Sanskrit Devanagari : An Introduction

A few chapters on Sanskrit Devanagari from the book : INTRODUCTION TO THE DEVANAGARI SCRIPT BY

Victory to the Supreme Lord Shiva

Victory to Divine Consciousness

H. M. LAMBERT, M.A.Cantab.

INTRODUCTION Tne Devanagari Script The script traditionally referred to as the Devanagari Script is used in writing Sanskrit and, of the modern, languages of northern India, Hindi, Marathi and Nepali. The script used in writing Gujarati is a slightly modified form of the Devanagari script, and the scripts used in writing Bengali and Panjabi are related to the Devanagari script, though this relation is apparent in only some of the charact­ ers. The writing system, based on the character representing the syll­ able, is the same for all these languages. However, in order to use this system for writing the modern languages, which have each develop­ ed in their own particular way from the original Sanskrit, a number of conventions have become necessary in reading from the script, con­ ventions which vary with the special features of each language. The realisation of the characters as they are used for writing Hindi, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati, and the conventions which have become established in each language, are described in the various sections of this work.

Though the Bengali script differs considerably from

the Devanagari script in the form of most of the characters, the study of it is included in this work because the writing system is the same as the Sanskrit writing system, and the conventions by which

2

I N T R O D U C T I O N

this system is adapted for writing Bengali have much in common with the conventions used in the other modern languages.

An examination

of these conventions makes possible an interesting comparison both between the writing of these four languages and that of Sanskrit, and between the writing of the modern languages themselves. The origin of the name 'Devanagari' is obscure.

The shorter

1

form of the name is Nagari'(nagarii), which has been variously inter­ preted.

It is thought by some to be tbe name given to the writing of

'tbe people of the city'(nagaram, 'a city'); by others it is said to derive its name from the Nagar Brahmans of Gujarat. Notation The system of roman notation used in this text for transcribing the Devanagari characters is the All-India Roman Notation^. Three minor modifications have been introduced in this text in order to adapt the notation for transcribing both Sanskrit and the modern languages. These modifications are :i.

The use of the vowels

i

('short' i) and

of the vowels

i

; and of the vowels

and

uu

y

and

('long' uu ) for the vowels

ii. The use of the letter

rrj instead of

ii

('long' ii) instead u

('short' u )

w

and

u .

n

for representing the

mark of nasalisation known as the anusvar. iii.The placing of a micron above the letter and above the letter

1.

See Preface.

v

in the diphthong

y

in the diphthong ay , av , thus: ay , av .

3

INTRODUCTION This mark distinguishes the transcription of the diphthongs from the transcription of combinations of characters which are real­ ised in certain contexts as

s-y

and

9-v , not distinguishable

in ordinary speech, in the modern languages, from the diphthongs. Besides these modifications, it is necessary to make certain additions to the notation in order to represent characters used in writing the modern, languages but not used in Sanskrit, and certain modified characters used in Hindi and Bengali. The complete notation used in the Sanskrit syllabary is this: Vowels:

a

a

and 1

Modifiers :

i r

ii

u

rr

uu

1

e

ay

o

ov

11 , for the syllabic consonants.

rrj (representing the onusvara) and h (representing the visarga)

Consonants:

k

kh

g

gh

n

c

ch

j

jh

ji

t

t*

a


h

n

t

th

d

dh

n

p

ph

b

bh

m

y

r

l

v ;

J*

s

s

h

\ , used in transcribing Vedic Sanskrit The additional letters used in the syllabaries of the modern languages are these: r

and

rh

for transcribing the modified forms of the characters

representing

^

and

cjh , in Hindi and Bengali, and for

1. For the use of this term, see Sanskrit section, Chapter 1.

4

I N T R O D U C T I O N

indicating the intervocallic realisation, in certain words, of the Gujarati character representing q , x , y , z

and

c[ .

f , for transcribing certain modified Devanagari

characters used in Hindi in writing Persian and Arabic loanwords, ts , z

and

zh , for transcribing characters of the 'palatal' class

in Marathi, when they are realised with alveolar articulation. In modern spoken Gujarati and modern spoken Bengali, certain vowel sounds occur which are not separately represented in the script. For indicating the contexts in which such vowel sounds occur, the three symbols

e , o

and

se are used.

The sign of nasalisation,'"' , is used in transcribing the modifier 1

representing nasalisation when it is realised, in the modern lang­ uages, as the nasalisation of a vowel and not as a nasal consonant. This roman notation is used for writing all the Sanskrit grammat­ ical terms referring to the syllabaries of Sanskrit and of the modern languages, the classification of the characters and the phonetic de­ scription of their realisation. The names of the languages, the scripts, and grammatical terms, such as 'sandhi'(sandhi), which are in regular use in English, are written in their conventional English form. The Sanskrit syllabary, as arranged by the Sanskrit grammarians, is given in the roman notation in the Sanskrit section^, and serves as a standard with which the syllabaries of the modern languages can be compared.

1. 2.

See Sanskrit Section, Chapter 2 , 3 . i . a . anusvara. ibid., Chapter 1.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

«

Callig£^P^Z The writing of the Devanagari characters should he practised at first with a reed or bamboo pen. Such pens are still in use in manyparts of India, and in many schools Indian children are taught first to write on a large scale with a broadly cut bamboo pen. Writing in this way will train the eye to recognise easily details of difference and will train the hand to write a standard form of the characters with the broad and thin strokes in the right place and proportion. These pens are cut in the same way as a quill pen, except that the point is cut to slant in the opposite direction from that of the quill used for English writing with the tilted axis. The English pen, when cut for the tilted axis, looks like this from the back: writing thus: The pen cut for the Devanagari script looks like this from the back: writing thus: The pen should be neld in such a way that the thin line, made by the cut edge, falls from left to right at an angle of k5 degrees from a line drawn horizontally across the page. The broad stroke then forms a right-angle with the thin stroke and crosses the horizontal line of the page at an angle of i+5 degrees. Care must be taken not to change the angle of the pen during the writing of curved or rounded strokes, as this will change the shape and balance of the character. Some of the typical strokes of the script should be practised Until good control of the pen, held at the right angle, is establish­ ed before the characters themselves are written. For example.:

6

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The use of the broad, pen should be continued until a good style of handwriting is formed; the introduction of writing with an ordinary pen, and without sufficient attention to the details of line and form, often interferes with the formation of a good hand. In the illustrations given below, which may be used as writing exercises, the characters are grouped so as to show different combin­ ations of strokes, and to draw attention to•similarities and to small but important differences. It will be seen that some of the characters have an upright stroke, others are curved or rounded, without an up­ right stroke; but all have the head-stroke, though it is not always written right across the top of the character. The alignment of the characters is made by this head-stroke, that is, by the top of the character, though there is an invisible alignment also by the bottom of the character. For this reason, it is well to practice writing at first between two lines; if one line is used, the characters should be written from the line downwards, not on the line. The general method of writing the characters is this:

first,

the characteristic part of the character, usually on the left side of the upright stroke; then the upright stroke, if there is one; and finally the head-stroke. The head-stroke binds the whole character together, as will be seen when vowel signs and other marks are added. The general direction of making the strokes is from the top downwards, and from left to right. But the order of the strokes in some charact­ ers, and their direction, differ from this general rule, and where this is so, the calligraphy of particular characters is illustrated when these are introduced in the chapters which follow.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

7

Examples of Devanagari characters, showing the order in which the strokes are written:

Examples of similarity and difference between characters:

1

0

5

SANSKRIT

SECTION

C H A P T E R ARRANGEMENT

OP

1

THE

SYLLABARY

When the characters of the Devanagari Script,

, are

arranged in the traditional order, they constitute a series of syll­ ables which may be regarded as the basis of the Sanskrit phonological system. Each character represents a syllable, and is called -*A"ql (gksorom). 3"*$HloHl

The series of characters in the syllabary is called (vornsmala) , and consists of:-

Pourteen vowel characters, Two modifiers and Thirtythree consonant characters. The syllabary used in writing Vedic Sanskrit includes one more con­ sonant character. In reading aloud from the script, a vowel character is realised -

as a syllable consisting of a vowel, " ^ T ^ :

(svarah) , and a consonant

character is realised as a syllable consisting of an initial conson­ ant,

oEn3p=JJT

(vyojijonam) followed by the vowel

o .

This vowel,

when realised with a consonant, is generally referred to in English textbooks as the 'inherent' vowel.

