Report Wetlands Inventory 2006

IDENTIFICATION AND COLLATION OF EXISTING INFORMATION ON THE WETLANDS OF THE WESTERN CAPE

January 2006 Helen Dallas, Colleen Seymour, Kate Snaddon and Justine Ewart-Smith

The Freshwater Consulting Group / Freshwater Research Unit University of Cape Town

Prepared for: The TABLE MOUNTAIN FUND of WWF-SOUTH AFRICA

Project: ZA 5095

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1

1.1 1.2

Background ....................................................................................................... 1 Approach........................................................................................................... 2

2.

RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 2

2.1

Identification of current regional and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management ........................................................................ 3 Collation of existing information on wetlands of the Western Cape .................. 6 Directory of information on wetlands of the Western Cape............................... 6 Geographical Information System (GIS) data ................................................. 12 A generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data .......................... 14

2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 3.

USING THE WESTERN CAPE WETLANDS DIRECTORY DATABASE AND GIS COVERS......................................................................................... 14

3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1

The Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database .......................................... 14 Metadata – Information Source....................................................................... 15 Wetland Information ........................................................................................ 17 Querying the data............................................................................................ 20 Using the Geographic Information System GIS covers................................... 22 Notes on how the GIS coverage relates to the database................................ 22

4.

ANALYSIS AND TRENDS IN DATA.............................................................. 22

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3

Metadata – Information Source....................................................................... 22 Wetland characteristics and spatial distribution .............................................. 25 Available data.................................................................................................. 29 Catchment condition, land use and threats to wetlands.................................. 30

5.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WETLAND INVENTORY DATABASE ................................................. 39

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

Utility of the Directory Database...................................................................... 39 Constraints and limitations .............................................................................. 39 Observations related to data quality................................................................ 40 Maintenance of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database.................. 40 Development of the Western Cape Wetlands Inventory database ................. 40

6.

REFERENCES................................................................................................ 41

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND APPENDICES

Table 1

Key regional (Western Cape) and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management ........................................................ 3

Table 2

A description of each field in the “Metadata – Information Source” .................. 8

Table 3

A description of each field in the “General Wetland Information”...................... 9

Table 4

A description of each field in the “Wetland Characterisation” ......................... 10

Table 5

A description of each field in the “Available Information” ................................ 11

Table 6

A description of each field in the “Catchment Condition and Land Use”......... 12

Table 7

A description of each field in the “Management and Social Issues”................ 12

Table 8

Summary information of GIS coverages provided as supplementary information for this project but not created by The Freshwater Consulting Group............................................................................................ 13

Table 9

Menu Bar details of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database ........... 15

Table 10

Pre-define queries in the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database ......... 20

Figure 1

Directory structure of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database............ 7

Figure 2

“Metadata – Information Source” form ............................................................ 16

Figure 3

“Wetland Information – General Wetland Information” form ........................... 17

Figure 4

“Wetland Information – Wetland Characterisation” form ................................. 18

Figure 5

“Wetland Information – Available Information” form........................................ 18

Figure 6

“Wetland Information – Catchment Condition and Land Use” form ................ 19

Figure 7

“Wetland Information – Management and Social Issues” form ....................... 19

Figure 8

Querying the data............................................................................................ 21

Figure 9

Viewing the query data, sorting and exporting to Microsoft Excel................... 21

Figure 10

Number of information sources (total = 449) in each Information Source category.............................................................................................. 23

Figure 11

Number of information sources (total = 362) per 10 year period, from 1930 to 2005. (Note Wetlands Datasheets and WC Wetlands Map Input have been excluded for this analysis).................................................... 24

Figure 12

Number of information sources (total = 362) per 10 year period, from 1930 to 2005, showing the number in each Information Source category. (Note Wetlands Datasheets and WC Wetlands Map Input have been excluded for this analysis)............................................................. 24

Figure 13

The number of data sources per geographic region (total = 449). .................. 25

Figure 14

The spatial distribution of wetlands in the Western Cape incorporated in the Directory Database ............................................................................... 26

Figure 15

The number of wetlands per type or classification (total = 703)...................... 28

Figure 16

Number of wetlands in each size, depth, pH and salinity class (total = 703, note this is an approximation)................................................................. 29

Figure 17

The number of wetlands with physico-chemical data. The different variables are provided. Physico-chemistry data were collected at approximately 56% of the 703 wetlands. ........................................................ 30

Figure 18

The number of wetlands with biotic and habitat data. Biotic and habitat data were collected at approximately 74% and 12% of the 703 wetlands respectively...................................................................................... 29

