Roadway Lighting Report.pptx

Roadway Lighting Reporters: Julios Charl Tagupa Jeferson Muzo

CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS Roadway: Pedestrian Walkway and Bikeway Classifications Freeway. A divided major roadway with full control of access and with no crossings at grade. This definition applies to toll as well as nontoll roads as follows: Freeway A. Roadways with visual complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway is found in major metropolitan areas in or near the central core and operates through much of the early evening hours of darkness at or near design capacity. Freeway B. All other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed.

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Expressway. A divided major roadway for through traffic with partial control of access and generally with interchanges at major crossroads. Expressways for noncommercial traffic within park areas are generally known as parkways. Major. The part of the roadway system that serves as the principal network for through traffic flow. The routes connect areas of principal traffic generation and important rural highways entering the city. Collector. The roadways serving traffic between major and local roadways. These are roadways used mainly for traffic movements within residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

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Local. Roadways used primarily for direct access to residential, commercial, industrial, or other abutting property. Alley. Narrow public ways within a block, generally used for vehicular access to the rear of abutting properties.

Sidewalk. Paved or otherwise improved areas for pedestrian use, located within public street rights-of-way that also contain roadways for vehicular traffic. Pedestrian Walkway. A public walk for pedestrian traffic, not necessarily within the right-of-way for a vehicular traffic roadway. Included are skywalks (pedestrian overpasses), subwalks (pedestrian tunnels), walkways giving access to parks or block interiors, and midblock street crossings.

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Bikeway. Any road, street, path, or way that is specifically designated as being open to bicycle travel, regardless of whether such facilities are designed for the exclusive use of bicycles or are to be shared with other transportation modes. Type A: Designated bicycle lane. A portion of roadway or shoulder that has been designated for use by bicyclists. Type B: Bicycle trail. A separate trail or path from which motor vehicles are prohibited and which is for the exclusive use of bicyclists or the shared use of bicyclists and pedestrians.

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Area Classifications (Abutting Land Uses) Commercial. A business area of a municipality where ordinarily there are many pedestrians during night hours. Intermediate. Those areas of a municipality characterized by frequent moderately heavy nighttime pedestrian activity, as in blocks having libraries, community recreation centers, large apartment buildings, industrial buildings, or neighborhood retail stores. Residential. A residential development, or a mixture of residential and small commercial establishments, characterized by few pedestrians at night. This definition includes areas with singlefamily homes, town houses, and small apartment buildings.

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Photometric Diagrams • The most commonly used coordinate system for street lighting luminaires, in the representation of photometric information, is the system (C - 𝛾); • The vector “I” represents the value of the luminous intensity, while C and “𝛾” signal their direction; • “C” indicates the vertical plane where the vectors are located and 𝛾 measures the slope relative to the vertical photometric axis of the luminaire. 20

Photometric Diagrams Polar distribution curves • Polar distribution curves are defined in cd by 1 000 lumens of flux emitted by each lamp and it is represented by cd/1 000 lm or cd/klm.

Polar diagram (with symmetry)

Polar diagram (with asymmetry)

Source: Indalux

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Photometric Diagrams Isocandela diagrams • Although the polar diagrams are a very useful and practical tool, they present only information on what happens in the vertical planes (C), not showing what is happening on other points; • To avoid this inconvenience, and to combine a flat representation with the information on the luminous intensity in any direction, the isocandela diagram was created; • It simulates the luminaire in the center of a sphere, where on its outer surface the points of the same intensity (isocandelas curves) are joined in a row; • Usually the luminaires have at least a plane of symmetry, so only a semi-sphere is normally considered.

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Photometric Diagrams Isocandela diagrams • Isocandela diagram in azimuthal projection.

Source: Indalux

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Photometric Diagrams Isolux or isoilluminance diagrams • If we project the values of the illuminance emitted on a surface, by a light source, on the same plane and join by a line those of identical value, we will have the so called “isolux curve”; • The various isolux curves form the isolux diagram, where “h” is the height of the luminaire; • Values for each isolux line are given in Emax percentages, the highest being 100%.

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Photometric Diagrams Isolux or isoilluminance diagrams • Isolux diagram on the surface to be illuminated.