The term 'modifier' is used here

to refer to the two signs which indicate some modification in the realisation of the character with which they are written. These two signs are usually referred to individually, as the 'anusyarsh' and the 'visarggh' , as there is no Sanskrit term which is used to refer to them together.

12

S A N S K R I T

S E C T I O N

Each character is referred to, for instance, in spelling, as the syllable which it represents, and the particle example,

^fl^TTT

(kara); for

(akara) , ^cf^R(ikara) , c^cfTI? (kakara) , rTorTTT (takara).

The roman syllabary given below corresponds in arrangement and classification with the Devanagari syllabary.

As the consonant

characters are discussed first in this work, the table of consonant syllables is placed first in this syllabary.

CD

i>

P

1

0s

•H

Voiced

CQ

Voiceless

CONSONANTS with

a

1 Velar

2 Palatal

3 Cacum­ inal

5 Labial

Unaspirated

kg

ca

.t?

ta

pa

Aspirated

kha

cha

tha

tha

pha

¥

da

ba

dha

bha

na

ma va

Unaspirated Aspirated

Nasal

gha

jha

dha

rja

jia

n

ys

ra

la

sa

sa

Semi-vowels Fricatives Aspirate

VOWELS, associated with consonant-classes

9

ha

Lateral

MODIFIERS

k Dental

I a

a

Nasal

i

ii

e

ay -m

r

9

rr

.1

Aspirated

11

-h

u

uu

o

av

13

A R R A N G E M E N T OF T H E SYLLABARY The character represented "by va

in the roman table is usually

realised with labio-dental articulation in reading from a Sanskrit text.

The retroflex lateral consonant

Sanskrit.

T_a occurs only in Vedic

1

The vowel 'syllabic 11 does not occur in Sanskrit, but the

character representing it is traditionally included in the script syllabary. The main feature of the syllabary is the arrangement of the con­ sonant characters in groups according to the position and the manner of articulation of the sounds which they represent.

The following

Sanskrit phonetic terms are used by grammarians in the description of the characters as they are classified in the syllabary: i. The consonant characters are placed in three groups:

characters

representing syllables with an initial plosive consonant, that is, a consonant articulated with 'contact',

^-q(spar/ah,'touch')j

characters representing syllables with an initial semi-vowel, that is, 'neither a consonant nor a vowel', "=H«-ri:lF3T (antahstha, 'standing between'); and characters representing syllables with an initial fricative consonant, vjo^H*"^ (uusman, 'heat'). ii. The five positions o f articulation are: ct)<«c^( (kanj;hya,'velar') or t ^ ^ ^ o i t ^ T

( jihvamuuliiya ,' root of the tongue');

(talavya, 'palatal');

T^j[Z=Zf

(muurdhanya,' cacuminal'!) ;

(dontya, 'dental') and 'SHV&O^ (osthya, 'labial'). articulation is described as

cTToToZT

cfl ^"U.

Labio-dental

(dantavs^hya).

1. This term refers to the area of the roof of the mouth with which contact is made by the tongue. Consonants of this class are also de­ scribed as 'cerebral'. As the retroflexion of the tongue is an import­ ant feature in the pronunciation of consonants of this class in the modern languages, the class is described as 'retroflex' in the roman tables of those languages. Cf. Hindi, p. 5 9 .

14

SANSKRIT

SECTION

iii. The manner of production of the sounds by which the characters are realised is described in the following terms, and in each class of plosive consonants the characters are arranged in this order: (aghosa ),

voiceless, aspirated

- SfJ^STfar

(aghosa),

voiced, unaspirated

- "^TtWrT

(ghosavat^),

voiced, aspirated

-

nasal

-

1. 2. 3.' h. 5.

y(alpaprana )

1

voiceless, unaspirated - -M vf]^

^TtTcr^ (ghosavat) ,

2

H^l VI 1^1 CM

(alpaprana)

^T^TTfW

(mahaprana)

^ T ^ l l fo^5 (anunasika 5) ,

'without sound', or 'voiceless'. 'with little breath', or 'unaspirated'. 'with big breath', or 'aspirated'. 'with sound' or 'voiced'. 'nasal'.

(mahapra:na3)

2

C H A P T E R CHARACTERS

OP

THE

SYLLABARY

The characters of the script are described in this chapter in the same order as that in which the syllables are placed in the roman syllabary: Consonant Characters, Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs, and Modifiers. The general style of the characters varies from period to period and from region to region. In the older editions of Sanskrit works some characters are found that are now supplanted by newer and more widely used forms; and there is sometimes a marked difference in the style used in printing books in Bombay, Calcutta and other parts of India. The most commonly used of the alternative forms of some of the characters are given below, among the characters of each group. The calligraphy of any characters which are not written according to the general order of strokes given in the Introduction is illustrat­ ed when the characters are introduced.

1. Consonant Characters. The consonant characters of the syllabary represent syllables consisting of an initial consonant followed by the vowel ant characters realised with the vowel

a

a . Conson­

are described as ^ c f t K

(akara). If a character is to be realised as the consonant element only of the syllable, this is shown by writing the mark known as f^TTPT-

(viramah) at the foot of the character. The writing of this

mark with a character is illustrated below, after the first table.

16

S A N S K R I T

S E C T I O N

Characters written with the viramgh are described as ^tyr^rT (hslants), 'ending in a consonant'. i. Characters of the vorgiiys group ( ofTffcr ) . The twentyfive characters of this group are arranged, as in the (vergah), representing

roman table given above, in five classes,

the five positions of 'contact', ^Cf^f: (sparJsh), used in the articul­ ation of the plosive consonants.

Each class consists of five charact­

ers, arranged in order according to the manner of production of the consonant of the syllable which they represent.

k9-v9rg9h

35

3>

k9

kh9

gh9

C9

Ch9

Dh9

J19

th9

3h9

n

dhg

n9

ca-varggh

-|;9-V9rg9h

t

9

t9-varg9h

t9

«r th9

d9

ph9

b9

*r

pg-varggh

P9

The Bombay form of the character for 35 and

7^

bh9

jhg

9

mo

is § T > and the forms

are found in older books printed in Calcutta.

The Bombay

17

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY form of the character for

no

is

.

The Bombay forms of these

characters are used in Hindi writing, but the Hindi forms are not used in Marathi writing, or in Sanskrit books printed in Bombay. Calligraphy. All the characters in the above table are written in the way described in the introductory notes on calligraphy, except the following three characters:

»-

jh9

*J

*b

jo

*R

to

\>

1

1 r

\r

\j|

\jf

c

ri

rT

The writing of the viramoh to indicate the realisation of a con­ sonant character as a consonant without the vowel

a

is illustrated

by these characters:

<*5

^

k-

^ t~

c-

^ t-

p-

When writing words, which may be of one or more characters, each character is written and completed with the head-stroke before the next character is written.

In the reading examples which are given

below, words which are usually written with the modifier known as fof^'f:

(visargeh)^ are written in the form in which they occur in

various contexts without this modifier.

The visorgah is written with

reading examples after the modifiers have been discussed.

Verbal

roots, in the form in which they are given in grammars and diction­ aries, are included in the examples in order to illustrate the writing of characters with the viramoh.

1. The first stroke in these characters is written from right to left. 2. See below, under 3. Modifiers, ii. c

18

SANSKRIT

SECTION

Reading examples 1. One character words

2. Two character words

3.

TT5

« R

^

**<5

^

^FT

xbti

vrfs

TfiZ

"W

^fcT

^"T

3*T

TO^T

v

^

TTUT

Three character words TTTT5R

^PTrT

xTCPR

HSR

«TcT5F)

cfi-qe

3qv3foR

7Turop5

3^*1

-
cf^xf

TT^OFI

i+. Four and five character words

"B^rTxr

M^^fflT

'TCTT

cRSFR

*T*TH*T

"q3^*T

eFPTO

* W * B * i r R

ii. Characters of the antahstha

^ ya

ra

2

vSFTCR

^ " ^ ^ r p r

group ( *5y«rl*.)

^jJJ* la

SRFR

Bombay form

va

la

Calligraphy la : Hindi form ^ •

^

Bombay form

^ ^ ^

^7>

These four characters are associated with four of the vargah, as indicated in the roman syllabary, and with four of the vowels, thus: T{

, ya, associated with the ca-vargah, and the vowels

^

, ra, associated with the

i

and

ii

, and the syllabic

r

and rr^"

Cn , la, associated with the ta-vargah, and the syllabic

1

and 11

—r

k

of > va, associated with the pa-vargah, and the vowels u and uu 1. Transcription of examples is given on p.51. 2 . 'standing between.' 3 . This stroke is written from right to left. U. See below, under 2 . Vowel Characters.

