Sci Methods Ch1.2 8th
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Chapter 1 Section 2
Students will be able to: ◦ Explain what scientific methods are. ◦ Explain how scientific methods are used to answer questions ◦ Describe how a hypothesis is formed and tested ◦ Identify methods that are used to analyze data ◦ Explain how a conclusion can support or disprove a hypothesis ◦ List methods of communicating data
Series of steps followed to solve problems
Do you know what the steps are?
Take a minute to write down the steps as you know them…
Ask a question Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Analyze the results Draw conclusions Communicate results
Focuses the purpose of an investigation
Make
observations
◦ Gather information through your senses ◦ Accurately make and record your observations
How can you improve the efficiency of boat propulsion systems? ◦ Experimenters: Czarnowski (zhar NOW skee) and Triantafyllou (tree ahn ti FEE loo)
Most boat propellers are only 70% efficient
Increased efficiency will save resources (fuel) and money
Hypothesis: a possible explanation or answer to a question
Based on your observations
Can be tested
Predictions : statement of cause and effect that can be used to set up a test for a hypothesis (if-then format)
Penguins swimming in the New England Aquarium…
Controlled experiments: tests only one factor at a time; a control group and 1 or more experimental groups.
Only one factor differs, this is the variable
Designing an experiment
Collecting data
Czarnowski and Triantafyllou built Proteus, a 2-propeller penguin boat
They tested it in the Charles River in Boston
They collected and recorded data such as the flapping rate, energy used by the motors, and the speed achieved by the boat.
The only factor that was changed was the flapping rate
Organize your data (tables, graphs, etc.)
Helps to explain and focus on effects of the variable
By graphing data on flaps per second, Proteus was most efficient at 1.7 flaps per second
Graphing efficiency showed that Proteus is 17% more efficient than a propeller-driven boat.
Do the results of the experiment support the hypothesis?
If not, need to find another explanation…
Problems are rarely solved with just one experiment
After many more trials, Czarnowski and Triantafyllou found that the penguin propulsion system was more efficient than the propeller propulsion system.
This led to more questions…Can this system be used on large tanker ships?
Share with others to learn more and expand your ideas
Compare hypotheses
Repeat experiments
Develop new experiments and hypotheses
Published their results in academic papers, science magazines, and newspapers
They also displayed their results on the Internet
This way, other scientists can conduct additional research about Proteus
What is the relationship between and experiment and a hypothesis?
When following scientific methods, what is the correct procedure for investigation?
Students will be able to: ◦ Explain what scientific methods are. ◦ Explain how scientific methods are used to answer questions ◦ Describe how a hypothesis is formed and tested ◦ Identify methods that are used to analyze data ◦ Explain how a conclusion can support or disprove a hypothesis ◦ List methods of communicating data
Series of steps followed to solve problems
Do you know what the steps are?
Take a minute to write down the steps as you know them…
Ask a question Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Analyze the results Draw conclusions Communicate results
Focuses the purpose of an investigation
Make
observations
◦ Gather information through your senses ◦ Accurately make and record your observations
How can you improve the efficiency of boat propulsion systems? ◦ Experimenters: Czarnowski (zhar NOW skee) and Triantafyllou (tree ahn ti FEE loo)
Most boat propellers are only 70% efficient
Increased efficiency will save resources (fuel) and money
Hypothesis: a possible explanation or answer to a question
Based on your observations
Can be tested
Predictions : statement of cause and effect that can be used to set up a test for a hypothesis (if-then format)
Penguins swimming in the New England Aquarium…
Controlled experiments: tests only one factor at a time; a control group and 1 or more experimental groups.
Only one factor differs, this is the variable
Designing an experiment
Collecting data
Czarnowski and Triantafyllou built Proteus, a 2-propeller penguin boat
They tested it in the Charles River in Boston
They collected and recorded data such as the flapping rate, energy used by the motors, and the speed achieved by the boat.
The only factor that was changed was the flapping rate
Organize your data (tables, graphs, etc.)
Helps to explain and focus on effects of the variable
By graphing data on flaps per second, Proteus was most efficient at 1.7 flaps per second
Graphing efficiency showed that Proteus is 17% more efficient than a propeller-driven boat.
Do the results of the experiment support the hypothesis?
If not, need to find another explanation…
Problems are rarely solved with just one experiment
After many more trials, Czarnowski and Triantafyllou found that the penguin propulsion system was more efficient than the propeller propulsion system.
This led to more questions…Can this system be used on large tanker ships?
Share with others to learn more and expand your ideas
Compare hypotheses
Repeat experiments
Develop new experiments and hypotheses
Published their results in academic papers, science magazines, and newspapers
They also displayed their results on the Internet
This way, other scientists can conduct additional research about Proteus
What is the relationship between and experiment and a hypothesis?
When following scientific methods, what is the correct procedure for investigation?
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