Sample Organic Chemistry Outline 1246

Organic Chemistry Outlines Chemistry General Information and Course Outline

Book: Organic Chemistry, Fourth-Edition, by John McMurry Other Required Materials: Study Guide and Solutions Manual for McMurry's Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by Susan McMurry Prentice Hall Special Model Set (or equivalent)

OUTLINE Chapter I Structure and Bonding Sections: All Problems: 2-7, 8, 12, 19 (a,d,e,f), 22,23 Chapter 2 Bonding and Molecular Properties Sections: All Problems: 1-13,16-18,24-28,40, 42 Chapter 3 Alkanes, and Cycloalkanes Sections: All. Problems: 3, 4 6-12,15,17,20, 25,26, 28,32-36,39,46 Chapter 4 Stereochemistry of Alkanes Sections: 1-13 and Cycloalkanes Problems: 1, 3, 4, 6. 11-14, 17, 18, 21, 25, 27-31, 33, 34, 37 Chapter 6 Alkenes: Structure and Sections: 1-10 Reactivity Problems:1-12,13 (a.b,d), 14(a,b,d), 15, 18, 19 (a-c), 20, 22 (a-d), 26, 27, 32, 36 (a-c), 39,40 Chapter 7 Alkenes Reactions and Sections: 1-3, 5, 7 ,8 Synthesis Problems: 2-6, 9, 10, 13, 14 (a,b), 15, 16, 21, 22 (a-c), 23(a-c) 24 (a, b, d-f), 25- 31, 34, 35 (b-d), 44, 48 Chapter 8 Alkynes Sections: 1-3, 6, 8-10 Problems: 1 ( a,b,d-f), 2, 10, 11, 15, 20 (c,d), 21 (a,f), 33 (a-c), 34 (a,c,d), 37, 38 Chapter 9 Stereochemistry Sections: All Problems: 1-12,14-24, 48,58-60 Chapter 10 Alkyl Halides Sections: 1-7 Problems: 1-3, 7-9, 17, 18, 20 (a-d),21-23,29

Chapter 11 Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Sections: All Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations Problems: 1-6, 8, 10,11, 13-20, 22-24,27-29, 31-34, 38,39.41,45,49 Chapter 12 Structure Determination: Sections: 4-8 Infrared Spectroscopy Problems: 10,11,13,29-32 Chapter 13 Structure Determination: Sections: 1-9 Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy Problems: 3 HNMR only), 4,7 13, 27-34, 39,40,42,44, 48 pp. 623-631: Organic Reactions Student: Please read this material. Omit: Table 1: 1 (d, h, i, j), 2(a,b); Table 2: 3; Table 1, 3, 4; Table 4: all; II.A.4 (pp. 629-630)-, 11. C. (p. 63 1) Chapter 17 Alcohols (Thiols are omitted) Sections: 1-9, 11 (Omit mass spectrometry Problems: 1, 2,49 59 6 (a,c), 7 (a,c), 8- 11, 13, 141,16, 17, 2 1, 23 (a-c,e , f, h), 25, 27-30, 37,41,52 Chapter 5 An Overview of Organic Sections: All Reactions Student: Much of the material in this short chapter will have been covered at this stage. You should use Chapter 5 as a review for the final examination.

SAMPLE CHEMISTRY TOPICS (Based on Organic Chemistry by John McMurry, 3rd Edition) Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding Chapter 2 Bonding and Molecular Chapter 3 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Chapter 4 Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Chapter 5: Overview of Organic Reactions Chapter 6 Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Chapter 7 Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis

Chapter 8: Alknynes Chapter 9 Stereochemistry Chapter 10 Alkyl Halides Chapter 11 Reactions of Alkyl Properties Halides- Nucleophilic Chapter 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Chapter 15 Benzene and Aromaticity Chapter 16: Chemistry of Benzene

Laboratory Program: Experiment 16: Synthesis of Acetaminophen Experiment 18: Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves E 18 - Day 2 / TLC Exercise TLC Exercise E 18 - Day 2 Experiment 2b: Oxidation of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Experiment 3: Esterification of Benzoic Acid