19

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY These characters are all described as cf

,

olpgprang

ghossvet.

, though associated with the labial class, is. realised with

labio-dental articulation, and described as Reading examples 1.

and

3[«-<^|

(dantovsthys).

1

One character words

c

T

T

T

5f

*T

rT

2. Two character words o^cf

^TM

cRf

qoT

3.

WtT

v

c=5^T

«R

STc5

«TC

W

TO

^

^

^^*

N

V

^5

Three character words • ^

c*opJT

*T*T^

«TSfc55

£5*13

^f5T

S^TT

WW

*P*cT

cTC*T

cT^R

x

h. Words of four or more characters cTCRTT

Z(V(cl^

*RcT*T

iii. Characters of the uusman

?

^

J9

S9

2

SFPTSoWW

tT$^*??T

group (\53"5EpT )

-

f

S9

h9

Calldgraphy Jg : Hindi form ha : i.

^

An older form of

$

$|

|>

Bombay form or

is

5j

ii.

4

^

41

IT

f

This form is illustrated

later under Conjunct Characters-^.

2.

3l

, a form still used in joining this

character to certain other characters.

1 .

<$

Transcription- of examples is given on p „ 5 1 o 'heat' 3. See Chapter 3.

S A N S K R I T

2o

S E C T I O N

The first three characters of this group represent syllables consisting of a fricative consonant with the vowel described as 9ghos9 and mohaprang.

The fourth character is realised 9 , and is described as ghosevot

as an aspirate followed by the vowel and mehaprar)©.

The uusmen characters are associated with the classes

51 , j"o , with the C9-V9rg9h;

thus:

9 , and are

, 89 , with the T 9 - v 9 r g 9 h ; The character

|T

, so , with the -[Q-Yorgoh;

and

, he , with the ko-vergeh.

is the last consonant character in the syllab­

ary used in writing classical Sanskrit. one more character is used, oS

, \B

consonant followed by the vowel

9 .

Calligraphy of 55

OO

Reading examples

:

C

Or

In writing Vedic Sanskrit

, realised as a retroflex lateral

06

55

1

1. One character words

2. Two character words

Tsre

^sr

^

^Rr

PI

^TST

s

^7rT

N

T^r 1#

^

^

^

3- Three character words bi^t ^T5T^

^ C T n

5R£

^TOcS

N

opre

v

H^ST

*pt*t

ttrst

$*5f5

t p ^

-*sth

k» Pour, five and six character words 3"5R*T ^Tc^lTH

^ T ^ H =ToTSr^P*>lT

TfSR"^ H ^ T ^ R ^

5p>^"H

s

"STTFT^

^TT^T^^T

1. Transcription of examples is given on p. 51.

^TcTTT^ ^*m?T*T

21

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 2. Vowel Characters, with corresponding Vowel Signs. A vowel which constitutes a syllable is written with a vowel character; a vowel which is part of a syllable with an initial con­ sonant is written with a vowel sign added to a consonant character, x.

Vowel Characters. There are fourteen vowel characters in the V9rr|9mala:

w 5 o

a

3 in

4

i

ii

u

% Syllabic

The character form, ^Tf

uu

% K

r

rr

1

11

e

ay

o

9v

, and the other characters based on the same

, Wl" and

, and the characters ^

»

» of

and

, have these alternative forms:

<3T 3ff <2*t # o

a

o

S R ^ R ^ ^ r

8v

rr

1

11

Both forms of these vowel characters are used in Hindi writing; only the Bombay forms are used in Marathi writing.

55ft

, o , is »3* . 1

The order of writing the strokes in vowel

characters is illustrated by these examples: 9 9 M a

*>

r

*>

oy

M\

An older form of

t

ii

*

1

5

0

C

1. See below, under 3.Modifiers,i.note c.

22

S A N S K R I T

S E C T I O N

The vowel characters are referred to as "swoftlT > a-kara, smooiT ? a-kara, J j ^ B T ^

i-kara, and so on. They are related to the five posit­

ions of articulation as shown in the table of the roman syllabary. The vowel

11

does not occur in Sanskrit words, but the character is

traditionally included in the syllabary for the sake of symmetry. The first ten vowel characters represent five pairs of 'simple' vowels, each pair consisting of a character realised as a 'short' vowel, f^^oT , (hrasva) and a character realised as a 'long' vowel, 7

^t ^

, (diirgha).

The remaining four characters represent vowels

which are described as 'compound' or 'conjunct', ^T^rf) > (sarrjyukta-'-). In the system of modification and combination of vowels known as 'sandhi', ^f^r:

, (sandhih), as in the formation of compound words,

derived words, and the joining of final and initial vowels in con­ secutive words in a phrase or sentence, the vowels are grouped thus: Simple vowels TJUT'*

(gunah)

(vrddhih) 2

Examples :

a

a

9

a

i

a

^rpri^

ii

u

uu

r

rr

1

e

o

ar

al

ay

av

ar

al

nagaram

—

'TI^Tf^oB

nagarika

cftio/HpJof)

kalpanika

diva bhuuti ?5

kr kip

1. 2.

op>
kalpana

See above, Ch.l., and below,3. i. for the modifier represented by rrj. See below, ii, for the vowel signs used in these examples.

CHARACTERS OF T H E

SYLLABARY

23

Reading examples of words with vowel characters;1

1. One character words

5

TJ

W

3

2. Words of more than

5\

{

35

^

51

)

ne character

^ft

3£

^ ^ ^sr if 3^r

3
w -STt^

^

i^i

3$^

3Tc5

ii. Vowel Signs Each of the vowel characters, except

,

a , has a correspond­

ing vowel sign which may he added to a consonant character to re­ present a syllable consisting of an initial consonant followed by one of the vowels

a - av .

As the vowel

a

is realised with every con­

sonant character unless it is either marked with the viramah or has one of the vowel signs added to it, there is no sign for this vowel. The vowel signs, added to the consonant character

5RT f % % ka

ki

kii

ku

kr

krr

kl

kll

ke

kay

ko

kav

oft , are:

kuu

2

1 . Transcription of examples is given on p 5 1 . 2. See note on the vowel 11 under Vowel Characters, above. 0

'

24

SANSKRIT

SECTION

Calligraphy The order of writing the strokes when a vowel sign is added to a consonant character is illustrated in the following examples: ka

cb

cbl

ku

cb

kii

cb

3> <*>l

bhi

1

m

ko

oh

ki

1

!<*>

dhi

1

I'M

fa

ft

ke

ft

m

obi

When the vowel signs are added to consonant characters which have an upright stroke, the superscribed signs are placed above the upright stroke, and the subscribed signs are written at the foot of that stroke.

When vowel signs are subscribed to rounded characters

they are written below the mid-point of the lowest curve, thus:

f

5

f

£

5

I

chu

pxn

d^u

djiuu

du

huu

Special forms

^

*

ru

ruu

An older form of

is

The vowel sign of 9f£ representing

if

with ^

used to represent

"5^

5

1

dr

Jr

^-, and of

^ hr

is

is not written with

^

• The character

is written with the superscribed stroke

when it is to be realised before another con­

sonant character without an intervening vowel. This stroke is placed over the vowel character

5fJ

, as in

Pi•s+^irl

2

, nirrti .

Mark of 'separation'. When an initial

or sflT

the preceding word, the mark 1 .

See C h . 2 , l o i i i .

S

occurs after certain final vowels in , known as 3T3"3T$|":

2. See C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s 3.iii°a-

(avagrohah)^ is 3 »

'separation'.

25

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY

written after the vowel in which the final and initial vowels are co­ alesced, to indicate the presence of two words in the piece.

The mark

is written once when the initial vowel of the second word is

*5T , and

twice when the initial vowel is

yo - ay am

^\

te - api

yo-yam

, as in these examples:

te- pi

sada - atman

sada—

Reading examples^ 1. One character words

*'

1

*

I

ft

X 2. Two character words

V*

ft? ^ 3Tt§ 3.