Figure 19

Spatial distribution of wetlands with physico-chemical data............................ 30

Figure 20

Spatial distribution of wetlands with vegetation data....................................... 30

Figure 21

Spatial distribution of wetlands with mammal data ......................................... 31

Figure 22

Spatial distribution of wetlands with bird data ................................................. 31

Figure 23

Spatial distribution of wetlands with reptile data ............................................. 32

Figure 24

Spatial distribution of wetlands with amphibian data....................................... 32

Figure 25

Spatial distribution of wetlands with fish data.................................................. 33

Figure 26

Spatial distribution of wetlands with aquatic invertebrate data........................ 33

Figure 27

Spatial distribution of wetlands with plankton data.......................................... 34

Figure 28

Spatial distribution of wetlands with algal data................................................ 34

Figure 29

Spatial distribution of wetlands with bacterial data.......................................... 35

Figure 30

Spatial distribution of wetlands with data on endemic species ....................... 35

Figure 31

Spatial distribution of wetlands with threatened species................................. 36

Figure 32

Spatial distribution of wetlands with habitat assessment data ........................ 36

Figure 33

Catchment land uses that potentially threaten to wetlands............................. 38

Appendix 1

User groups consulted for the identification of national and regional initiatives and the production of the generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data.............................................................................. 43

Appendix 2

A list of studies relevant for Western Cape Wetlands including studies incorporated into the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database ................ 44

Appendix 3

Metadata for Geographical Information Systems (GIS) coverages................. 79

Appendix 4

Western Cape Wetland Inventory Datasheet.................................................. 86

Appendix 5

Table of wetlands incorporated into the Directory Database, giving Data Source Identifier (DSI), type/classification, size, depth, pH and salinity classes................................................................................................ 91

The Project Team This project was the combined effort of Helen Dallas, Colleen Seymour, Kate Snaddon and Justine Ewart-Smith. All members contributed to the conceptualisation and planning of the project and represented the project at Steering Committee meetings. More specifically: •

Helen managed the technical component of the project, co-developed the final version of the datasheet, developed and edited the directory database, presented the project to the Western Cape Wetlands Forum meetings and wrote the final report;

•

Colleen co-developed the final version of the datasheet, sourced and captured data in the directory database, liaised with wetland practitioners, sourced GIS coverages, generated the GIS point coverage and contributed to the final report.

•

Kate managed the financial and client liaison aspects, provided input into the field datasheet and reviewed the final report;

•

Justine formulated the initial straw-dog datasheet, provided spatial data and technical guidance with the GIS component and reviewed the final report;

Acknowledgements This project was funded by the Table Mountain Fund of WWF-SA. We gratefully acknowledge their support during this project. The seeds of this project were germinated within the Western Cape Wetlands Forum - thanks to forum members for their insight, support and enthusiasm, and for information contributed to the directory. Thanks to Geordie Ractliffe (FCG) who initiated discussions with Mandy Barnett (CAPE) and Julia Wood (TMF) for funding for the project. This project was undertaken within the Freshwater Research Unit, University of Cape Town. Lastly, thanks to members of the steering committee who guided the project.

Steering Committee Julia Wood – Table Mountain Fund Heather Malan – Freshwater Research Unit, UCT Candice Haskins – City of Cape Town – Scientific Services George Davis – South African National Botanical Institute Japie Buckle – Working for Wetlands Mandy Noffke – Working for Wetlands Gail Cleaver - CapeNature John Dini – Working for Water Nancy Job – BotSoc Conservation Unit Naomi Fourie – Department of Water Affairs Dennis Laidler – Department of Environment Affairs and Development Planning Cilla Bromley – GEESE Glencairn Liz and Dave Wheeler – Friends of the Liesbeek Roger Toms – Hout Bay Heritage Trust

1.