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Utilization factor •

The easiest and quickest way to calculate average illuminance of a straight road of infinite length is by applying the utilization factor curves:

Utilization factor as a function of “h”

where: • η = utilization factor • Φ = lamp luminous flux • n = number of lamps per luminaire • w = width of the road • s = interdistance between luminaires Source: Indalux

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Lighting classes Establishment of photometric requirements -

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There are simple and standardized solutions on how to choose the lighting parameters of a public lighting installation, taking into account the characteristics of the area to be illuminated, namely • road function and geometry; • allowed speed; • volume of traffic. The parameters shall be determined by the luminance or illuminance criteria; The medium and high speed zones are defined by the luminance criteria; Conflict zones and pedestrian zones can be defined by both the illuminance and luminance criteria.

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Lighting classes Establishment of photometric requirements -

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When the complexity of the layout and the diversity of surfaces are low, which normally occurs outside urban areas, the criterion to be used is the luminance. Thus, the areas to be illuminated must have at least the same level of illumination of the roads that give them access. The ideal is that the lighting class has an index below the lighting class of the adjacent road; In areas where the complexity of the layout and the diversity of surfaces do not allow a reliable calculation of luminance, the criterion of illuminance shall be used.

Lighting class of a conflict zone (roundabound) by the luminance criterion 28

Lighting classes Lighting level requirements -

Lighting requirements of a certain public area depend largely on their specific lighting class category;

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A lighting class is defined by a set of photometric requirements that point to the visibility needed for users of the various types of streets, roads and other public areas;

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Since the needs of pedestrians greatly differ from drivers in many aspects, such as speed of movement, proximity of objects, surface pattern, facial recognition, etc., different parameters are used (luminance , Illuminance, etc.) to characterize the minimum conditions of illumination of a certain class.

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Lighting classes -

The most widely accepted definitions in terms of lighting classes, performance criteria and measurement methods can be found in the EN 13201 standard series: • • • • •

EN 13201-1 : 2004 - Selection of lighting classes EN 13201-2 : 2016 - Performance requirements EN 13201-3 : 2015 - Calculation of performance EN 13201-4 : 2015 - Methods of measuring lighting performance EN 13201-5 : 2015 - Energy performance indicators

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“CIE 115-2010 - Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic” has recommendations on quality criteria, lighting classes, motor traffic requirements, flow regulation, etc., for all road categories and areas to be illuminated.

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In order to broadly harmonize the requirements, the lighting classes were defined on the basis of the national standards of the member states and the CIE 115-2010 standard. 30

Lighting classes EN 13201 -

EN 13201-1 uses a selection procedure for determining lighting classes;

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EN 13201-2 provides specifications for the different lighting classes which are defined by a set of photometric requirements depending on the needs and requirements of the specific road users and road types. Introduces a number of additional metrics which are used to define minimum or maximum criteria for each subclass;

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EN 13201-3 describes the mathematical methods and procedures which should be used to calculate the lighting performance characteristics defined in EN 13201-2.

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Lighting classes EN 13201 -

EN 13201-4 describes the methods that should be used for measuring lighting performance;

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EN 13201-5 describes the two energy performance metrics: - power density indicator (PDI) DP (measured in [

𝑾 ]) 𝒍𝒙∙𝒎𝟐

- annual energy consumption indicator (AECI) DE 𝑾𝒉 ]) 𝒎𝟐

(measured in [

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Lighting classes -

The EN 13201 series of standards introduced lighting classes in order to facilitate and develop public lighting services in the European Union, aiming at standardization and harmonization of requirements;

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Each class is associated with several indexes that define their subclasses. In this way, we can better characterize the situation and define, in an optimized way, the values of its lighting parameters;

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After identifying the class and subclass for a certain area to be illuminated, the EN 13201-2 provides a series of tables with the lighting parameters to introduce on the simulation software;

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The lighting requirements may also be subject to national standardization or regulation.

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Lighting classes Existing lighting classes according to EN 13201 High

Velocity

M

C

Applies to motor vehicles on high and medium speed roads

Zone of conflict: when the tracks of the vehicles intercept and end in areas frequented by pedestrians, cyclists, etc. Examples are roundabouts, intersections, connecting roads with reduced width and number of reduced lanes and shopping center areas.