£fcT

^

Three character words jjfacr

fa^to

^Tf^r

«§5*nfr f^«TTcI

t«?or

sttct

^ft^R

5u^t=T

facj^T ^ftcr

^fre^r

^ r e

^rf^

i§rtW

^ff^SBT

s

|o5cl"

U. Four, five and six character words ?of)Tfo>R ^RI*T%

1.

{jfttofc^r

^frf^^T

?5^TTftf5F

^ f i ^ ^ T

a f o ^ T ^

f^"^f%oHT OTjftf^SFjT

hUiP|«F> *sfa^ftl'«+>

, tma , the characters CT and T combined. See Chapter 3» Class 2. iii. 2. Transcription of examples is given on p. 51. n

26

SANSKRIT

SECTION

3. Modifiers The two modifiers, known as

^ T * J iPfl I T :

(onusvarsh) and "fcf^'^f";

(visorgsh), are signs which may be added to a character to indicate a modification in the realisation of the character.

They are placed

in the syllabary after the vowel characters, and, as they cannot be written alone, they are written-with the character ^

.

They may,

however, be written with any character.

5

anusvareh, ^"•|T ITT

io

:

1

This modifier is written as a dot above the character of which it modifies the realisation, thus: *•

i

I orrj

arr)

#> kQirj

kairj

T

3

irrj

iirrj

urrj

%

#

f

kirrj

kiirrj

kurrj

uurrj

em

orrj

eyrrj

avrrj

% % # kuurrj

kerrj

koyrrj

korrj

kevrrj

Calligraphy The Qnusvareh is generally added to the character after the vowel sign has been written and before the headstroke is written to complete the character.

It is placed above the middle of the character, or

over the last upright stroke if there is one, and to the right side of any superscribed vowel sign, for example; •

•

kgrrj

oh

Ob

eft

gang

4||

4jj

itf

dhirrj 1.

f$

'after-sound'.

•

3 girrj

\i\

bhirrj \M

ftj R

»

•

^

hsnj

fSf

gerrj rorrj

^

^

*

^

|T

Jj

Jf

*i

27

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY The anusvarah is written with a character in various contexts, and is realised in various ways according to the context. a. When a word of which the final character represents the form­ ative particle

occurs in any position except at the end of a line

of verse or a sentence, the character

is omitted before an initial

consonant character of a following word and the formative particle is represented by the anusvarah. This formative particle is usually writ­ ten as

only at the end of a line or a sentence. For example:

yetarrj vibhuutirrj yogarr] ca. ..

yetam

vibhuutim

yogam

b. The anusvarah may be written with an initial or. medial character followed by a vargiiya character.

In this context it is

realised as the nasal consonant of the class to which the following character belongs.

"J - q

Examples:

purrjkha (punkha)

lirrjga (linga)

parrjca (panca)

varrjch (vajich)

sirrjj (sip.3)

kuirj^ha (kun^ha)

arrjda (an^a)

pirrjd^a (pin_qa)

51 Jarrjti (janti)

irrjdu (indu)

3% barrjdhu (bandhu)

karrjpa (kampa)

arrjbu (ambu)

kurrjbha (kumbha)

arrjka (arjka) VW

1

jg " J

q -n

rrj - m

•re usual, method of representing a homorganic nasal is that of combining the appropriate nasal consonant character with

28

S A N S K R I T

S E C T I O N

the vargiiya character that follows it, that is,

^

with characters

of the ka-vargah, \>f^ with characters of the ca-vargah, and so on. This method is used also when the formative particle

occurs before

an initial vargiiya character in a sentence, where consecutive words are joined in sandhi. 1

Formative particles, such as *lf~cl

illustrated later . ^«-("!

The calligraphy of such combined characters is , -anti, and

, -ante, are usually written by this method and not with the

anusvarah. The anusvarah is sometimes written to represent -n compounds formed from the prefix with R

* e.g. H*T(T

or T

or -m , in

^T*T > sam-, and words beginning N

sannata, and

TTHf^"

sammati.

c. When the anusvarah is written with a character preceding a character of the antahstha or the uusman group, the realisation of it varies according to the position of articulation of the character which follows it, and also with the custom of speakers in different parts of India.

The anusvarah preceding an antahstha character is

realised as follows: Before

If ,

ya , as

rj , m , n

^PTt'T Before

T >

ra , as

Before

oT ,

la , as

^ ,

va , as

; e.g.

or

v

; e.g.

sarjraga, samraga, sanraga or savraga rj , m , n

^fo/i^T Before

y

sarjyoga, samyoga, sanyoga or sayyoga

rj , m , n

^

or

or

1

; e.g.

sarjlaya, samlaya, sanlaya or sallaya

rj , m , or

^fo|sanvada,

v

; e.g.

samvada or savvada

1. See Chapter 3, Conjunct Characters, Class 2.b.

29

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY The anusvarah preceding an uusman character is realised thus: Before J[ ,

Ja , as

n , m , n , or v; e.g.

^T"5T Before "5T >

sa , as

sgJ"8» sm/s, an/a or avj"a n , m , nasalisation of the vowel, or vj e.g. haviirjsi, haviimsi., haviisi or haviivsi

Before

,

sa , as

n , m , n , or v; e. g.

^FI^IR

sansara, samsara, sansara or savsara,

or as nasalisation of the vowel, as in

Before

^ ,

"f^f^TT

hirjsa, himsa, hivsa or hisa

ijf^f

punsi, pumsi, pusi

rj , m , n , or v; e. g.

ha , as "f^^"

sinha, simha, sinha or sivha ^ " l * > sayha

or as nasalisation of the vowel in The sign

is sometimes written above a character preceding an

antahstha or an uusman character to indicate realisation by nasal­ ising the vowel of the syllable instead of by a nasal consonant, This sign is called ^ - J - H f^cp>

following the vowel.

1

(anunasika ),

and it is usually written, in preference to the anusvarah, in the \Q*

'sacred syllable'

2

, (orrj)

3

Reading examples a. fifr W

b. ft«r |«

ift

^cr

-qff


^*t

^TCTCT

ami 1.

"§^r

s

w

i%i^cr

n

^TTH

^Tcn»ri^Tr

HoflH ^ t t

"*?wf^r

^PFCRN s

3?fcr*r

^TffcT

i

'nasal'. 2. See above, under 2.i. 3 . For transcription of examples, see p. 52. . The lines a, b and c correspond to the notes given above under 3 » i . L. Gitagovindakavyam, sarga 3 > v . 6 o

30

SANSKRIT

ii. visargah , •fcfH'fc

SECTION

1

The visargah is written as two dotsj placed vertically, after a character.

ah

ah

ih

cfr

cBT: fcB:

kah

kah

kih

iih

uh

uuh

rrh

eh

ayh

oh

avh

kiih

kuh

kuuh

krh

keh

kayh

koh

kavh

Calligraphy The visargah is usually added to a character after every other stroke has been made, including the head-stroke. e

-g- ch

ch)

cfit

CWT:

The realisation of the visargah varies in different parts of India a. It may be realised as strong aspiration following the realisation of the character with which it is written, for example

JFFOT devah

malah

%

kavih

guruh

kaveh

gunayh

bhanoh

gavh

It is realised in this way when it occurs medially, as in ^:^q*T^

, duhkham; or as the doubling of the following consonant,

as in r P T i ^

» tapahsu, tapassu.

b. . It may be realised in final position as

h

following the vowel of

the character with which it is written, and a very short repetition of the same vowel after

h , as illustrated by this transcription of

the examples given above: devah

9

malah

a

kavih

1. 'emission of breath'

1

guruh

u

kaveh

e

gunayh

1

bhanoh

0

gavh

u

31

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY Reading examples ofi: 7J-CTT:

1

3*

W

^ffT:.

^ftrj

W

«TT|:

^

f^h

f ^ '

^gfo ^r^fq-rT: .^P ^T* ^mtf^rTTi

^rw-.

% ffi w : o t > w t

n

:

^ife ^gfr

TO^t

^rerr^

^fcTtsf^oR:

cP^fsTT:

^rffcr^tfrrW^cr^^T^

i

U. The Complete Syllabary The complete syllabary, arranged in the traditional order, is given on the following page. The characters are further arranged in a .table in which the vowel characters, and the two modifiers added to the character

, are placed in order at the head of a series of

columns consisting of every consonant character in the Qkarg form, each consonant character with each of the vowel signs and each of the modifiers.6 These two tables together show the order in which the characters are placed as initial characters of words in dictionaries. Characters with the onusvaroh are, however, placed before characters without the onusvarah but followed by another consonant character. 1. For transcription, see p.52. 2. BhagavadgTta,ch.10,v.1„a. 3. ibid., ch,10,v.U.b. h. GTtagovindakavyam, sarga l,v.8. 5. ibid., sarga 1.3,v.7. 6. Cf. the series of characters with vowel signs given above under 2.ii.

