWK • •
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5.6.
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57
ÝÏ×ÍCðWstring1WF/1
string2 regex sub(regex, string1, string2)
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$ cat match.awk #! /bin/awk BEGIN{FS=":"} /cyril/{ print $0 print match($0, /cyril/) print substr($0, match($0, /cyril/), length("cyril")) print gensub(/cyril/, "mark", 2) print $0 sub(/^.*cyril/, "mark") print $0 } $ awk -f match.awk /etc/passwd lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lcyril:/usr/bin/bash 2 cyril lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lmark:/usr/bin/bash lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lcyril:/usr/bin/bash mark:/usr/bin/bash
9Í»àÝlength()9ÍÐóregexàSrbstringÝ2]à double quoteÀR¼àgensubº;string2Ý v:ÏëÍprint $09\ ÎbgreedyÝ[T3X|©yì¡«×^ 5.6.2
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{printf("The sum on line %s is %d.\n", NR, $1+$2)}
u`Äò·®
5.6.
ÍÐó %s %d %n.mf
CHAPTER 5. AWK
î×ÍC î×ÍJó î×ÍnÍJómÍóÝFó
Bórand()
5.6.3
®ß+y0 Õ 1 ÝBó BEGIN { srand(systime()) random_num = rand() print random_num }
F/1970, 1, 1Õ¨3ÝJó srand()®ß×ÍÌaÝBóp|º ¸à
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5.6.4
Ùsystem()
9Í UnixÝsystem()9ÍÐó BEGIN {if (system("ls -l")) != 0) { print "command failed" } }
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u`Äò·®
Chapter 6
perl 8Eysed, awk, shell script Ì Larry WallÆÿs×Ë|ã ×°ÓÚÓâscript½;àlÝscript ÌfRXbÝscriptpower §Rregular expressô?]-XÝ×°AgreedyÝ®Þperlt¡« system callÝ=jn,processsocket programÝ §¯WúÝ script+ perl«ÍÑshell, TCL/expect...script+Í@ÎàC¶¼Ý N ×ËscriptÍ@KÎ×ÍÆP©Ä9ÍÆPUÿ×°/ +° ºÕ9°!JQ¡»ð9°scriptó ×]ºW Ýcó« ]º Q¦!Í@t¡ÎKÎassemblyÝó«]º ¼Æµ«shell, awk× ø
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6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4.1
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6.4.2
jn
6.4.3
system call
6.5
module
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 6. PERL
Chapter 7
Bourne shell, perl
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61
7.2.
pHASH
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
perl $var C var Makefile ${var} or $(var)
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pHash
shell array="e1 e2 e3" perl @array = {e1, e2 ,e2}; %hash = {key1 => val1, key2 => val2, key3 => val3}; C int array[] = {1, 2, 3}; shell
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
7.3
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7.3.
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63
shell if test; then dosomething elif test; then doother else allright fi perl if (c) { do_something; } elsif () { do_other; } else { allright; } C if (c) { do_something; } else if () { do_other; } else { allright; }
9\¥ÝÎshellmÀrelse ifݶ°ëÍ×øfP¶° shell^b× à()fP©testÎØÍÆÝBµ? 7.3.1
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C [ "str1" = "str2" ] óÂ [ num1 -ne num2 ] perl
C if ($str1 ne $str2) óÂ if ($num1 == $num2)
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7.4.
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
C
C if (strcmp(str1, str2)) óÂ if (num1 == num2)
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shell while test do cmd done perl
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while (condition) { statment1; } unless (condition) { statment1; } C while (condition) { statment1; } do { statment1; } while (condition)
7.4.2
for loop
Ý Î C Ýfor loop
Bourne shell for
for var in "element1 element2 element3..." do echo $var done
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C perl
bËËforÝà°
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) { statement } foreach $var (@array) { statement; } C
Ýà°
for (i = 0, init = 1; i < 10; i++) { statement; }
7.5
P
shell func1() { arg1=$1 arg2=$2 } awk function func1(arg1, arg2) { xxx } perl sub func1(arg1, arg2) { xxx } C int func1(int arg1, char *arg2) { xxx }
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7.5.
P
65
7.6.
7.6
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shell # comment perl # comment C /* comment */
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CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
Bibliography [1] Linux In a Nutshell, Ellen Siever, O’Reilly & Associates, ISBN 0596000251 [2] Sek & Awk, Dale Dougherty, et al, O’Reilly & Associates, ISBN 1565922255 [3] Perl Cookbook, Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington O’Reilly & Associate, ISBN 1565922433 [4] The C Programming Language, Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0131103628
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