Sample Chemistry General Information and Course Outline Textbook: Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by John McMurry Other Required Materials: Study Guide and Solutions Manual for McMurrys Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by Susan McMurry Prentice Hall Special Model Set (or equivalent) OUTLINE Chapter 18 Ethers and Epoxides Sections: 1-4,6-8,10 Problems: 1, 3-5,8-14,16,19 (omit d), 21, 22 (ab), 24 (a,c,e, f), 25, 27 (b-d), 281, 49 (b) Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones: Sections: 1-8,10-15, 19 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Problems: 1-3, 4 (c.d), 6-8, 13 -15, 23, 27 (a, c-g), 31,32, 34, 36. 38 (a,c), 41-43, 52,57 Chapter 26 Biomolecules: Carbohydrates Sections: 1-7, 9 (omit material on

the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis and the Wohl degradation, pp. 1030 1033),10,11 Problems: 1.19, 26, 30, 32-41,44, 48-51 Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids Sections: All Problems: 1, 2, 4-,6, 9-11, 14, 15, 19(a-d), 20 (a-d), 26, 27, 31, 32 (b,c), 38 (b), 40, 41,45 Chapter 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Sections: 1-9,12 and Nucleophilic Acyl Problems: 1-7, 9-11, 13-18, 20-26, Substitution Reactions 30,31,35,37,39,40 (a-g), 41, 42, 53, 57, 63-65, 66 (a,b) Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha- Substitution Sections 1,2,5,6,8 Reactions Problems: 1-3, 8-11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21-26, 28, 30-32, 37-39 Chapter 23 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions Sections: 1-10 Problems: 1-16, 24-29, 32, 33, 36-39, 43 (a,b,d), 48, 49, 56 Chapter 24 Aliphatic Amines Sections: 1-5, 6 (omit material on the Gabriel synthesis, and the Hofmann and Curtius rearrangements),7 (omit Hofmannelimination), 9 Problems:1-3, 5-7, 12, 13,23,24 (a, b, c), 25 (a, c, e, f), 28 (a, b, e, f, g), 36, 41, 42, 52 Chapter 15 Benzene and Aromaticity Sections: 1-7, 9-12 Problems: 1-3, 10 (1 HNMR) 17, 18, 20-26, 43 (a.c) Chapter 16 Chemistry of Benzene: Sections: 1-7,10,12 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions Problems: 3, 5,8-12, 14, 18, 19, 22,26 (a,b), 28, 29, 31-3 3,38-41,44 (c), 46,49 (b-d), 49 (a,b), 65 (a),66 Chapter 25 Arylamines and Phenol Sections: 1,2,3 (omit diazonium coupling rections, pp.984-985), 4-7, 8 (omit Kolbe-Schmitt carboxylation reaction, ooxidation of phenols, Claisen rearrangement, pp. 993-997), 9 Problems: 1, 2, 4-7. 11, 13, 14,19,21 (a,c,e), 26, 27, 28 (a-e,h), 29 (a,b), 32, 39, 44,45 Chapter 27: Biomolecules: Amino Acids Sections: 1-3, 4 (reductive amination and Peptides and Proteins, amidomalonate synthesis only), 5, 6, 8-10 Problems: 1-7,13-16.20,21,24, 25, 33,35,37, 39,41-43, 52-54 Chapter 28 Biomolecules: Lipids Sections: 1,2 Problems: 1, 4, 10, 11