1.1

INTRODUCTION

Background

Wetlands are intrinsically valuable ecosystems that provide many important services to the environment and society. Amongst other functions, they play a critical role in flood attenuation, groundwater recharge and amelioration of water quality and often also have societal and economic value. The contribution of South African wetlands to biodiversity has been internationally recognized through their designation as Ramsar sites (Ramsar, Iran, 1971). Wetlands in the Western Cape and indeed elsewhere in South Africa have in the past been neglected, and knowledge of their distribution, structure or function is scarce. The importance of wetlands in South Africa has been recognized in terms of the protection these systems are now afforded under the National Water Act (1998). The Act guarantees both the quantity and quality of water that is required to ensure a given level of ecosystem functioning. Despite this protection, wetlands continue to be threatened by a variety of human activities. These threats have been recognized and programmes initiated to map and classify wetlands at a national scale, to provide information on the ecological condition of wetlands, to monitor wetland health, to rehabilitate and restore wetlands, to assess biodiversity in wetland systems and to conserve wetlands (Table 1). Previous studies in the Western Cape addressing wetland related issues have provided a substantial amount of information to support wetland conservation, management and rehabilitation. However, much of this information is dispersed and relatively inaccessible. This impedes and limits the incorporation of this information into effective management and conservation plans for wetlands in the province. The present initiative attempts to address this need by identifying and collating all initiatives and available information dealing with the location, character, available information, condition and management of wetlands in the Western Cape. It should be noted that the directory generated in this project does not include actual data collected within each study (e.g. lists of aquatic invertebrates or plant species, chemistry values, etc.). It does, however, have potential to form the foundation of a future wetlands inventory, envisaged for a later phase.

The objectives of the current project were, therefore, as follows: •

to identify current regional and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management;

•

to collate existing information on wetlands of the Western Cape;

•

to develop a generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data, and

•

to make recommendations for the development of a wetland database.

1

1.2

Approach

The definition of a wetland, as defined by the Ramsar Convention, is as follows: “i.e. “areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tides does not exceed six meters” (Peck 1999)”.

The wetlands included thus fall into three broad groups (Ewart-Smith et al., 2005) as follows: •

Marine systems - Located along coastlines or overlaying the continental shelf, completely open to the ocean (includes exposed coast and embayments).

•

Estuarine systems - Semi-enclosed by land with open, partly obstructed or sporadic access to the ocean (includes permanently open and temporarily closed systems).

•

Inland systems - No existing connection to the ocean and is characterized by the complete absence of marine exchange and/or tidal influence (includes riverine and non-riverine systems).

The current project focuses on a subset of these wetlands, namely estuaries and inland systems. Within the inland systems less attention has been given to rivers, which are well covered by other programmes and initiatives (see Table 1). The objectives of the project were achieved through literature searches and consultation with local and regional experts, managers, non-governmental Organisations and interested parties. The directory, which takes the form of a database, was designed with guidance from the user groups1, to ensure that it was comprehensive and user-friendly. The approach adopted was to make the directory “all encompassing” and to include studies, reports and wetland datasheets even if the only information was anecdotal (e.g. a wetland in the vicinity of X, probably a temporary pan). Similarly, all wetlands identified from the Western Cape Wetlands Forum meetings that were marked onto the maps provided at the Forum meetings, have been captured in the directory. Further details pertaining to objectives one to three are provided in section 2.

2.

RESULTS

This project has resulted in several outputs, including a table of regional and national initiatives, a list of relevant publications, a directory database of information on wetlands of the Western Cape, a GIS point-coverage of information on these wetlands, and a generic datasheet for collection of wetland data. Details of each of these outputs are provided in sections 2.1 to 2.3.

1

User Groups consulted included: local authorities, government departments (both Western Cape and National), civil society groups, environmental impact assessment practitioners, South African National Parks Board, CapeNature, researchers, freshwater specialists.

2

2.1

Identification of current regional and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management

Consultation with user groups (Appendix 1) facilitated the identification of regional and national initiatives. The key regional and national initiatives are given in Table 1. A list of studies has been compiled after searching local databases, consulting with our core reference group (the Western Cape Wetlands Forum), as well as consultation with private consulting groups, conservation organizations, civil society groups and NGOs. The list was compiled within a reference management database (EndNote). An Adobe Acrobat (pdf) version of this list, sorted by Data Source Identifier, has been provided (Appendix 2). In addition to the references included in the directory, references that were difficult to obtain or which we were unable to incorporate into the directory due to time constraints, have been included in the list (noted as “Not in directory”). A few general references have also been included.

Table 1. Region

National

National

National

Key regional (Western Cape) and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management Name

Description

National Land Cover (NLC) 2000

The NLC 2000 project provides a 1:50 000 scale digital map of the dominant land cover and land use throughout South Africa based on multi-season satellite (Landsat) imagery from 2000/2001. The land cover for each (approximately) 1-2 ha unit of land has been categorised into one of 49 land cover classes (see Thompson et al. 2001 for details). “Wetlands” is one of the standard land cover classes used in NLC 2000, which identifies the large, easily discernable wetland features across the country on the basis of broad spectral characteristics. An additional project is currently underway to develop an “advanced wetland layer” for the NLC 2000, which will augment the standard wetland coverage of NLC 2000 through additional mapping and modelling techniques. Website: http://www.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002

Working for Wetlands (WfW)