S A N S K R I T

32

S E C T I O N

1

%

I

3

#

* 3?

at 5

Z

3 %

55 5. The Devanagari numerals Hindi forms:

^ 1

=1

3

I

%

2

3

5

6

Bombay forms: ft 1

6,

2

A

*

3

K

7

vs

<3 5

c

6

7

8

9

*o

C 8

1 0

9

1 0

Punctuation

In prose writing, the end of a sentence is marked with a vert­ ical stroke of the same height as the characters.

In verse, the first

line of a stanza or couplet is closed with one vertical stroke, and the complete stanza or couplet is closed with two vertical strokes and numbered as illustrated in the verse examples given at the end of the next chapter.

3

C H A P T E R CONJUNCT

CHARACTERS

Consonant characters may "be combined to represent two or more consonants realised without any intervening vowel.

A character

formed by combining other characters is called a conjunct character, H^TblT5HH ( ssrrjyuktakssrsm). y

1, Construction of Conjunct Characters. Characters may be combined in various ways, according to the form of the characters to be joined. i. The second character may be subscribed to the first:

k- ko

kka

rj- ka

s

nko

X

tt

9

d

~

V

9

^

v 9

ii. If the first character has an upright stroke, this stroke may be omitted, and the first part of the first character is joined to the second character by the head-stroke, thus:

n- da

ndo

g- gs

The characters o F " , characters in the forms

ggo and ^ of ,

t- ps

tpa

n- mo

nms

are usually joined with following * F and

^.

Some conjunct characters may be formed by either of these two methods, for example:

^

^

C- C9

^

o

r

—j-

CCS

v3T ^ j - J9 V

^ o r w f j J9

34

SANSKRIT

SECTION

Some conjunct characters are formed by a combination of methods i. and ii. ; for example: d- dho

ddha

d-bho

dbha

iii. If the first character is a rounded character, with no upright stroke, it is usually written in full, and the second character is joined with it in a modified form, for example:

t~ y®

ty

s

d

~

y°

d

y®

n_

"y

n

&

y®

n

~

m o

^

me

iv. Some characters are written in a special form when joined with other characters, for example:

/- ve

JVG

r- ths

The characters

rtho

g- ro jjf

(Hindi form) and

ing k-so , and the character

J"- re

gre

/re

(Bombay form), represent­

, representing

j-ji9 , have been in

eluded in the syllabic series from a very early date, though no con­ junct characters are included in the syllabary.

Calligraphically

these three characters are not formed by joining two distinct charact ers, but they are considered in this work under the appropriate classes of conjunct characters because they represent syllables con­ sisting of two consonants and the vowel

9 .

If any characters are not modifiable, and therefore cannot be combined, by any of these methods, the realisation of them without an intervening vowel is indicated by writing the first character with the viramsh, thus

3

^

^5

t- k9

t

k 8

^

3~

^

^

d 8

3

^ d 9

W


ci^T

dbr9

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS

3 5

Characters combined with other characters in this way do not form conjunct characters in calligraphy, but they are included in this chapter because they complete certain series in the classes of con­ junct characters. Three, four or five characters may be combined to form a conjunct character, for example: rT

n

\

~Q

* X

7^

\

V

t - m - yo

tmyo

ST

*v*

T

V

1

Z

\

b - dh - va

bdhva

\

V

"grf

\

r - s - \ - ya

rstye

The general rules already given for the order of strokes in writ­ ing a character apply also to the conjunct characters.

The vowel

signs are added to the character before the headstroke is written. Examples:

ktyu

oj-

o|-

stvi

I

I*-

\J

VR^|

RJYAIRJ

2.

c

o|- ^| r

IVc©!

f?r«|

\rM\

VTIJF"

Contexts of Conjunct Characters.

Conjunct characters occur in the following contexts: i. In words, such as

iccha


<%PT:

WfT^

agnih

ksiprah

brahmen

^ Jlokah

strii

ii. In junctions arising from grammatical processes: a. In words formed by the addition of suffixes to verbal roots, such as bhaj-ta

bhakta

gam-ya

gamya

labh-tva

labdhva

36

S A N S K R I T

S E C T I O N

b. In derivatives of various kinds, such as

diva

dayvyam

Juura

Javryam

c. In words formed "by the addition of prefixes or suffixes to other words, as in

ut-tama

uttama

dur-guna

ut-gamah

durguna

vi-adhih

udgamah

abhi-asah

vyadhih

abhyasah

vac-maya

vanmaya

iii. In compound words, in which the final character of one part of the compound word, if it is a halanta character, is joined with the initial character of the following part, as in

sat - masah

sanmasah

Jriimat - bhagavat - giita

rc - vedah

rgvedah

/riimadbhagavadgiita

iv. In pieces consisting of two or more words, in which a conjunct character is written joining the final character of one word, if it is a halanta character, with the initial character of the following word. For example:

Jreyo

hi

«qT^TccF>

jjianamabhyasa j jjianaddhyanam c ^ ^ T r * T P T T - * £ H I Pel

vijisyate,

^ ^ T ^ c R H II

ft

II

dhyanatkarmaphalatyagastyagacchantiranantaram. 12. 1. Bhagavadgita, Ch.l2.v.l2.

C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS

37

The process of joining characters illustrated in ii. to v. above 1

is known as 'sandhi' 'of consonants" '.

The examples in ii.a. and ii.b.

illustrate the process of 'internal' sandhi, and those in i i . c , iii. and iv. illustrate that of 'external' sandhi.

3 . Classification of Conjunct Characters. The conjunct characters are arranged in this work in classes according to the combination of consonants which occurs when the con­ junct character is realised in reading.

The conjunct characters,

when arranged in this way, fall into four classes. Class 1. Two similar characters joined. Class 2 . Two vorgiiys characters joined. Class 3 . Characters joined with sntshsths characters in various combinations: i. Characters joined with ii. Characters joined with ~3[ iii. Characters joined with a. preceding

"<[ >

or b. following

T

iv. Characters joined with 2

a. preceding oT^

or b. following oT

;

Class h. vargiiys characters joined with uusmen characters: i. Characters joined with a. preceding

ST ,

or

; or b. following

, "Cf or^T

ii. Characters joined with a. preceding |J ; or b. following |* 1. Compare reference to 'sandhi' of vowels, in Chapter 2 , 2 . i . 2. The Vedic character oo" , X » included in this class. s

i

s

38

SANSKRIT

SECTION

Class 1. Two similar characters joined^.

«R4

M -kks

M

-ggs

-kkhs

-gghs

"SSI

9

-CCS

-cchs

-tts

-tths

• jjhs

—

-ddhs

-nns

1 "tt

9

-dds

<s><s{

-pphs

"PPS

-bbhs

-bbs

-mms

w

ocf 3

-lis

-yys

-SS&

-vvs-^

Alternative forms

-sss

&

UU| -CCS

- DJs

> T

The characters

-jjhs

and

—

-sss

9

-nn

-lis

do not occur in this series.

The

second and fourth characters in each vsrgsh are formed by combining the slpsprans characters with the corresponding mshaprans characters. Reading examples . SOF^t:

snf^r

^tNt*

^b^rstz:

"q%oRr 3TTIT

^Pm

-

3^*T«

*rs$PT:

^arfrk

§^fto

(f«^5T)

ftgfrr^

o7| ff|T«

^FTtf:

$MI^

faquui

"«r^aT ftrT

^TT

^f^:

(^^5^]

ftWoT:

^TS|s

cT^^

^TCTO

^gfaBT*

1. Conjunct characters which do not occur- initially are indicated by prefixing a hyphen in the roman transcription. 2. This character occurs only in the grammatical term given in the reading examples. 3. This character occurs only in combination with preceding T . U. Transcription of examples is given,on p.52. N

CONJUNCT Class 2.

CHARACTERS

Two vergiiy© characters joined.^

i. ©ghos© and ghosovst characters, excluding ©nunasik© characters: vsrgsh

ghosovst

©ghos 0

—

—

—

-

—

ko - CO

- Z ko -\t?