SAMPLE CHEMISTRY TOPICS (Based on Organic Chemistry by John McMurry, 3rd Edition) Chapter 12.Organic Reactions-A Brief Review Chapter 17 Alcohols and Thiols Chapter 18 Ethers and Epoxides Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids Chapter 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha Substitution Reactions Chapter 23 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions Chapter 24 Carbohydrates Chapter 25 Aliphatic Amines Chapter 26 Arylamines and Phenols Chapter 27 Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins Chapter 28 Lipids LABORATORY PROGRAM Program IR instruction Experiment 25: Synthesis of 4-Nitroacetanilide Experiment 4b: Preparation of Triphenylmethanol. - Day 1 E4 - Day 2 Experiment 19b: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Toluene - Day 1 19 - Day 2 Experiment 20: Preparation of 5-t-Butyl-m-xylene Experiment 22: Preparation of Musk Xylene - Day I E22 - Day 2 Check Out

SAMPLE CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE The chapter references are to "Organic Chemistry" by Paula Y. Bruice. I By doing problems, you can assess your progress. be stimulated to think ahead, and ultimately prepare for examinations. In addition to doing problems from the Chem 231 problems set or problems within the text portion of the chapters a significant number of the problems found at the end of each chapter should also be done. To do well in this course it is essential to have mastered the ability to do organic chemistry problems. This goal can only be reached by actively working problems - reading your notes or the textbook or memorization of lists of standard chemical reactions will not be sufficient to do well in this course. Organic chemistry is much like a language and is a course which cannot be "crammed". It is strongly recommended that you follow an ongoing program of study for this course. The topics and key phrases describing important concepts to be covered in this course are given below. These topics are presented in approximately chronological order and follow fairly closely the order of chapters in the text. For problems (not mentioned below) that are contained in the body of each chapter. the answers we found at the back of the textbook. The "additional" problems that are given below am also pertinent and the answers for these are found in the Solutions Manual and Study Guide. Together with the questions (and answers) given in the Chem 231 problems sets these exercises and problems largely define the scope of the course. In order to be sure that you understand the course material it is strongly advised that you routinely do as many of these problems as is possible. INTRODUCTION' TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Chapters I and 2) Chapter 1: All Sections; Additional Problems,, 1.31 - 1.35, 37, 38. 41 Chapter 2: All sections. Additional Problems: 2.32 - 2.35. 38. 39. 40 Review of bonding: covalent and polar bonds, Lewis structures. bonding in methane. ethane. ethene ethyne methyl cation radical and anion, bond angles, dipole moment acidity and basicity. Lewis acids and Lewis bases constitutional isomers (structural isomers), nomenclature or organic compounds (including cycloalkanes). iso- and neo- structures, common names, review of various functional groups, primary secondary, tertiary. carbons and hydrogens: quaternary carbon and nitrogen, conformations of alkanes and of cyclohexane: staggered/ eclipsed conformations; anti/gauche conformers steric strain, angle strain: chair conformations, axial and equatorial bonds in cyclohexanes, ring-flipping REACTIONS OF ALKENES (Chapter 3) Chapter 3: All sections (except omit 3.16, 3.18): Additional Problems: 3.39 - 3.42. 45, 46, 55 cis-trans isomerism, E.Z system of nomenclature, reaction coordinate diagrams, electrophilic addition reactions: addition of hydrogen halides, of water, of alcohol, of halogens, of diborane (hydroboration-oxidation), of hydrogen (hydrogenation) relative stabilities of carbocations including allylic and benzylic systems (See Chapter 6: 6.4-6.10) STEREOCHEMISTRY (Chapter 4) Chapter 4: All sections; Additional Problems: 4.50 - 4.55 conformational isomers, configurational isomers, stereogenic centres , R,S system of nomenclature isomers with more than one stereogenic centre, meso-compounds, resolution of racemic mixtures, conformations of substituted cyclohexanes stereochemistry of addition reactions: bromonium ion intermediate hydrogenations. hydroborationoxidation REACTIONS OF ALKYNES (Chapter 5) Chapter 5: All sections (except omit 5.7)-. Additional Problems: 5.20. 22, 31.32.34