WfW and Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) have formed a partnership to address wetland rehabilitation. In 2001/2 R30 million was allocated towards wetlands projects throughout the country. The projects included national priority wetlands (including existing and proposed Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance). Rehabilitation work is carried out by workers employed in the wetlands projects, and includes gabion construction, removal of invasive alien plants in the immediate area, surveying of flood irrigation furrows, construction and placing of grass bale gabions and leveling of drainage furrows. Websites: http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/Wetlands/ ; http://www.nbi.ac.za/research/wetlandprog.htm

Working for Wetlands – Research Project

This project is funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and WfW. The research programme aims to recognise the value provided by intact and functioning wetlands, and to develop an integrated set of protocols and tools that promote effective wetland rehabilitation through research. This research will improve our understanding of biophysical, socio-economic and institutional causes of degradation, in order to reduce or remove such causes and restore wetland functioning sustainably. The products of the research project include information on: ƒ How to prioritise wetlands for rehabilitation; ƒ Wetland RATES (Rapid Assessment Technique of Ecosystem Services) (previously 3

Region

Name

Description Wet Assess) – functional assessment technique for SA wetlands; ƒ Why wetlands degrade; ƒ Appropriate methodologies for rehabilitation; ƒ Monitoring effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions; and ƒ Institutional synergies Website: http://www.ccwr.ac.za/wetlands/rehab.htm Contact person: Fred Ellery ([email protected])

National

National

National

National

National Wetland Inventory: Development of a Wetland Classification System for South Africa

This project is funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and aims: ƒ to evaluate a) the efficacy of the advanced wetland layer of the NLC 2000 for identifying existing wetlands, and b) the type of information about a given wetland that is generated from this layer; ƒ to develop a wetland classification system at a national level, based on the information that can be obtained from the NLC 2000 advanced wetland layer; and ƒ to identify research and development priorities, and draft Terms of Reference for the testing, refinement and application of the proposed classification system. Contact person: Justine Ewart-Smith ([email protected])

WWF Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation Initiative (WWF-FBCI)

This initiative aimed to enhance co-operation and collaboration between various players in the freshwater conservation arena, and to provide guidance and clear direction for WWF-SA's role in freshwater conservation. It culminated in a workshop in May 2005. Recommendations for a proposed structure for the National Freshwater Biodiversity Collaboration (NFBC) were formulated. It was recommended that the knowledge management objective of the NFBC should be to improve knowledge and understanding of freshwater biodiversity for the wise management of freshwater resources through facilitating research, access, integration, curation, synthesis and effective dissemination of information. The proceedings of the workshop and the WWF-FBCI team meeting are presented on the WWF-FBCI Final Report CD. Website: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity; http://www.saiab.ru.ac.za/one.htm

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) is a biodiversity planning process co-ordinated by the national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, to give effect to the Biodiversity Act. Website: http://www.deat.gov.za The National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment Executive Summary and Technical Reports (including Terrestrial, River, Estuary and Marine components) are available on the following website: ftp://ftp.nbi.ac.za Contact person: Mandy Driver at [email protected].

National Aquatic Ecosystem Biomonitoring Programme (NAEBP)

This programme was initiated in 1994 and has to date largely focused on River Health (known as the River Health Programme - RHP). The RHP primarily makes use of biological indicators (e.g. fish communities, riparian vegetation, aquatic invertebrate fauna) to assess the condition or health of river systems. The rationale for using biological monitoring is that the integrity of biota inhabiting river ecosystems provides a direct, holistic and integrated measure of the integrity or health of the river as a whole. The goal of the RHP is to serve as a source of information regarding the ecological state of river ecosystems in South Africa, in order to support the rational management of these natural resources. The objectives of the RHP are to: ƒ Measure, assess and report on the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems; ƒ Detect and report on spatial and temporal trends in the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems; 4

Region

Name

Description ƒ Identify and report on emerging problems regarding aquatic ecosystems; ƒ Ensure that all reports provide scientifically and managerially relevant information for national aquatic ecosystem management. Website: http://www.csir.co.za/rhp Contact Person(s): Bonani Madikizela ([email protected]), Liesl Hill ([email protected]), Dr Helen Dallas ([email protected])

National

National

National

National

Western Cape

River Conservation Planning Initiative

The River Conservation Planning Initiative is a partnership project with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) and CSIR Environmentek. It aims to answer the fundamental questions: ƒ How many rivers should reflect a high level of protection such that South Africa's collective network of rivers can be considered healthy? ƒ Which rivers should be protected in order to claim that a representative mosaic of rivers (and riverine biodiversity) is protected or conserved? Website: http://www.csir.co.za/rivercons/ Contact person: Dr Dirk Roux ([email protected])