-gjh©

-kcho

-kco

-kto

-tko

-ktho

-tkho

-go;©

-d^g©

-gdh©

-a^gh©

¥

- cT ko - to -kto

-tko

-ktho

-tkho

-gd©

-dgo

-gdh©

-dgh©

-kpo

-pko

-kph©

-pkho

-gba

-bg©

-gbh©

-bgh©

Wi - T ko - P©

-

S

CO - t

-

—

—

—

—

8

H

-tcho

-{co

—

—

-djh©

-^.DO ——

CO - p©

-pcho

-pco Z - rT - to

t

9

-b jh©

-b jo

tt 2 -tto

-tto

-tP°

-Pt

-tpo

-pto

-tthe

-ttho

-dd©

-dcje

-qdh©

-ddh©

-tpho

-pfho

-db©

-bo;©

-dbh©

-bdh©

-tpho

-ptho

-dbo

-bd©

-dbh©

-bdh©

- T - po 8

- H to - po

1 . Many of these conjunct characters occur only in external sandhi. 2. This combination occurs in the character combining ~g , <=p and .

40

SANSKRIT

SECTION

ii. Characters of each vsrgsh joined with a preceding or following ©nunasik© character of the same vorgoh. a. onunasiko character preceding.

f -nke

-nkh©

TO

TO

-nt

1 -nt

9

-mpa

f -ngho

f

^3T -jice

-jicho

-P-J©

-njh©

-nta

-nth©

-nd©

-ndh©

TO

h 9

-n
9

-mb©

-mpha

-mbh© TTJJ

Tig

Alternative forms 9

-jijh©

-i].t

- I

lt

n 9

9

"^TA

-ncjh©

These characters, representing a preceding homorganic nasal consonant, are usually written in preference to the ©nusvarsh placed on the preceding character, of which examples have been given above^. The following examples illustrate the contexts in which the ©nusvarsh may be written, and in which it is not written: ^TcT^cr

ft^rfrt:

pstsnti^

1^n%.

vinsnjtih or vin©ntih3

^Trt lsbhsnte^

©njte or ©nte^

b. ©nunasik© character following.

^

?

-cji©

jn©

^ ~th:n©

The character

i

?

-djhn©

-tn©

? -thn©

?

-dn©^ -dhn©

^

«r

-pm©

-bhm©

3T is not calligraphically a conjunct character,

and is found, from an early date, included in the syllabic series of characters^. In realisation, however, it belongs to this class of 1. See above, Ch.2,3.i.b. 2. Verbal forms. 3. Non-verbal forms. k. The combination (J - *f more usually becomes «5T in sandhi. 5. See above, Ch.2,l. iii. x

41

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS conjunct characters. "beginning with

In the order of words in dictionaries, words

are placed between words beginning with

and

those beginning with^T^T. iii. Characters joined with a preceding or following onunasiko character of a different vorgoh: a. onunasiko character preceding.

R • •'

^

-nbho

^ -nko

-ngo

^

-nco

-n jo

%

-nphe

Most characters may occur joined with preceding

-nbho

, on account *T .

of the frequent occurrence of formative particles ending in ^

, no , also may occur with many characters in external sandhi.

b. onunasiko character following. -UT -ita

-bhno

-kno

sR

-no

kne

-T

W -khno

gno

koM

71?

-kmo

-khmo

-gmo

-tmo'

-dme

-dhmo

ghno

-pne

"9

-bno

-bhno

-me -ghmo

-cms

-jmo

-dmo

iv. Two onunasiko characters of different vorgoh.

g*r -nno

-nmo

• *pt -nno

-nmo

-nmo

^

?r

-mno

mno

Alternative forms of the conjunct characters in iii. and iv. are formed with

" O T , e.g.

" U T T -g^o

VTTf

-bhno

T^Jf

-rang

U

H

-ipio .

1. It i s more usual to write ^of before characters of the co-vorgoh.

42

SANSKRIT

SECTION

Reading examples i.

ciicmh

oTT6FTB^TH

^3$«rh

N

i^t^r-

^CTfe

^Tf:

fi^T

^TT^T

ITFR

N

iii. a.

^ f T ^ f o

1. 2.

^mr

^TTFtfrt

f^HT*?.

^F>*T

<jfu&

^FrD

IfTfa T ftirw taring

w

b. ^arcr

5^T5F5T

%^TfrT

?r#q

iv.

^rr-sF^t^r

STTf^

^STTf

^S^fW:

^f^SSFfvT:.

^F^fT

^ ^ T : « B ^ W

TpSJcfi

^=3R

« R

KVTT

^ S T :

^STlfc*

^TI^R

^J?:

^rfrt W W

tst^^t^

oB^o^TtTT

TTf:

-q-fferT:

cRTO:

^Tlfrt

^ ^ f e r r r

- s p ^ ^ f T ^ -

^SJT

ll.a. ^ | f : ^RT:

w ^ f c w

m f ^ R

^f?^ft

f^TT*T:

^ngj: ^iRf:

2

WTTO:

^f^T:

^FiR

^ T ^ :

v

WlfrT

ff*T

¥TcT

For transcription of examples, see p . 5 2 . Examples illustrating characters which could occur in sandhi arising from the sequence of words in a sentence are placed between hyphens. The first character represents dvi . See Class 3«ii«

43

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS Glass 3 « Characters joined with ©ntohsth© characters. i. Characters joined with following

.

^5 kyo

khyo

,gy©

ghyo

h

-dj©

-djiy©

s -gy

•

-ty

9

-t y

9

T

TO

9

cy©

-chy©

jyo

• jhy©

9

ty©

thy©

dy©

dhy©

O

n y

nyo

TO py©

-phyo

hy©

hhy©

my©

(yyo)

-ry©

vy©

ly©

TO

TO

• 1

/ye

hy©

sy©

-sys

Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1. and 2. with 3.i.

5«qr -nny©

-tty©

-tmy©

-pty©

-gdhy©

-dhhy©

-hjy©

Reading examples.

3^*F?frf

oFjq-^^

^I^FT

^ f r

•HvqT^

#^^T:

W c S ^

W ^ F T

^arrS^T

*T-pT: f%^T

f ^ T T

rT^fcTH.

^ T E W

^F*T % ^ « W

W X

N

cZTFHT

^
1. See under Class 1, 2. The superscribed stroke in this character represents r preceding another consonant. 3. For transcription see p. 53. k- The first character represents Jla . See below under iv.b. 5. NTtisatakam, verse 3.a.

SANSKRIT

44

ii. Characters with following

SECTION

5J* .

TO gvo

ghvo

-nvs

TO

-d^vs

f -djivs

-nvo

-bhvo

-mvo

khvo

kve

?

-tvo

-thvs

TO dvs

-chvs

— CVS

jhvs

TO

TO TO dvs

-thvs

tvs

dhvs

nvs

ocj

-tvo

-pvo

TO

TO yvs

1 -rvo and ^

f

TO

Ivo

(-wo)

do not occur in this series.

^

hvs

svs

svs

preceding another

character occurs in oXXJ" , -vne, ?T > -vne , 9T , vrs " and 4

^

, vis .

Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1. and 2. with 3.i. and ii. TO

o^f

-ttvo

-rvvs

TO

^ -cchvs

-ktvs

©TO -dvys

-bdhvs

T

TO

-gdhys

Reading examples.^

oT^p ^ff^cT

^€^T

1. 2. U. 6.

^"?r^T "HMI

Tf|€T

Tf*T

N

5F53T^T*i;

o^€oTr ^ T F ^ T

^ ft*5R

"^TWr W ^ t T

r^rftrT ^F*ft:

3%5f ^TPJcft

%TTfcT

^c^T--

^Hl"

7

TTToWT

7

VJI£;cUh

For the superscribed stroke in this character, see below, in iii.a. See -vvs in Class 1. 3. For this form of J"s see Ch. 2,1. iii. See below, under iii.b. 5. See below, under iv.b. For transcription of examples, see p.53. 7. The initial characters in these words represent gro and pro . 8. From BhagavadgTta, Ch.6,v.kl.a.

45

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS iii. Characters joined with preceding a.

or following

.

preceding another character. To represent

preceding another character a stroke is super-

scribed on the character before which

r

is to be realised.

This

stroke is called "V^T: , rephoh, the name given to the character ^

.

repheh in this form may be written with any character, but it does not occur with

or

,

*•

-*

£

I

*

$

-rko

-rco

-r^o

-rts

-rpo

-ryo

Some of the characters, particularly S>[ , «[ , repheh.