structure of alkynes addition of halogens, of water (tautomers, keto-enol isomerization), of hydrogen. acetylide ions and their use in synthesis. REACTIONS OF ALKANES (Chapter 9) Chapter 8: All sections (except omit 8.7 and 8.8); Additional Problems: 8.18, 21 free radical chain reaction mechanism for chlorination, factors in product distribution, relative stabilities of radicals including allylic and benzylic systems (See Chapter 6: 6.4-6-10) IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (Chapter 12) AND BY NMR SPECTROSCOPY (Chapter 14) Infrared Spectroscopy Chapter 12: Section 12.7 and 12,8 (OK NH, and C=O absorption bands. e.g. spectra in Figures 12.18 to 12.23). Infrared spectra and origin of absortion bands for alcohols, wines, and carbonyl compounds Nmr spectroscopy, Chapter 14: Sections 14.1 to 14.6. Additional problems, 14.3, 14.4, 14.11. 14.13, 14.20. 14-21, 14-25, Origin of an NMR signal, chemical equivalent protons, characteristic chemical shifts. integration of NMR signals, spin-spin splitting, i.e.. doublets. triplets quartets, etc. SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS (1) Halogen leaving group (Chapter 9) Chapter 9; All sections (except omit 9.10, 9.12, 9.17. 9.20, 9.21): Additional Problems: 9.51. 9.54 SN2 and SN I mechanisms, E2 and E2 mechanisms and their respective stereochemistries SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS (II) Leaving groups other than, halogen) (Chapter 10) Chapter 10: All sections (except omit 10.5, 10.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.12; Additional Problems: 10.30.32 Substitution and dehydration reactions of alcohols, substitutions of sulfonate esters of ethers reactions of epoxides, organometallic compounds OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS (Chapter 11) Chapter 11: All sections (except omit 11.13, 11.14); Additional Problems: 11.27, 11.32, 11.33 catalytic hydrogenation. hydride reductions, oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes (hydroxylation, ozonolysis)

SAMPLE CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE (Spring 1998) This course is the continuation of Chemistry 231 which is a required prerequisite course. The chapter references an to "Organic Chemistry" by Paula Y. Bruice. Topics covered and reading assignments may be modified by individual instructors. As in Chem 231, you can assess your progress, be stimulated to think ahead, and ultimately prepare for examinations by doing problems. In addition to doing problems from the Chem 232 problems set or problems within the text portion of the chapter a significant number of the problems found at the end of each chapter should also be done. To do well in this course it is essential to have mastered the ability to do organic chemistry problems. This goal can only be reached by actively working problems - reading your notes or the textbook or memorization of list

of standard chemical reactions will riot be sufficient to do well in this course. Organic chemistry is much like a language and is a course which cannot be "crammed". It is strongly recommended that you follow an ongoing program of study for this course. The topics and key phrases describing important concepts to be covered in this course are given below. The topics we presented in approximately chronological order and follow will closely the order of chapters in the text. For problems (not mentioned below) that are contained in the body of each chapter. The answers are found at the back of the textbook. The "additional" problems that are given below are also pertinent and the answers for these are found in the Solutions Manual and Study Guide. Together with the questions (and answers) given in the Chem 232 problems sets these exercises and problems largely define the scope of the course. In order to be sure that you understand the course material it is strongly advised that you routinely do as many of these problems as is possible. CARB0NYL COMPOUNDS 11 (Chapter 16) Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Carbon and Hydrogen Nucleophiles. Chapter 16: All sections except 16.9 through 16.14; Additional Problems: l6.27a.b,d,e,f.i. 16,28a.b,d.e.f,j.n.o.q, 16.30ab.h.c.i, 16.34 bcd. 16.37. Nomenclature or aldthydes and ketones. General reactivity considerations, relative reactivities or aldehydes and ketones. Addition of various nucleophiles to the carbonyl group A. Addition or Grignard reagents to product alcohols and (with carbon dioxide) acids B. Addition of acetylide anions and of hydrogen cyanide C. Addition of hydride ion (NaBH4 and LiAlHA) D. Addition of primary amines and derivaties of primary amines B. Addition of oxygen nucleophiles (water and alcohols) –acetal/ketall formation CARBOHYDRATES (Chapter 19) Chapter 18: All sections except omit oxidative cleavage in 1B.S. also omit 18.8 and 18.15 through 19.19) Additional Problems. l8.29a,b,c.d,t4,h- 18.30a.b, 19,36. Classification of carbohydrates, D and L notation, configurations of aldoses, of ketoses Reduction and oxidation Osazone formation Chain elongation: the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis Cyclic structure of monosaccharides: hemiactial formation, formation of glycosides Fischer, Haworth and conformational representations Formation of esters and ethers Examples of disaccharides and polysaccharides (starch and cellulose) CARBONYL COMPOUNDS I (Chapter IS) Reaction or Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives with Oxygen and Nitrogen Nucleophiles. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Chapter IS: All sections except section 15.16 (after page 744) and section 15.17, Additional Problems: 15.29. 15.30a, 15.32, 15.37, 15.42 b.c,d,e.f,g,i. Chapter 16: Section 16.6 Nomenclature of carboxylic acids. acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters amides nitriles Structure of carboxilic acids and acid derivatives