Mondi Wetlands Project

The Mondi Wetlands Project (MWP) is a joint project of South Africa’s two largest NGO conservation organisations, the Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa (WESSA) and WWF - South Africa, together with two corporate sponsors, the Mazda Wildlife Fund and the Mondi Forestry company. The MWP’s mission is to catalyse the wise use and rehabilitation of wetlands in South Africa. Contact details: Dave Lindley: [email protected]

CWAC Coordinated Waterbirds Counts

The Coordinated Waterbird Counts (CWAC) was launched in 1992. The objective of CWAC is to monitor South Africa's waterbird populations and the conditions of the wetlands which are important for waterbirds. This is being done by means of a programme of regular mid-summer and mid-winter censuses at a large number of South African wetlands and estuaries, at regular six-monthly intervals. CWAC currently monitors over 540 wetlands around the country. Website: http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/p_cwac.htm Contact person: Marius Wheeler ([email protected])

National Wetland Research Programme: Phase 2: Wetland Health And Integrity

Working for Wetlands –

This is a four-year research programme due to start in April 2006. It is largely funded by Water Research Commission (WRC) and supported by input from DWAF and DEAT. The project will be based at the Freshwater Research Unit, UCT (core project team members: Prof. Jenny Day, Dr Liz Day and Dr Heather Malan), however some of the work will also be carried out at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (Prof. Fred Ellery, Dr Donovan Kotze). The research programme encompasses several research thrusts but is primarily aimed at developing tools to assess the ecological condition of wetlands as well as the socio-economic importance. The main aims of the Wetland Health and Integrity Research Programme are to: ƒ Develop tools for assessing wetland ecological condition that will address the major needs of the users in South Africa, including DWAF, DEAT and conservation bodies. ƒ Develop tools for assessing wetland socio-economic importance that will begin to satisfy the needs of users in South Africa. ƒ Develop a protocol to assess the loss of wetland function through degradation. ƒ Implement a communication programme. Contact person(s): Dr Heather Malan ([email protected]) ; Dr Liz Day ([email protected]) This project is a WfW poverty alleviation project based in the Cape Peninsula region. The project restores wetlands (e.g. Rondevlei, Zeekoeivlei, Zandvlei) by clearing alien 5

Region

Western Cape

2.2

Name

Description

Cape Peninsula Wetland Restoration Project

vegetation and revegetating with appropriate indigenous plants propogated in a nursery established for this purpose. Contact person: Mandy Noffke ([email protected])

Wetland rehabilitation on the Agulhas Plain – Agulhas Biodiversity Initiative (ABI)

The Agulhas Biodiversity Initiative (ABI), a joint partnership between South Africa National Parks, Flora and Fauna International and UNDP GEF, is an integral component of the Cape Action for People and the Environment (CAPE) Programme, which is designed to address the main threats to the globally significant Agulhas Plains lowland fynbos biodiversity. It also aims to improve the livelihoods of local communities living on the Agulhas Plains through a multiplicity of inter-linked conservation, development and socio-economic activities. The wetland component will focus on research and monitoring, aiming to produce recommendations in terms of land-use and wetland conservation. Contact person: Gail Cleaver ([email protected])

Collation of existing information on wetlands of the Western Cape

Existing information has been sourced and collated into a directory (section 2.2.1). All data in the directory have been used to generate a point-coverage to be used in association with other GIS maps sourced (section 2.2.2).

2.2.1

Directory of information on wetlands of the Western Cape

Information on existing initiatives, research and publications, including grey literature (e.g. consultancy reports) on wetlands of the Western Cape has been collated. This was achieved through literature searches and consultation with local and regional experts, managers, NGOs and interested parties. The data have been collated into a directory in the form of a Microsoft Access database, developed for storage and interrogation of this information. It should be noted that due to time constraints and financial limitations of the project, and also because of the difficulty in obtaining some of the reports, several references have not yet been captured in the directory and the collection is by no means comprehensive. It does however present a significant collation of information on wetlands of the Western Cape and should provide a valuable resource for wetland practitioners in the Western Cape. Thus far 449 data sources have been included in the directory, representing 1851 wetland sites. Note that at this stage each wetland site is linked to an information source (see Figure 1) and so some wetlands are reported more than once, with different studies containing different associated data, etc. It is envisaged that further development of this directory into a Wetland Inventory Database would necessitate consolidation of wetland sites such that each wetland becomes a unique entity to which associated studies are linked. The number of wetlands incorporated into the directory is approximately 703, although the exact number was difficult to determine due to inconsistency and uncertainty with wetland names. Note that although estuaries are comprised of several wetland areas such as floodplain, pans, sedge marshes, etc., for data analysis purposes, they are each recorded as a single “wetland”, e.g. Berg River estuary. Please refer to section 2.2.3 for more detailed analysis of the data in the directory. 6