Xf ,

-r/o ,

\jf ,

-rho ?T >

C$ >

^" , ax-e frequently doubled when written with

This practice is found in Hindi writing, but is not usual

in Marathi writing.

**f ^ -rgge

and

TTf ,

I

-rjjo

Examples:

€ -rtte

^

^

^

-rddho

-rmms

-ryye

^ -rvve

Characters written with vowel signs and repheh:

«bF -rka

f«& -rki

-rkii

^

^

^

-rku

-rke

-rkey

-rko

-rkev

and with repheh and onusvaroh:

ciF

f
-rkairj

-rkirr)

^ -rkiiirj

-rkuirj

«fc -rkerq


-rkevm,

The repheh is placed above the upright stroke of a character, or above the raid-point. It is always written to the right side of any other superscribed stroke, as shown in the examples given below. It is written also with the vowel character

«|J . as in the word

1, repho, 'rough'; rephoh, 'a rough sound'.

Pl^fci: .

46

S A N S K R I T

S E C T I O N

Characters with rephoh are written as shown in these examples: rki rke

<*>

ft

t*

rkii

ebl

%

%

rko

o^l

rkiir]

«Kl *T

rkovrrj

ft

In Bombay writing 'the character representing written as

is sometimes

-rho

, though the use of this stroke for rephoh is more rare­

ly used in writing Sanskrit than in writing Marathi. b.

following another character. To represent ^

following another character, a diagonal stroke

is placed against the upright stroke of those characters that have one, or beneath the mid-point of the lower part of a rounded character.

SB

gr©

kr©

5 -tro3

pro

—

HI

-

-ghr©

—

-

-cjr©

-

5T

—

br©

-nro

V

—

-chr©

p

<* jr©

—

—

tr©

thr©

dr©

— — ST

W

dhr©

-nr©

sT bhr©

mr©

5?T

vr© Jr© sr© hr© Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1. to 3.ii. with 3.iii.

TO

TO

TO

-ktre

-tpr©

-rty©

-dry©

-rdhv©

rdr©

-ntry©

-rdhny©

1. See above, Ch.2,2.ii. Vowel signs. 2. This combination occurs in the character joining and . 3. S and ^ are combined in the character representing^ "5f , Z and"^" . k. For this form of , see Ch.2,1. iii. s

s

47

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS Reading examples''" a. rp£:

^ T ^

^TT§-

OPFFQ"

^

n

cFF>fc

3>f&

I

^ £

fl^T

SRRF^oR

^

w£

W&fr

^ ^£TT

3Tl£

^ c T

JFF^FEW

^T^T:

^^flT

^ H ^ R

iv. Characters combined with preceding

7l1*?cT

^ofa

^ J :

^Tft^PT

3$R*T

TTft^

-qrPSETc^T

cT or following

a. '(FT preceding another character.*

-Ike TOT

-Us b.

L

TO

TO

c h

TO

TO

TO

-lge

-lpe

-lpho

-Ibe

-lbhe

-lme

TO -lse

Vedic

-Ihe

-Ihe

oT following another character.

$

~% kl©

gls

mlo

vie

-chle

5?T or 3 r T Jle

pie

-<|lo

ble

bhle

^

his

Most of these characters may be written either by method i. by method ii., described earlier in this chapter.^" 1. 2. 3o h.

ftsfo;

For transcription, see p.53. For oT joined with entohstho characters, see i. to. iii. above. Vedic o"5 is included in this class. See above, 1. Construction of Conjunct Characters...

48

S A N S K R I T

S E C T I O N

Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1 . to 3 * i i i . with 3 . i v .

SWT

rfj -tplo

-tkl©

Reading examples. ^F^T

xrc^J

-Ibhy©

^1^BH"

JPTFT

1

T^^T

^c*TW

f^>-

^Tcb:

-cchlo

^|pr

'fR^r

T%*JTE: T T ^ - ^ q :

^^T:

tcRitf^rf^r

3

*T^

^

2

IIW

Class 2|. vorgiiyo characters joined with preceding or following uusmon characters. 7£T > T

i. Characters joined with a

«

>

o

r

o

r

•

preceding another character.

The following characters occur in this series, some occurring only in external sandhi. *r

3

FJ

-Jks

*r

TO

s-

1. 3.

S

-sks

sko

J"ne

-Jcho

-J*c©

T3f

skho

-sjo

TO

•J"pe

Jm©

TOT

sthe

TO

TO

-sn©

FT

TFT sto

-?P8

stho

sno

-sphe

¥7 spo

-sm© TO? TO

sph©

For transcription, see p . 5 k . 2 . Vairagyasatakam, v . 6 2 . These characters may be written with either or &f .

sm©

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS b.

,

or

following

The f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r s only in e x t e r n a l

another

character.

occur i n t h i s s e r i e s ,

-k/o

M

2

kso so

* ~t

-kso The c h a r a c t e r

TO

TO

-nso

-pso

-nso

-pso

TO -nso

S 8

^

-tso

has been i n c l u d e d i n the s y l l a b i c

an e a r l y d a t e , and i s n o t c a l l i g r a p h i c a l l y the order of words i n d i c t i o n a r i e s , p l a c e d ^after words b e g i n n i n g w i t h

"?

stro

?t

f

r 9

~?t

v 9

words beginning with

In

are

h.

c^T TFT

W

M

ksi^o

-ksmo

-stvo

-tstho

HTO

TP?

7 ^

stryo

-tsmyo

-rsty©

-rtsnye

kso

T^T

from 3

£f} •

TTO Calligraphy:

series

a conjunct c h a r a c t e r .

Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s of C l a s s e s 1. - 3. w i t h C l a s s

_

TOT

-n/o

1

or

"R

occurring

TOT

-n/o

* so

some

sandhi. s

Js

49

, Bombay form -

$

§f.

fcj

-tsno

$J

Reading e x a m p l e s ^ a. W * T * k

N

f^RoT

3^C=T ^ C R ; *£tW

fi^T

^f>TT

T^ferT

^

S T F ^ TcT5q"

^cT f^rfcT:

1. Bombay form. 2. T h i s c o m b i n a t i o n u s u a l l y becomes g".^jf 3. C f . n o t e on $T , C 1 . 2 . i i . b . k. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 5^. s

E

^ft

.

SO

S A N S K R I T

S E C T I O N

ii.

onunasiko c h a r a c t e r s

joined with preceding

a.

f

and If .

b.

p r e c e d i n g *tj , ^

^

following

^.

Reading e x a m p l e s .

and ? f

"j?" or f o l l o w i n g

^

^

^

-hno

hno

-rjho

-nho

-hmo

t

1

2

^fjfrt

^f|:

|^

ffTfPST

Tn^fTrT:

^W^^I^HI-^^^^^T^f^TrT«r

f^^wmsTT^I^r^sRWfR;

1, For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 5 h . Uo BhagavadgTta, c h . l , v . 2 6 . 6„

ibid.,

ch.5?v.8.

2„ 5o 7 .

[PTfTrT:]

\\^\\ II w i

^SF*Tu%

k

5

R i g v e d a , 1. 3. i b i d . , i b i d . , ch.3»v. 2 5 . NTtisatakam, v . l i 8 .