General reactivity considerations and relative reactivities of carboxylic acids and derivatives. Mechanism for Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution reactions (acidic and basic conditions) Reactions of acyl derivatives: acid halides, anhydrides, esters. amides acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis; hydroxide ion promoted ester hydrolysis; hydrolysis of Amides and of nitriles Synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives Reaction of Grignard reagents and hydride ion with esters and acid chlorides Reductions of carboxylic acids. esters, amides (LiAlH4) Soaps, detergents and micelles CARBONYL COMPOUNDS III (Chapter 17) Reactions at the a-Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds. Chapter 17: All sections except 17.5 through 17.10. 17.20 and 17.21. Additional Problems- 17.38a.g.h.o, 17.39. 17.44. Acidity of hydrogen bonded to an a-carbon of aldehydes and keto-enol Lautomerization Reactivitv considerations:

A. B. C. D. E.

Halogenation of the a-carbon of aldehydes and ketones. haloform reaction Aldol addition including mixed dehydration of the product obtained from an aldol addition Claisen condensation including mixed intramolecular condensations (to page 9A7) Decarboxylation of 3-oxocarboxylic acid (i.e.B-ketoacids) Alkylation of the a-carbon, malonic ester synthesis. acetoacetic ester synthesis

REACTIONS OF BENZENE AND SUBSTITUTED BENZENES (Chapter 13) Chapter 6: Review from Chem 231 Chapter 13: 13.1 to 13.20 (but omit 13.6. 13.9 and 13.19) Also omit 13.20 to 13-25. Additional Problems: 13.44, 13.45a.b.c,c,g,h, 13.48a.d.. 13.49ab,c.d Nomenclature of substituted benzenes and review of bonding in benzene Reactivity considerations, general methanism for clectrophific aromatic substitution reiactions Halogenation of benzene. nitration of benzene. FriedelCrafts scylation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation. The effect of substituents on reactivity-, inductive effects and resonance effects. The effect of substituents on orientation and rate of reaction. synthesis of poly-substituted aromatics Reduction of nitro groups and synthesis of using diazonium ions (displacement reactions only) Effects of the benzene ring on substituent groups Enhanced reactivity of the benzylic position: halogenation or side chain alkyl groups; east of displacement at the benzylic position; oxidation of side chain alkyl groups The effect of substituents on the pX, and pKb of aromatic acids, phenols and &mines AMINO ACIDS (Chapter 23) Chapter 23; Sections 23.1 to 23.9 Additional Problems: 23.39. 23.42, 23.44 Classification, stereochemistry and nomenclature of amino acids, Acid-base properties of amino acids: isoelectric point of amino acids Peptide structures (dipeptides and relevance to polypeptides and proteins) Synthesis of amino acids Laboratory