Figure 1. database

Directory structure of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory

General wetland information Wetland characterisation Metadata – Information Source

Associated data

Wetland(s)

Catchment condition and land use Management and social issues

Figure 1 provides a summary diagram of the structure of the directory. Tables 2 to 7 provide a description of each of the data fields in the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database. They are arranged according to the screens onto which data are captured and related to the structure in Figure 1. The actual data capture screens in the Directory database are provided in Figures 2 to 7. The directory includes metadata about the information source as well as data fields incorporated in the generic field datasheet (section 2.3). Data incorporated in the directory include information gleaned from published literature (e.g. books, popular articles), scientific articles, academic theses, institutional reports, consultancy reports, unpublished reports, reports (other), monitoring data, database records, Wetlands Datasheet information, Western Cape Wetland Forum Map Input, and other (letters and notes).

7

Table 2

A description of each field in the “Metadata – Information Source”

Data field Data Source Identifier (DSI) Metadata Date Title Author(s) or Creator(s) Reference or Source Custodian/Owner Organisation Contact person Postal address Tel Email Fax ISBN Number

Information Type

Format of the data When the data were collected When the data were last updated Positional accuracy

Attribute accuracy Completeness Access constraints Aims of the study Abstract Search words Is the study completed If ongoing, how often are data collected? Associated wetland(s)

Description A unique number related to each Data Source Date on which metadata were captured The title of the paper, report, study, etc. The author(s) of the paper, report, study, etc. The source of the data, i.e. journal, report, wetlands datasheet, etc. The custodian or owner of the paper, report, study, etc. (may be an individual, library, consulting company, etc.) The organisation that has the paper, report, study, etc. The contact person for the paper, report, study, etc. The postal address of the person who has the paper, report, study, etc. Telephone of the contact person Email of the contact person Fax of the contact person International Standard Book Number The type of information: includes published literature (e.g. books, popular articles), scientific articles, academic theses, institutional reports, consultancy reports, unpublished report, reports, monitoring data, database records, Wetlands Datasheets information, Western Cape Wetland Forum Map Input, and other (letters and notes). Hard copy, hard copy MS word document, Excel spreadsheet, electronic datasheet, electronic MS Word document, electronic pdf file, CD, handwritten notes, etc. Date (year) or time period when data were collected Date (year) when data were last updated How close the given positions are to the real positions on the ground, usually a function of the accuracy of the GPS (e.g. to within 5 or 50m?) or the quality of map being used. Accuracy for measures like size (e.g. 10 ha, or 10.5 ha, or between 10 and 20 ha), or identification (e.g. is it a perennial vlei or a seasonal pan that has been ground-truthed or has it just been spotted from a helicopter once/unknown)? Relates to the completeness of the data-set (e.g. size records are given for all wetlands or only 90% or 10% of them). Any constraints on access to the paper, report, study, etc. or data. The aims of the study. If these were not provided in the paper, report, study, etc., they were generated from the report itself. Abstract extracted from paper, report, study, etc. or generated from study Search words generated for future querying of the directory and/or database Yes/No The frequency with which data are collected for ongoing studies All wetlands reported in the study

8

Table 3

A description of each field in the “General Wetland Information”

Data field

Description

Data Source

Metadata Source (DSI, Author, Date, Title)

Wetland Code

A unique code generated for each wetland (currently not populated)

Authors reference Code

Code used by author in study

Associated River (if any)

River or rivers associated with the wetland

Geo-reference (GIS S, GIS E)

Longitude and latitude co-ordinates converted to GIS (x and y) coordinates

Corrected Geo-Ref (S) and (E)

Converted longitude and latitude co-ordinates corrected within ArcView to more accurately reflect the wetland. Note that this can only be validated accurately by ground-truthing each of the wetlands.

GPS Setting

Cape Datum Clarke 1980 or WGS 84 Datum

Geo-reference Source

Data Source: geo-reference given in paper, report, study, etc.; or Map: geo-reference generated by project team using GIS

Map Reference (1: 50 000)

Details of map where wetland is located

Lat-long source data

Indicates if the author / creator used a GPS or map to generate latitude and longitudes

Map date

Date of map used to locate wetland

Closest town or mapped geographical feature

Closest town or mapped geographical feature to the wetland (to facilitate of orientation and validation)

Type/classification

Classification or type of wetland (either given in the paper, report, study, etc. or generated from studies on the same wetland)

Conservation Status

Protected, partially protected or unprotected

Detail of Conservation Status

Details of the protection afforded the wetland

Location

Location of wetland (e.g. farm, reserve, national park, etc.)

