Rr Literature.docx

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE It has been observed that the community Barangay Highway Hills has shown inadequate household and environmental sanitation and personal hygiene practices. The researchers understand that solving a problem like such must first begin with awareness and knowledge on sanitation. This literature review focuses on the importance of sanitation and hygiene awareness to the sustainability of improved sanitation and hygiene behavior. Within this review, there will be discussions of the following: 1.

Definition of household sanitation and hygiene (Kim Velasco and Trixi Alvarez)

2.

Importance of knowledge on sanitation (Trixie Locsin)

3.

Current sanitation and hygiene situations in the Philippines (Trixi Alvarez and Trixie Locsin)

4.

Current international sanitation and hygiene situations (Maxi Asuncion)

5.

Public awareness and unawareness of sanitation (Kim Velasco and Ria Rodriguez)

Definition of household sanitation and hygiene Sanitation can be defined as conditions relating to public health or practices done to protect people from infection. The following can be considered as general sanitation practices: food and water hygiene, safe disposal of human, animal and other waste, personal hygiene, care of domestic animals, home healthcare, care of the sick, control of waste water, etc. (Bloomfield, 2013). In the context of the study, it refers to basic household sanitation, which includes food safety, proper storage, cleaning

practices and personal hygiene. According to Unilever, sanitation is a fundamental human right, the deprivation of which affects social, physical and economic aspects.

Hygiene, though often thought of as synonymous to sanitation, focuses more on healthy living through personal cleanliness, and thus, is considered a subset of sanitation. Sanitation on the other hand, is the promotion of a healthy lifestyle through preventive measures. These measures mainly involve the prevention of human illness brought about by contact with wastes that contain disease-bearing bacteria, parasites, and the like. Sanitation, in comparison with hygiene, not only limits itself to a personal scale, for it also involves the environment as a whole.

Importance of knowledge on sanitation Awareness is defined as the knowledge or perception of a certain issue or situation (DifferenceBetween.net, 2011). Awareness is believed to be an essential factor in any form of healthy development. Sufficient knowledge regarding current issues is needed prior to action and positive change. Public awareness is the crucial role that people of a community must experience in order to develop and create a sustainable change in society (Sustainable Societies in Africa, n.d.).

Awareness may be considered as a form of education. Like any method that involves educating the public, effective communication is needed. Proper distribution of information throughout the community must be done in order to increase the awareness of the people regarding a certain topic. Educators and researchers around the globe

believe that verbal communication plays a vital role in the dissemination of information and the education of the public (Parents, 2014). Public awareness transmits information to society and aids them in sustainable decision making skills.

It is believed that public speaking is an efficient method of educating the community, and promoting public awareness regarding a societal issue. Aside from developing skills, public speaking is known to be a powerful tool in influencing the world and society. It was stated in Writing Commons (n.d.) that “One of the best ways to get our society to change is through the power of speech”. The interaction between the speaker and the audience enhances public learning and awareness (Writing Commons, n.d.).

Current sanitation and hygiene situations in the Philippines A household is the building block of society. A healthy society requires goodquality housing (Howard, Bogh, & World Health Organization, 2002). Many health problems, such as depression, stress, and contagious diseases are attributed to poor housing. In the Philippines, approximately 22.8 million Filipinos live in slums (Philippine Real Estate News, 2014). Junio M. Ragrario (2003) defines slums as “buildings or areas that are deteriorated, hazardous, unsanitary or lacking in standard conveniences.” Poor housing may lead to poor personal hygiene, by virtue of not being able to access basic sanitary stations, such as clean toilets, showers, and water. The state of sanitation in the country has been spoken of by Senator Angara in 2013. He states that “poor sanitation remains a perennial problem in the Philippines as 26 million Filipinos, roughly

30% of the total population, still have no access to clean toilets and other sanitation facilities.” He emphasizes the need for access to sanitation facilities because being denied those services would expose one to many illnesses. It can be said that the household sanitation and hygiene issues of the Philippines are of great concern to both the government and the people.

