Research-paper-3rdgrading.docx

Manuel A. Roxas High School Paco, Manila S.Y. 2017 – 2018

“Cement board reinforced with fibers from Nymphaea Plant for Structural Sheathing” A Research Paper submitted to Mr. Arjay Advincula

Villorente, Aiki N. Realino, Bea Bianca S. Tabuzo, Abbie Nerissa O. Of 10- Newton

March 12, 2018

Table of Contents

Abstract

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Chapter I: Introduction

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Background of the study Statement of the problem Significance of the study Scope and Limitation Hypothesis Definition of Terms

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Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

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Chapter III: Methodology

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Chapter IV: Result and Discussion

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Chapter V: Conclusion

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Chapter VI: Recommendation

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Chapter VII: Bibliography

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Chapter VIII: Acknowledgement

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ABSTRACT:

Rapid reproduction of water lilies have been a hindrance to fishermen and other locales who benefit in rivers and lakes. In the Philippines, the government hires men or barangay officials to clean the affected rivers to be able to avoid the reproduction. A mat of water lilies can cause water problems like floods and clogging of water ways. Yet, water lilies are considered a fibrous plant where the whole plant is made out of fibers. The researchers will conduct a project where we will be making a cement board reinforced with fibers of water lily plant. Our cement boards are tested by its flexural and compressive strength and compare its physical properties in commercially sold cement boards. There are 2 experimental sets; cement boards with the ratio of 60% fibers x 40% cement mixture and cement boards with the ratio of 75% fibers x 25% cement mixture. The tests are done by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-Bicutan) reliably. Based on the result, water lily fibers are possible to use as a reinforcing material in the production of cement boards as based on the comparison between the commercially sold cement boards, the strength of the water lily cement board (both sets) are greater.

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Chapter I INTRODUCTION I.

Background of the study

Water lilies are aquatic plants that grow in all types of fresh waters. It grows inches to three feet tall. It is known as one of the worst weeds because of its rapid reproduction and broad environmental tolerance that cause clogging of waterways, blocking of photosynthesis and impossibility of water activities like fishing and boating. Water lily mats or a half kilometer full of water lily plants can weigh up to 200 tons. In the other side, water lilies are recognized as fibrous water plants because it purifies water surface as it absorbs oil from rivers. To be able to help lessen the negative effects of brought by water lilies, we, researchers, made a reinforcement project which we used the fibers from a water lily plant (specifically its stem) as a component of a cement board. Cement board is a combination of pure cement and wood fibers where it can be nailed or screwed. It is commonly used as kitchen counters, exterior plaster, sheathing, and an alternative plywood. The fibers from water lilies will greatly affect the water resistance of the cement board because water lilies are ‘water-resistance’ and its fibers are actually ‘cellulose fibers’, a plant extract good for reinforcing. We compared the physical properties of a commercially sold cement board to our water lily cement board. Our product are tested by flexural strength and compression done at the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-Bicutan).

II.

Statement of the problem

Major Objective 

To produce a reinforced cement board for structural sheathing from fibers of water lilies.

Minor Objective 

To lessen the negative effects brought by water lilies using its fibers as a component in making cement boards.

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III.

To measure the durability and hardness of cement boards made out of water lilies and compare it to the commercially sold cement board. To control the excessive volume of water lilies in rivers and lakes.

Significance of the study

The importance of this project is to lessen the negative effects of water lily and make it useful by making a cement board out of it. This project will benefit not only people living around the river but also the locales who are greatly affected by flood and clogging of waterways. Also, some water activities like fishing and boating will be possible again. It would also be a big help to people who are in need of constructing materials for walling, kitchen counters, flooring and particularly for structural sheathing. IV.

Scope and limitations

The product is made out of water lily (particularly its stem) as the source of fibers, cement and wood adhesives (epoxy and hardener resin) as binder. The sources of the water lilies are rivers near Manuel A. Roxas High School such as Beata River, Pandacan along Pasig River while the rest of the materials are brought from local hardware stores. There will be 3 sets of samples; Set A will be the base line of the comparison or the physical properties of a commercially sold cement board, Set B of samples will have 40% cement mixture and 60% water lily fibers, and Set C of samples will be 25% cement mixture and 75% water lily fibers. The physical strength test result of Set A were gathered from related articles while Set B and C are be tested by its flexural and compressive strength at the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-Bicutan). Each set contain 10 pieces of cement boards having the dimension of 15mm x 150mm x 4mm for flexural strength and 2” x 2” x 2” for compression.