Landowner/Manager’s Name

Name of Landowner/Manager

Landowner/Manager’s

Contact details of Landowner/Manager

Description of the wetland

A general description of the wetland

*Water Management Area

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)’s 19 water management areas.

*Ecoregion Level I

One of 31 as identified in Kleynhans et al. (2004).

*Ecoregion Level II

One of 135 as identified in Kleynhans et al. (In prep).

*Secondary Catchment

DWAF secondary drainage region.

*Quaternary Catchment

DWAF quaternary drainage region.

*Vegetation Type

Based on Low and Rebelo's (1996) potential natural vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.

*Geological Type

Based on Vegter's (1995) simplified lithostratigraphic units.

*Rainfall Region

Season in which the majority of rain falls.

*Rainfall Class

An estimate of rainfall in mm (Enpat 1997)

* These fields have been populated using ArcView and are thus dependent on the accuracy of the lat-longs. They are useful spatial data for analysis and categorisation of the wetlands.

9

Table 4

A description of each field in the “Wetland Characterisation”

Data field

Description

Approximate Size (ha)

Size in hectares (<1 ha, 1-10 ha, 10-20 ha, 20-100 ha or >100 ha; 1 ha is equivalent to 1 1/3 rugby fields)

Maximum Depth (m)

Maximum depth (0-0.5 m, 0.5 – 2 m, 0r > 2m)

Altitude

Height above sea level

Hydro-geomorphic Types

Adapted from Kotse et al. (2004). Types include: floodplain, valley bottom with channel, valley bottom without channel, hillslope seepage feeding a river, hillslope seepage not feeding a river, depression (including pans). Descriptions and illustrations of each type are included in Appendix 3.

Estuary

Yes/No

If an estuary:

Details of the estuary: permanently open, temporarily closed, artificially controlled

Wetland context

Either a single discrete wetland or part of a mosaic of wetlands

Associated system(s)

Other aquatic ecosystems associated with the wetland, e.g. river(s), estuaries, etc.

Associated system(s) details

Details of the associated system(s)

Position in catchment

If associated with a river, record the position in the catchment: upper, middle or lower

Water permanence / Inundation / saturation

The permanence and inundation details are captured: permanent inundated, permanent saturated, seasonal inundated, seasonal saturated, ephemeral inundated, ephemeral saturated. (Note Inundated = surface water is present at some stages; saturated = surface soils are waterlogged).

Water source

A wetland may have one or more water sources including: groundwater, surface water (precipitation), surface water (riverine), seas, artificial source or other

Water outlet

A wetland may have one or more water outlets including: river or stream, no visible outlet or evaporation only, seepage into groundwater, sea, artificially constrained (e.g. weir or culvert).

pH

General pH range: Acid (< 6), neutral (6 – 8) or alkaline (> 8)

pH value

Actual pH value(s) if given in the paper, report, study, etc.

Salinity

General salinity class: Fresh (< 0 ‰), Brak (0 to <3 ‰), Saline (3 to <20 ‰) or Hypersaline (> 20 ‰)

Comments

Comments pertaining to pH or salinity

Dominant vegetation type(s)

Dominant vegetation type(s), including grasses, sedges, restios, reeds, shrubs, palmiet or other.

Vegetation details

Details of species if known

Width of natural vegetation buffer (m)

Width of the natural vegetation buffer around or adjacent to the wetland (< 10m , 10 – 30m, 30 – 100m or > 100m)

Dominant substrate type(s)

Dominant substrate type(s), including bedrock, boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, mud, clay, peat, detritus or other.