2

TRANSCRIPTION

T r a n s c r i p t i o n , o f R e a d i n g Examples Chapter 2 . 1. i .

do ke

-

bh©];© chsd

dho bho

to jo

p©d© dhsn© jhsg© j©cj©

gsmeke dhe"|;ok©

jeget k©p©"(;©

chedon©m gemonem

cei]©k© bh©j©k©

p©n©n©m p©"(;h©nem

v©

ye

leve lobh

j©l© yev©

khsre dhore

yemevot

/ere set

seh© Jo^he

sorele y©/©s

ved l©y©

bo

jhsr© jhsro

co kh©

0

oth©. uuh ed iiset 2 o i i < »

duuro g©yre pitr otu

e

i

s©

/©

v©/© k©s©

p©|h©k© kh©j©k©

dsmsth© p©d©k©

vere ran©

j©"|;h©r© nsysn©

c|©

h©s /©s

' ron© ph©l

v©"|;h rsth© d^emsr© l©"|;©bh©

kh©

r©s© h©r©

/©path© h©r©k©

t©

k©p©"|;©vecen©m

r©

jh©s© h©y©

kh©

csrsne v©c©r©

p©d©k©m©l©

p©

jshst -v©y©s s e p h e l e s©r©s©

u

©

is ut edho i i J© ©1 ©vm uuhenem nii kr

bhuu chi

b h i i to kr/ mem iiti

go n©

d©dh dem© gh©"|;© g©n©

s©m©y© per©/©

v©s jhss©

r

ii

eke uche okh rsobh©

gey nev ram© pevl© duugi etev

sr hoy

uu

o

©y

in© ot evm rn© rc oyn© evs©dh©m da bhii

ji /rr

cor© tin kip drcjh© b h i i t i hrdi rtu iti

1

J*eve bhss©

bshel© /©l©bh© r©bh©s© h s t s k ©

de/eroth© /©ke^em s©v©y©s kslshsm /©ssnsm j e l o c e r e s • noved©/ek©m s©h©g©m©n©m k©molov©d©n© 2 i.

c{© jh©

khoc p©c]h

th© b©lo r©"|;

dhsvol© bhsvst

g©r©l©m

£©t ke/o

k©l©/© /©r©{©

gh©n© ch©g©

gh©"|;©k© ksthsm

lo

bhsysm c©p©l©

h©

no tho

n©"|;©n©m ksthsnsm bhsnonem jenopode dhon©m©d© jh©n©jh©n©m jh©i\© jhsr^sm

vsysnsm

l . i i i o s©

po cho

phsn.© bot©

methon© g©r|©k©

re

l©v©n© legate

mo gho

k©cj© m©"(;h© ph©"|;o poth©

l.ii.

terole nskhere

pho bo

a

/©t©/©s d©/©/©t©m ©v

rr

©d ©y/o rdh uucjh© i h e us udon rn©m ©yssmss up©k©r©nem gov /ii

dos© pur© guru uuru

pey dr /rt© phen© vrtha rsi

me hi dhrt© m©vl© /i/u enii

duu hr ruuc|h© krrt setu ii"Le

52

SANSKRIT

bhuusita kumarii vidhatru

SECTION

vijesa upaya vaybhava p i t r r n p a v r u s a r u c i r a jhatiti thalinii rirusita avsadhi kaykeyii ayhika c^halin surabhi khacjika he^ate

bhavmika jhirika

ekakin hrsike/a itihasa kav/aleya visuucika pavranika devanagarii anunasika avpanisada upajiivika avpade/ika upanive/ika avpanayika ko-pi rte-pi ya J"o-paya J*a 3.i. kin] marrj sukharrj harirr) mrtair) tanum, shorn evarrj rsiinarrj cjirnba panjcju layrrjgam djiumdhi jrrnbh jharrjjha kirrjcit kavmteya sarrjyamana sairjvat mairjsa janjyu. sainruuc|ha samliina arrjhati tamahair) h r d i sairjgatamani Jarrj bhr/air) ramayami vil9pami kirn v a n e - n u s a r a m i t a m i h a kinj v r t h a n

s

n

3 . i i . kgh chgh t jhah ayh oh uuh rh navh sah gunah dhrtih bahuh n i t eh nrpayh viduh Jrn^ih purusah manahsu hivihsu dhenubhih vi/esatah amjatah arrjtahkaranam samaduhkhasukhah Junah/epah jagatohitah mato-dhikeh tejorrj-Jsh behevoirj-buvegah yogomayasomavrteh garrjgataranjgahima.fiikaraj'iitalani jayadevapanjcjitakaveh. pan_cjitanarrj sama je-parrjc(ita mavnarr) b h a j e y u h bhuya eva mahabaho Jrnu. me par amain vacah. sukhair) duhkharrj b h a v o - b h a v o bhayarrj cabhayameva ca v a h a s i v a p u s i v i j a d e vasanarrj jaladabharrj h a l a h a t i b h i i t i m i l i t a y a m u n a b h a m k e j a v a d h r t a h a l a d h a r a r i m p a jaya j a g a d i i / a h a r e m a d h a v i k a p a r i m a l a l a l i t a n a v a m a l a t i jatisugarrjdhav munimanasamapi m o h e n a k a r i n i i t a r u n i i k a r i n a b a m d h a v Chapter 3 » Class 1 . thakknrah kakkha^a drggocarah vagghi tinnatin uccayh iccha rajjuh u j j h a t i pa^tika la^ho ua^din© sed^ha visani^a vis©nr|© uttom© u t t h i t a u d d e / a h buddhih b h i n n a p i p p a l a h phupphuiisah abfcmh abbhogah sammatih sarrjmohah Jayya u l l e k h a h tacchrnu sannaddh© duj/iila (duh/iila) J a t a y u s s u (J"atayuhJ"u) j a s s a r a j a h Jubharrjllokan Class

2.

i. v a k c a l a v a k c h a l a m p r t h a g j a n a h vagjha"|;iti v a k ^ i i k a s©"|;kon© s a t k h e t a k a m vagc^ambarah khac^gah v a g d j i s v k a t e dvid^ghora b h a k t i h utka"|;a uktham utkhata hrdgata sadguna dagdha udgha"(;aka vakpa^u vakphalam k a k u p k h a l u p r t h a g b h a v a h kakubguruh kakubghora s a t . c a r a n a h satjchavih sad^jah s a d ^ j h a ^ i t i apcarah k a k u p c h a v i h kubja k a k u b j h a ^ i t i sacjdevah sacjdha s a t p s t i f/up-tiika ^atphana sacjbahu kakup"|;hakkurah abc|imbha Jabdah

sacjbhaga labdha

kakubcjhavkate

bhagavadgiita

utpanna

sarrjyukta

satphalah

adbhuta

g u p t a udbodhaka udbhavah madbhakta buddhiyukta sacchabdah

TRANSCRIPTION

53

ii.a. gijkgh Jgijkhgh lirjggm sgijghgh s s j i c s y a h vajicha g p j i i r g h j h g n j h a ghui\t9h k9i\th8h pgi\cjitgh ^huijdjiih g n t g h p g n t h g k g s u n d g r g indhgh ksmpgng gumphgti sgmbgndhgh argmbhgh pgrjktih grunddha b. yacjia jnangm he-|;h:nati hedjiinati rgtngm m9thna b u d h n a t i papmgn tgjpeys sgjijjia sgrrjjjia vi/esgjjig jijnasu i i i . a.

udgrjbhih

mghankgvih

drunphuh

drunbhuh

b. r k i p rugrig g r b h n a t i Jsknoti cgkhnutuh agnih vighng mrcjnati a p n o t i sbnabhgh rukmii^ii vagmin vgcmih gjmgh kudmglg atmgn pgdma dhmatg drbhmgs dgdhmgv iv.

diijnaggh

vaijmgyg

dvirvnalgh

S9i\masgh

jgnmgn

rgmiiati

rrmatg

C l a s s 3. i. vekygm k h y a t g vgyragygm J l a g h y g udgrjygj'gh c y u t g vapchyg j y o t i s ujjhygti kapQ^ysn! J"a-|;hygm jad^ygm gvadhyg puipram tyajyg pgthyg v i d y a dhyangm k s n y a apyg riphygte gbyonih gbhyasgh sgvmygm dhgyrygm gmuulyg vyuudjig dr/yg mgmisygh r g h g s y g hygs sgynygsyg sgnnyasgh sgrrjnyasgh c i n t y g buddhya t g j j y o t i s vgydggdhygm mahatmygm bhgktya kgvbjygm sghrdbhygh b h g g g v g n v y g k t i b evgmetgdygtha—tthg guhygmgdhyatmgsgrrjjpitgm g j p g h sukhgmaradhygh s u k h g t g r g m a r a d h y g t e vijesgjjigh i i . k v g c i t pgkkvanngm akhvoh p g v e d g h l g g h v i i u c c h v a s g h u j j v g l g u j j h v g Igf/vgh y g d n g t v a sgcjvidhg drcjhvgm J"rr|ygn t v s r i t g prthvii udvigng dhvgnih g n v i t g apva gbvahgngrrr r i b h v g n cgmvoh y v a g u l i i s g r v g s g r v v g n g l v g h i i j v g r g h v i / v s s v g k k g t e g n u s v a r g h h v e v i h v g l g vidhvgrrjsgh dvgndvgh tgttvgm dugdhva I s b d h v a u k t v a davna e t g d d h v a v l i n a t i

gravida prarjvg/gh

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