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V.

Hypothesis NULL

ALTERNATIVE

CAUSE AND EFFECT

The amount of fibers don’t The amount of fibers have a When the amount of fibers have a significant effect on the significant effect on the increases or decreases, then hardness of the cement board. hardness of the cement board. there will be a significant effect on the flexural and compressive strength of the cement board. The flexural and compressive strength of the cement board does not vary on the ratio of cement, water, and resin used.

VI.

The flexural and compressive strength of the cement board varies the ratio of cement, water, and resin used.

If the amount of cement is lesser than the fibers, then there will be a greater flexural and compressive strength.

Definition of terms           

Cement board – combination of cement, reinforcing fibers and resins. Water lily – a plant that grows in water with round, floating leaves, and large flowers. Adhesives – designed to stick to something. Flexural strength – the resistance of material to breaking under flexure. Sheathing – a protective covering Reinforced – strengthen or support (an object or substance), especially with additional material. Compression strength – capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. Fiber – a thread of filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or textile formed. Durability – staying strong and in good condition over a long period of time. Physical – existing in a form that you can touch or see. Masonry – work done using stone, brick, or concrete, word done by a mason

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Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 

“Some of the physical testing of the cement boards are: compressive strength, impact strength, hardness, water absorption, density, thermal conductivity and resistivity. “ DOI:10.0734/BJAST/2015/11627

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“Fibrous cement based materials belong to the main long-lasting building materials. Few building material offer a combination of architectural scope and strong technical specification as convincing as fibrous cement based materials e.g. cladding and roofing. One of the most desirable qualities of fibrous cement based board is its durability due to its ability to resist all kinds of weather conditions. Unlike wood siding, fiber-cement board siding doesn’t rot or require frequent repainting.” HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.3846/ENVIRO.2014.024

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“Fiber cement composite products can be made use of in exterior and interior of a building such as siding, roofing, cladding, internal lining, floors, walls, building boards, bricks, bracing, fencing and decorative elements. Fiber-cement materials can offer a variety of advantages over traditional construction materials; as compared to wood, fiber-cement products offer improved dimensional stability, moisture resistance, decay resistance, and fire resistance; as compared to masonry, fiber-cement products enable faster, lower cost, lightweight construction; as compared to cement based materials without fibers, fibercement products may offer improved toughness, ductility, and flexural capacity, as well as crack resistance and “nail ability”. HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.3846/ENVIRO.2014.024

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“The potential use of natural fiber as bio-composites has been accepted globally, because it is cheap, sustainable, and biodegradable and reduces carbon dioxide emissions. The use of wood fiber has been increased rapidly as natural composites in cement based products i.e. cement bonded board.” DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/271/1/012076

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Fiber-Reinforced Cement (FRC) board is a widely-used building material developed by James Hardie in the early 1980s, while working on the use of alternative materials to avoid the continued use of asbestos for building products. DOI:10.9734/CJAST/2017/36587

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The flexural strength of natural-fiber cement board in 80% higher than that of typical building materials – with the exclusion of rice husk cement board. Many cement boards have been used as building partitions for over a century. DOI:10.9734/CJAST/2017/36587

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Chapter III METHODOLOGY A. Preparation of the molder There are 2 molders used to produce 2 sets of samples, the first molder has a dimension of 2"x2"x2" used for testing compression and the second molder has a dimensions of 150mm x 7mm x 4mm used for testing flexural strength. To make the first molder (2”x2”x2”), cut a plywood; 5 pieces of 4”x2” and 2 pieces of 2”x2”. Using a wood adhesive to stick 4 pieces of 4”x2” to create a square shape. Stick the remaining 4”x2” inside the square side by side, equally. After that, glue the 2 pieces of 2”x2” on the other side to make a window-like molder. To make the second molder, cut a plywood; 2 pieces of 15cm x 1cm, 2 pieces of 10 cm x 1 cm, 4 pieces of 15 cm x 0.5 cm and a 15cm x 10cm. The 15cm x 10cm will be the base of the molder. Stick the 2 pieces of 15cm x 1cm and 2 pieces of 10 cm x 1 cm on the sides of the base. Using a pencil, mark a 0.5 cm x 15cm after every 1.5cm. Insert and glue the remaining 4 pieces of 15 cm x 0.5 cm on the marked position. 10 pieces of samples are made from the first molder and the other 10 pieces are from the second molder.