Recognizing the need for sanitation in the Philippines, several organizations have been formed with the goal to promote knowledge and awareness on sanitation. These organizations have made efforts in creating a cleaner environment for Filipinos who suffer from unsanitary surroundings. Many projects have been done in the country, both by local and international corporations, some of which were successful in granting Filipinos the accessible means to safe and clean sewage and water, specifically. The Philippine WASH Coalition is working on projects to promote low-cost education and technology regarding safe water and sanitation, to local governments in the poor sectors of the country. (Water Supply & Sanitation, 2014). The Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation (PCWS) commits itself to promoting the human right to sanitation through strategies respectful to ecosystems, and empowering the marginalized to exhibit sanitation. The said organization envisions to create a clean environment for all Filipinos, where there is safe, accessible, affordable and clean drinking water. (Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation, n.d.) Other organizations, however, have focused more on the implementation of sanitary measures. The World Bank funded the LGU Urban Water and Sanitation Project in the Philippines, to give clean water to those in the marginalized sector. The

Philippine government had also implemented the Manila Third Sewerage Project in 2012, wherein 3.3 million Metro Manila residents were given clean water and a sanitary sewage system. (The World Bank, 2014) The United Nations HABITAT agreed to send international aid to the Philippines in increasing access to improved solid and liquid waste management, better sanitation and safe drinking water. (UN HABITAT, n.d.). The AECOM (Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Operations and Management) had implemented the Philippine Sanitation Alliance Project from 2007-2011. The said project improved water facilities and sanitize the sewage systems, providing 1.4 million Filipinos with access to improved sanitation. A training camp had also been executed under the project, wherein more than 5,400 Filipinos were given proper training regarding sanitation and personal hygiene (AECOM, 2014).

Current international sanitation and hygiene situations Poor Sanitation is one of the main causes of urban poverty, deaths, and health problems. Eight hundred thousand people die every year because of different diseases caused by unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene. Those who do not practice proper hygiene and sanitation increase the transmission of fecal-oral diseases and deprivation of this will affect social, physical, and the economic well-being of an individual, as well as society. Because of this, sick children are unable to attend school, ill adults cannot work, and the sick cannot receive adequate care. This problem increases povery daily,and the government spends roughly $35 billion a year. In the previous century, water consumption has grown more than twice than that of a population. The main

problem, in terms of bad sanitation, is lack of water. The challenge here is for sanitation to keep up with the growing population, because the more people there are in this world, the worse sanitation will get. Two point five billion in this world have no access to essential sanitation (Wateraid.org), 884 million do not have access to water (UNICEF), while 40% of the world population continues to to lack basic sanitation services. The Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected area in this world; 23% live in rural areas and only 41% have access to clean water. Roughly two thousand children die daily due to diarrhea, all because of poor sanitation. The main causes of bad sanitation include animal and human waste, over application of fertilizers, Industrial chemicals, urban runoff, and lack of pollution prevention. Molds, rats, lead paint and insects are among the vectors to dangerous diseases such as diarrhea, dengue, cholera and tuberculosis because they can hide anywhere if sanitation is not properly observed. In Mexico, cement floors are more seen than dirt floors, and with this, it has reduced the number of cases of diarrhea and infections among women. Many say that it may be “too late” to completely improve the sanitation practices of people but what may be done are awareness programs, financial assistance, and complete participation an individual to make a change. It may seem as easy as putting a new, well-designed ventilated pit latrine or composite latrine to improve sanitation. Although, improving sanitation facilities is possibly a threat to the health of an individual; it interrupts the transmission of faecal-oral disease at its most important source by preventing humanfaecal contamination of the water and soil.

Public awareness and unawareness of sanitation Sanitation and hygiene are fundamental to the development of every society since they are ways to prevent diseases and poor health conditions which may hinder productivity. As stated in the article The Importance of Public Awareness on Sanitation (2010), infrastructural and financial issues are possible causes of improper sanitation and hygiene, however the lack of provision of resources, knowledge and skills is also a significant factor of the situation that is sometimes overlooked. It is a fact that knowledge and experience in terms of sanitation and hygiene is abundant, although access to these is limited due to inadequate human resources and institutional structures which are supposed to provide necessary information on sanitation.

The lack of awareness of the majority on this matter may have unfortunate consequences. One of which is food-borne illnesses caused by the negligence of proper sanitation and hygiene during food handling which in turn leads to food contamination. Aside from this, diseases due to faecal-oral transmission occur as well when people lack practice of hygiene and sanitation. It adversely affects societies, because the costs of which include medical expenses, lost work, reduced productivity, legal fees, punitive damages and lost businesses (McSwane, D., Rue, N. & Linton, R., 2003).

During the Sanitation Management and Disease Control workshop by the Senapati District Women Association (SDWA), it was stated by Deputy Commissioner P.K. Jha that proper sanitation and hygiene is considered as one of the societal needs

of the time. It is a pivotal issue which must be given attention as it is fundamental to economic growth and livelihood development. The solution involves promotion programs that must be directed to mothers and children since they are said to be in the “life change stage” (Bloomfield, 2013) which means they are open to changes in terms of behavior. Aside from this, the experts and the public, as well as developed countries and developing ones, must have a reciprocal relationship wherein both share information. For programs on sanitation to be effective however, society as a whole must play its role in taking social responsibility.

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