P

Low

Peculiar to exclusively pedestrian areas Defined by horizontal illuminance parameters

ES For pedestrian zones where the crime risk is higher Defined by semicylindrical illuminance parameters

EV For areas where facial and vertical surface recognition are essential Defined by vertical illuminance parameters 34

Lighting classes Subclass -

The selection criteria for each subclass (as designated by their digit) are based on the geometry of the road, its traffic usage, and its environment;

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Geometric criteria include: • • • • •

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Separation of lanes with different traffic directions (yes/no) Type of intersections (crossroads/motorway junction) Distance between motorway junctions or bridges (more or less than 3 km) Density of intersections (more or less than 3 intersections/km) Conflict zone (yes/no - defined as a road locations where streams of motorized traffic meet or which other traffic participants such as pedestrians or cyclists use) Engineering measures for traffic calming in place (yes/no)

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Lighting classes Subclass -

Traffic usage criteria include: - Traffic density of motorized vehicles (number of vehicles per day) - Traffic density of cyclists (normal/high) - Traffic density of pedestrians (normal/high) - Difficulty of navigating traffic (normal/higher than normal – defined as the difficulty in picking speed or position on the road based the visual information available) - Parking vehicles (permitted/not permitted) - Visual recognition (necessary/not necessary) - Risk of crime (normal/higher than normal – based on a comparison between the likelihood of crime at the location with the likelihood of crime in the wider region).

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Lighting classes Subclass -

Environmental conditions include: - Complexity of visual stimuli within the field of vision (normal/high) - Luminance of the environment (rural environment/urban environment/city centre) - Prevalent weather (dry/wet – no longer applicable for the newer lighting class designations)

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Certain parameters (in particular traffic density and luminance of the environment) may change from season to season, or during different hours of the night. Thus road sections may be shifted to a different road class.

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Lighting classes How to determine the subclass number

Ambient Luminance:

High: Urban areas with high levels of roadway and decorative lighting. May contain brightly lighted commercial advertising signs, building facades and/or shop windows.

Moderate: intermediate areas with some roadway lighting, lighted road signs and/or commercial advertising signs. Low: Rural areas, without or with limited roadway and/or intersection lighting.

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Lighting classes How to determine the subclass number Intersection density: High | crossings (intersection of two or more roads) Moderate | three-way intersetions Traffic Control: Weak | without stop light Good | with stop light

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Lighting classes Photometric requirements for high and medium speed classes Road surface Lighting class

Dry

Wet

TI (%)

SR

Laverage (cd/m2)

Uo

Ul

Uo

M1

2

0,4

0,7

0,15

10

0,5

M2

1,5

0,4

0,7

0,15

10

0,5

M3

1

0,4

0,6

0,15

15

0,5

M4

0,75

0,4

0,6

0,15

15

0,5

M5

0,5

0,35

0,4

0,15

15

0,5

M6

0,3

0,35

0,4

0,15

20

0,5

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Lighting classes Photometric requirements for conflict zone classes

TI (%) Lighting class

Eaverage (lux)

Uo(E)

C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

50 30 20 15 10 7,5

0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4

High and moderate velocities 10 10 10 15 15 15

Low and very low velocities 15 15 15 20 20 25

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Lighting classes Photometric requirements for low-speed classes (pedestrian areas) If additional requirements for facial recognitions are needed Evertical,minimal Esemi-cilyndrique,minimal (lux) (lux)

Lighting class

Emédia (lux)

Emínima (lux)

P1

15

3

5

3

P2

10

2

3

2

P3

7,5

1,5

2,5

1,5

P4

5

1

1,5

1

P5

3

0,6

1

0,6

P6

2

0,4

0,6

0,4

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Street lighting parameters • Night time driving implies a mesopic or twilight vision comprised in the interval between 0,01 and 3 or 4 cd/m2; • It’s characterized by a reduction in visual sharpness and a diminution in contrast differential sensitivity; • A high luminance contrast threshold is necessary for obstacle visibility;

• Vehicle headlights only illuminate a limited area ahead of them, while public lighting provides light to the road and its surroundings, opening the field of vision to the driver.

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Street lighting parameters • Differential sensitivity to contrast for any same driver is more than three times higher in a road provided with lighting (2 cd/m2), when compared with that provided by a vehicle traffic beam (0.2 to 0.3 cd/m2); • Visual sharpness during night time driving on a road provided with lighting, becomes two and a half times higher than for the same driver using only the vehicle dipped headlights;

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Street lighting parameters • Lighting metrics: flux, intensity, illuminance and luminance (Module 8); • Color temperature and rendering index (Module 8); • Flicker / Glare and Lumen depreciation (Module 8); • Uniformity; • Surrounding Ratio; • Maintenance Factor;

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Street lighting parameters Uniformity • One of the main objectives in street lighting is to provide good street and road surface illumination so that obstacles can be easily identifiable. Thus, it is fundamental that there are no black areas between the illuminated areas, that is, that there is uniformity in illumination; • The general uniformity (U0) is calculated as the ratio between the lowest luminance value (Lmin) (existing at any point in the calculation field) and the mean luminance (Lmed): 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑈0 = 𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑑

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Street lighting parameters Uniformity • The longitudinal uniformity (Ul) is calculated by the quotient between the lowest value (Lmin) and the highest value (Lmax) of the luminance, in the longitudinal direction, along the center of each lane: 𝐿 𝑈𝑙 =

𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥

minimal Illuminance average máximal

Longitudinal direction

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Street lighting parameters Uniformity • The number of points in the longitudinal direction and the space between them must be the same as that used in the calculation of mean luminance. In addition, the position of the observer must be in the line of the calculation points; • The mean uniformity (Um) may also be defined as the ratio of the minimum illuminance value (Emin) to the mean illuminance value (Emed) of a lighting installation: 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝑚 = 𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑑

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Street lighting parameters Surrounding Ratio • SR is defined as the mean horizontal illuminance (𝐸) in the two longitudinal lanes outside the lateral boundaries of the road (lanes 1 and 4), divided by the mean horizontal illuminance of two longitudinal lanes of that road, adjacent to its boundaries (lanes 2 and 3). 𝐸1 + 𝐸4 𝑆𝑅 =

𝐸2 + 𝐸3

Longitudinal exterior lane (1) Longitudinal interior lane (2)

Road side boundaries Longitudinal interior lane (3) Longitudinal exterior lane (4)

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Street lighting parameters Uniformity • Taking into account the characteristics of the roads and its surroundings, the width of each of these longitudinal lanes, for the calculation of the surrounding ratio, must be the same, and equal to the minimum value of the following three hypotheses:

Width equal to 5 meters

Width equal to half the width of the road.

Width equal to that of the outside of the roadway that is not obstructed.

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Street lighting parameters Maintenance Factor •

A maintenance factor (MF) is applied to a lighting design to take into account the reduction in the output of the luminaires used within any lighting installation and ensure the correct level of light is delivered at the ‘lamp/luminaire end of life’;

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The MF calculation takes into account lumen depreciation and the impact of the environment will have on the installation;

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The maintenance factor (MF) of an installation is the ratio of the illuminance at a given moment (E (t)), with the initial illuminance (E0);

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MF can also be obtained by the product between the Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF), Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF), Room Surface Maintenance Factor (RSMF) and Lamp Survival Factor (LSF): •

MF = LLMF x LMF x RSMF x LSF 51

Street lighting parameters Maintenance Factor •

Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF) • Ratio between the luminous flux of the lamp at a given moment of its life (ø (t)) and the initial luminous flux (ø0); • Describes the aging of the lamp or the reduction of light intensity over time; • Manufacturers usually offer comprehensive tables about their lamps luminous flux behavior.

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Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF) • Ratio of the luminaires luminous flux before and after cleaning; • It depends on the luminaire construction and design (open housing or closed one) as well as on environmental conditions (dirty or clean); • The higher the luminaires protection degree from dust, and the cleaner the area, the higher the maintenance factor; • Consider the accessibility of the luminaires when setting up the maintenance plan. The more difficult to reach, the higher the maintenance costs will be. 52

Street lighting parameters Maintenance Factor •

Room Surface Maintenance Factor (RSMF) • Ratio of the room (or tunnel) surfaces reflectance before and after cleaning; • It is the reduction of the lighting level according to soiling of the room; • It depends highly on the conditions in a room, if the room is very clean, clean, dirty or very dirty. The more dirty the room, the lower the maintenance factor.

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Lamp Survival Factor (LSF) • Depends on the service lifetime of a lamp. Some lamp lifetimes are reduced by frequent switching; • Lamp manufacturers provide tables indicating the lamp survival factor; • If a lamp is not working anymore, the decision for immediate replacement or group replacement needs to be taken; • If the lamp is replaced immediately (mostly in areas where the luminaire is easily reachable) the LSF can be set 1. LSF 1 is saying that there will be no loss of light because of lamp failure.

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Street lighting parameters Maintenance Factor • Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF) - Example

Source: Whitecroft Lighting

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Street lighting parameters Maintenance Factor • Example MF, standard L70@50,000h rated luminaire: LLMF L70 = 0,7 LSF = 1 LMF clean environment = 0,94 RSMF clean environment = 0,95 MF = 0,7 x 1 x 0,94 x 0,95 = 0,63

MF, standard L90@50,000h rated luminaire: LLMF L90 = 0,9 LSF = 1 LMF clean environment = 0,94 RSMF clean environment = 0,95 MF = 0,9 x 1 x 0,94 x 0,95 = 0,80

30 luminaires needed, average 315 Lux

Only 25 luminaires needed, average 331 Lux

15m

15m

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THANK YOU

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