B. Preparation of the product The water lilies are gathered from rivers around Manuel A. Roxas High School particularly, Beata River in Pandacan, Manila. Wash the water lilies before cutting the water lilies into strips (1"x1") so that it can be grinded later easily with a use of a blender. Using a strainer, separate the excess water to the water lily strips. Put the water lilies to a pot and boil together with a pinch of salt. When it boils, use a strainer again to get the water lily bits. Grind the water lilies. Remove the excess water again and dry the water lilies under the sun for about 2 days so it will be pulverized. After drying, mix the fibers with resin, cement, and a small amount of water to create a mixture. Massage it so the cement and the adhesive used will spread equally. Put an onion skin or a wax paper on the molder to be used so that the board will not stick to the molder. After putting a wax paper, put the mixture into the molder and flatten. Use an oven in drying the cement boards. C. Testing There are data tables for comparison between the water lily cement board and the commercially sold cement board which will show their flexural and compressive strength. The test of the water lily cement board are to be done by the Department of Science and Technology while the data results of an commercially sold cement boards are gathered from articles discussing about its properties. For the water lily cement board, there will be 3 sets of samples: Set A will serve as the base line data basis containing physical properties of a commercially sold cement board, Set B will be 40%-cement, 60%-water lilies and Set C will be 25%-cement, 75%-water lilies. The test result determine the durability and hardness of the cement board as a material for structural sheathing for houses.

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Chapter IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Compressive Strength and Densities of Cement Board (panels’ test are processed after 7 days)

Table 2. Bending Properties/Flexural Strength Cement Board (panels’ test are processed after 7 days)

The results were taken from a related article from Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 8, No. 4 (2013) 385 - 398, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. The panels were tested at the material age of 7 days in compression (ASTM D1037) and flexural strength test (ASTM C1185). The highlighted part of the table is the researchers’ basis in making their adapted research project. As a base line data for comparison, in the other hand, the compressive strength of a commercially sold cement boards are; 1.09 MPa in 40:60 cement/fibers ratio while 1.01 MPa in 30:70 cement/fibers ratio, and the flexural strength of a commercially sold cement boards are: 1.21 MPa in 40:60 cement/fibers ratio while 1.10 MPa in 30:70 cement/fibers ratio. Note: We, the researchers used the data for 30:70 cement/fibers ratio as the base line of our 25:75 cement/fibers ratio as their mixture measurement is almost same for us to complete the comparison. The base line data also shows that the panels are tested after 7 days of the drying process while our samples are dried within a week also. This condition does not have a significant effect in comparing the water lily cement boards in commercially sold cement boards.

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Table 3. Flexural Strength of Water lily cement boards, SET A (60%-water lily fibers, 40%cement mixture) and SET B (75%-water lily fibers, 25%cement mixture) tested reliably at the DOST

Legend: b- Width of the Specimen h- Thickness of Specimen M- Mean

*did not break/ rupture within the 5% gage strain limit Y- Yielding R- Rupture SD- Standard Deviation MPa- Mega Pascal

The mean flexural strength of the SET A which named as the PPT-2018-0139 is 1.50 MPa with the standard deviation of 0.635 MPa. The mean flexural stress at 3.5% is 0.068 MPa with the SD of 0.039 MPa while the mean flexural stress at 5% is 0.039 MPa with the SD of 0.031 MPa. Both given flexural stress did not break within 5% gage strain limit. 4 out of 10 samples have yield or did not crack completely. And 1.96 mm/min. is the rate of crosshead motion. The mean flexural strength of the SET A which named as the PPT-2018-0140 is 1.16 MPa with the standard deviation of 0.372 MPa. The mean flexural stress at 3.5% is 0.137 MPa with the SD of 0.021 MPa while the mean flexural stress at 5% is 0.080 MPa with the SD of 0.035 MPa. Both given flexural stress did not break within 5% gage strain limit. 6 out of 10 samples have also yield or did not crack completely. And 1.89 mm/min. is the rate of crosshead motion.

