Safety In Tools

  • April 2020
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‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﺎ" ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ " ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ" ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﭼﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻠـﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭼﻜﺶ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ" ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﺎﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ) ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ(‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻏﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺛﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺑـﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻏﻠـﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻜﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﭼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻧـﺎﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻭ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺧـﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺤﺜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﭼﻜـﺶ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺷﺘﻲ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭼﻜﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﺑـﺰﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﻪ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺳـﺨﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻧﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄـﻊ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪ ﻳـﺎ ﭘﺮﻳـﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺎﻑ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ﺍﺯ ﭼﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭼﻮﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻘﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ" ﺻﺎﻑ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ" ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ " ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺳﻮﺯﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺁﻫﻨﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﮊ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻜﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈـﺖ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺁﻫﻨﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻜﺶ ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻜﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻜﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳـﻚ ﻻﻳـﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺁﻫﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺮ ﭼﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ" ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺎﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺍﺳـﻜﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻗـﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻘﺎﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻛﺜـﺮ ﭘـﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷـﺘﻲ ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ" ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺮﻧـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻒ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷـﺘﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻒ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﭻ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴـﺮﻩ ﻳـﺎ ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻣﺤﻜـﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻙ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺮ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘـﻴﭻ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻜﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺒﺮ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﮔﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﭘﻴﭽﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺯﻳـﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﻐـﺰﺵ‬ ‫ﺁﭼﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺳﺮ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺷﻜﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ" ﺣﻤﻞ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺗﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻥ ﭼﻮﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﺒﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﻗﻮ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺸﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻏﻴـﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻟﺒـﻪ‬

‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺗﻴﺰ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻟﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﭼﺎﻗﻮ ﻫﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻭﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺼﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺎﻗﻮ ﭼﺮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻴﻐـﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﻣـﻲ ﺍﻓﺘـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﺒـﻪ ﺗﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺥ ﺳﻨﺒﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ" ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﻴﻦ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻴﻨـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺧـﻮﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﭼﺮﻡ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﺎﻗﻮ ﺗﻴﺰ ﻛﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨـﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺁﭼﺎﺭ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﭼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧـﺮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺁﭼـﺎﺭ ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺛﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﺗﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺁﭼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﺑـﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﺮﺯﺍ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯ ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﻋﻴﺐ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺭﻓﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨـﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺑـﺰﺍﺭ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍ" ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻜﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺭﮔﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺭﮔﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺑـﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﻲ ﻛـﺎﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺫﻳـﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻩ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺣﻮﺍﺱ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺣﺮﻛـﺎﺕ ﺍﻧـﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺜﻼ" ﺩﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻦ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﻗﻤـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ‪ ۹۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ﻛﻨـﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ ۲/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ‪ ۲/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -۱‬ﻗﺒﻀﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﺾ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ" ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻗﺒﺾ ﻭ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ" ﻗﺒﺾ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺊ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﻭﻳـﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﮕـﺸﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻘـﺒﺾ ﺑـﺎ ‪ /‬ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺴﺖ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -۲‬ﭼﭗ ﺩﺳﺖ ‪ /‬ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ" ‪ ۹۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﻲ ﭼﭗ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻃـﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﭼﭗ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -۳‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ۴۱/۹‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۵۹/۸‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ‪ ۲۴/۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۳۵‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -۴‬ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ‪ ۶۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -۵‬ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳـﺘﻜﺶ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘـﺸﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﻣﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۵‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻭ ‪ ۸‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭼﻜﺶ ‪ :‬ﭼﻜﺶ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺒﺾ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻗﺒﺾ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۴۰‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺳﺮ ‪ ۶/۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۷/۵‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ" ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﭼـﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺯﺑـﺎﻥ ﮔﻨﺠـﺸﻚ ﻳـﺎ ﮔـﺮﺩﻭ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﻧﺤﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫)ﺳﺮ ﭼﻜﺶ ( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷـﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻏﻴـﺮﻩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﮔﻨﺒﺪﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻒ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۵‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﺮ ﺩﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺒﺮ ﺩﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﻟﺨﺖ ﻛﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺦ ﭼﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻧﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﭽﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﺒﺾ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ۹۰‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ‪ ۸۰‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔـﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۱۱۰‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻮﺭ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ" ﺑﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺒﺾ ﺗﭙﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﻩ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ" ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ" ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﻣﻼﻳـﻢ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻀﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۷۸‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﺟﺎﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺪﻧـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂ ﻓﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺳﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺒﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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