The laboratory consists of experiments that illustrate the properties of organic compounds and the techniques used to investigate and produce organic materials. Although changes and substitutions are commonly made the individual experiments will be similar to those given below Chem 231 Chem 232 I Distillation and Purity of Liquids. 2. Extraction (liquid-liquid extration of acidic or basic compounds) 3. Recrystallization 4 Melting Point and the Purity of Solids, 5. Thin Layer Chromatography 6 Separation and Identification of Unknown Compounds. 7. Hydrocarbons; and Alcohols 8 Molecular Models (Stereochernistry of Organic Compounds), 9. Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. I Grignard Reaction [ three weeks) (Synthesis and purification of triphanyimethanol) 2, Esters a Synthesis of isometric Acetate (IR and NMR identifications), b. Synthesis of Octyl Acetate (resins, waxes, c0s). 3. Carbonyl Compounds, Aldehydes and ketones .(Tests for and reactions of Carbonyl Compounds) 4. Trimyristin from Nutmeg [three weeks) (Isolation and Characterization of an organic natural product). 5. Literature Search: Using the Chemical Literature

SAMPLE CHEMISTRY Course Outline Organic Chemistry-for Engineers Course Description Chemistry 260 covers organic chemistry for Chemical Engineers and other students of Applied Science. Also for

Forestry students in Business Management & Marketing and Industrial Processing Technology options. A description of the properties and reactions of organic compounds with emphasis on compounds and reactions of industrial importance. Text Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by John McMurray, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA, 1992 Study Guide and Solutions Manual for Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, by Susan McMurray, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA, 1992 Reference Books Industrial organic chemistry, Klaus Weissermel, Hans-Jurgen Arpe; translated by Charles R. Lindley, 2nd ed, Weinheim -, New York, 1993 Encyclopedia of chemical technology, Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. Executive editor, Jacqueline I. Kroschwitz ; Editor, Mary Howe-Grant, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992 An Introduction to Industrial Organic Chemistry, (2nd Ed.), P. Wiseman, Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., London, 1979. Polymer Science and Technology, Joel R. Fried, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995. This course will include a description of the important functional groups with emphasis on the following aspects of the subject: (a) reactions of industrial importance, (b) the relationship between common and IUPAC nomenclatures, and (c) the relationship between structure and physical properties. The important reactions of functional groups and the fundamentals of mechanism will be considered. SYLLABUS 1. Bonding in organic molecules: covalent and ionic bonding, intermolecular forces, hydrogen bonding, relationship between type of bonding and physical properties. 2. Alkanes: structure, nomenclature, conformation, petroleum, natural gas, combustion, fuels, octane rating, reforming. 3. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, alkynes, laboratory and commercial methods of preparation, reactions at double bond and at allylic position (autoxidation), homogeneous and heterogeneous isomerizations; aromatic hydrocarbons, sources, electrophilic substitution, pyridine, naphthalene and other polycyclic compounds including graphite;coal, synthetic fuels, Fischer-Tropsch process.

4.

Stereochemistry. geometrical and optical isomerism. 5. Organic halogen compounds: characteristic reactions and uses, chain reactions, organochloro pesticides, dielectric liquids, refrigerants. 6. Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: properties, reactions, and uses; commercial production of phenol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. 7. Carbonyl compounds: aldehydes and ketones, properties, reactions and uses; commercial preparations of acetone.

8. Carboxylic acids: acidity, esters, fats, oils, detergents, micelles, surfactants. 9. Nitrogen and sulfur compounds; amines, alkalonarnines, diazo compounds, nitro compounds and explosives, arnides, nitriles, mercaptans,. sulfonic acids, sulfoxides, DMSO. 10. Carbohydrates: sugars, starch, cellulose, wood. 11. Amino acids and proteins: structure and general properties. 12. Polymers: theory of polymerization, commercial polymers, relationship between structure and properties, synthetic rubbers and fibres, PVC, polyethylene, Teflon, Nylon, polyester polymers. 13. Biotechnology: DNA, RNA, tissue culture, cloning, recombinant DNA technology.