Table 4. Compressive Strength of Water lily cement boards, SET A (60%-water lily fibers, 40%cement mixture) and SET B (75%-water lily fibers, 25%-cement mixture) tested reliably at the DOST The mean compressive strength of SET A which is the PPT-2018-0141 is 3.66 MPa with the SD of 1.77 MPa while the SET B which is the PPT-2018-0142 has 3.60 MPa with the SD of 1.41 MPa.

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Chapter V CONCLUSION

Base on the given result of the mechanical properties of a commercially sold cement board; for flexural strength, it only have 1.09 MPa and 1.01 MPa while the water lily cement boards have 1.50 MPa and 1.16 MPa while for the compressive strength it only have 1.21 MPa and 1.10 MPa while the water lily cement boards have 3.66 MPa and 3.60 MPa. The researchers concluded that water lily fibers are possible to use in reinforcing cement boards because both flexural and compressive strength of the water lily cement boards are higher than the commercially sold cement board. The amount of the fibers in making cement board also varies the durability or strength of the cement board because in the result shown from Table 1 – Table 4, the lower the fiber content, the lower MPa. In other words, the durability of the cement boards depends on the ratio between the cement mixture and the fibers.

Chapter VI RECOMMENDATION The following recommendations are offered as possible ways to improve this study.    

If possible, conduct other tests (except tensile, flexural, and compressive strength) in order to fill the mechanical properties of a water lily cement board. Add another conditions specifically if drying process, fibers’ grams, or adhesive/resin used varies the durability of the cement board. Check if it’s possible to build water lily cement board business that could help people on their employment. Besides water lilies, find other fibrous plant and make a comparative study. Chapter VII BIBLIOGRAPHY

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MST. SADIA MAHZABIN, R. HAMID, W.H.W. BADARUZZAMAN (2013). EVALUATION OF CHEMICALS INCORPORATED WOOD FIBRE CEMENT MATRIX PROPERTIES. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. Vol. 8, No. 4 pg. 385 – 398

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Sérgio Augusto Mello Da Silva1, André Luis Christoforo2, Raquel Gonçalves3, Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr (2013) Strength Properties of Medium Density Fiberboards (MDF) Manufactured with Pinus Elliottii Wood and Polyurethane Resin Derived from Castor Oil. International Journal of Composite Materials, 3(1): 7-14. DOI: 10.5923/j.cmaterials.20130301.02 Noura Balboul Shawia1, Mohammad Ali Jabber and Abbas Fadhil Mamouri. (2014) Mechanical and physical properties of natural fiber cement board for building partitions. 1Department of Physics, College of Science, Waist University, Iraq. Physical Sciences Research International. Vol. 2(3), pp. 49-53 Divino Eterno Teixeira (2012) Recycled Old Corrugated Container Fibers forWood-Fiber Cement Sheets. International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Forestry. Volume 2012, Article ID 923413, doi:10.5402/2012/923413 Oluwatomilola P. Akinyemi and Cordelia O. Osasona. (2017). Strength Properties of Bamboo-Fibre Cement Boards Used as Building Partitions. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 23(5): 1-7; Article no.CJAST.36587 Previously known as British Journal of Applied Science & Technology ISSN: 2231-0843, NLM ID: 101664541 Al-Menaie, Habibah. (2011). Performance evaluation of water lily varieties (Nymphaea sp) for landscape beautification in Kuwait. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2. 122-128. 10.5251/ajsir.2011.2.1.122.128. Mahamadi, Courtie. (2011). Water hyacinth as a biosorbent: A review. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 5. 1137-1145. 10.5897/AJESTX11.007.

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Chapter VIII ACKNOLEDGEMENT We would like to thank the following in helping us to complete this study. 

Mr. Arjay I. Advincula, our research teacher, for introducing this subject to us and also for guiding us in conducting this research.

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The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for having our samples tested reliably, for the reimbursement, and for the advices and validations acquired from our study.

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MARHS Science Department

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Mrs. Ma. Elena G. Serquiña, our principal, for signing and approving our letter for us to be excused for class when it’s ‘DOST-time’.

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10- Newton SY 2017-2018, our classmates, for believing in ourselves, for unity and staying positive in whatever the resulting of our tests is.

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Our parents, for letting us meet every Saturday in conducting this study, for joining us to go to DOST-Bicutan, for giving us money for our fund, for their patience and for their love and support for us.

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And most of all, God for being safe every day. For the ideas, for guiding us not to argue over nonsense things and for all.

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