Comments

Specific comments related to substrate or general comments related to the study data

10

Table 5

A description of each field in the “Available Information”

Data field Water depth measured? Water depth (m) Frequency of data collection Frequency details Habitat Assessment done? Assessment details Special comments Specific sites for each wetland Water chemistry data provided in study / report? Temperature Turbidity pH Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids Nutrients Suspended Solids Particulate Organic Matter Pesticides Metals Faecal coliforms Chemistry: Comments Biotic data provided in study / report? Vegetation Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish Aquatic Invertebrates Plankton Algae Bacteria Endemics Threatened species Biota: Comments

Description Yes/No Depth in metres Frequency: once off, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, seasonally, sixmonthly, annually Details (actual date, months, years etc). Yes/No Details of method used: e.g. Present Ecological Status (PES), Ecological Importance & Sensitivity (EIS) All additional comments pertaining to the data collected This enables different sites in a wetland to be recorded. It has not yet been populated in this version. Were water chemistry data reported in the study / report? (Note: some reports are reviews of other studies) Temperature Turbidity pH Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids (Nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia, etc.) Suspended Solids Particulate Organic Matter Pesticides Metals Faecal coliforms (E.coli) General comments related to chemistry data Were biotic data reported in the study / report? (Note: some reports are reviews of other studies) Vegetation Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish Aquatic Invertebrates Plankton Algae Bacteria Was the number of endemic taxa recorded? Was the number of threatened taxa recorded? General comments related to biotic data

11

Table 6

A description of each field in the “Catchment Condition and Land Use”

Data field

Description

Land use / activity

The extent of each land use / activity in the wetland or in the immediate vicinity and/or in the catchment is rated according to a scale of 1 to 4, where 1 = limited (< 25%), 2 = moderate (25-50%), 3 = extensive (50 – 90%), 4 = almost entire (>90%).

Vicinity or within wetland

Within the wetland or in the immediate vicinity

Within catchment

Within the catchment

Threat to wetland?

Yes/No. Indicate if the land use / activity pose a threat to the wetland.

Table 7

A description of each field in the “Management and Social Issues”

Data field

Description

Is the wetland managed?

Yes/No

If so, by whom?

Details of the individual or organisation that manages the wetland

What impact does the wetland and its management regime have on surrounding communities?

Impact may be: Negative impact, no impact or positive impact

What impact do surrounding communities have on the wetland?

Impact may be: Negative impact, no impact or positive impact

If affected, what are the contact details of the community?

Details of the affected community

Are research needs discussed in the report / study?

Yes/No

Research recommendations and / or potential for the wetland to be used by the community

Recommendations for research or recording of the potential for the wetlands to be used by the community (e.g. for tourism, gathering of natural resources). If yes, indicate which activities would be possible.

2.2.2

Geographical Information System (GIS) data

All data in the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database were used to generate a pointcoverage to be used in association with other Geographical Information System (GIS) maps. Where available, latitudes and longitudes (lat-longs) provided within data sources were used to geo-reference wetlands included in the study. Often lat-longs were not specified, however, and descriptions of study sites relative to major towns or landmarks along with existing GIS coverages (detailed in Table 8) were used to derive point references for these wetlands. These are indicated in the directory as follows: if lat-longs given were derived from the original data source, they are denoted as “data source”; if they were derived using landmarks and supplementary GIS coverages, they are denoted as “map”. Owing to varying accuracy and settings of GPS instruments and data sources, points often did not align with each other or with underlying maps used as guidelines (Table 8). These points were therefore nudged so that they aligned with each other, and generated new latlongs for these points. These corrected Geo-reference points have been incorporated as separated fields into the Directory Database. The original data remain within the database, but the point GIS coverage (Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp) contains 12

corrected lat-longs, together with Yes/No fields for available data collected. Further details of Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp are provided in the relevant metadata file (Appendix 3). Metadata are also provided for coverages listed in Table 8, where these were available.

Table 8.

Summary information of GIS coverages provided as supplementary information for this project but not created by The Freshwater Consulting Group.

Theme name

Shape file

Creator

Point/ polygon

Scale

Western Cape boundary

Wcape.shp – modified from a coverage called saprovinces

Unknown (2002)

Polygon

Unknown

ENPAT freshwater

Wcriv.shp

(DEAT 2000)

Polygon & line

1: 250,000

ENPAT Dams

Dams50.shp

(DEAT 2000)

Polygon

1: 250,000

Western Cape sensitive wetlands

Sensitive_wetlands.shp

(Shaw and de Villiers 2001)

Polygon

1: 50,000

CAPE freshwater component

Wetlmapnov99.shp

(van Nieuwenhuizen and Day 2000)

Polygon

1: 250,000

Wetlands_dd.shp

(South African National Biodiversity Institute 2005)

Point

1: 250,000

Botanical society Special Habitats Map

Special_habitats_dd.shp

(Von Hase et al. 2003)

Polygon

1: 50,000

Water Management Areas

wc_wma.shp

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)’s

Polygon

1: 2,000,000

Ecoregion Level I

wc_ecoregion level 1.shp

DWAF 2005 Kleynhans et al. (2004).

Polygon

1: 2,000,000

Ecoregion Level II

wc_ecoregion level 2.shp

DWAF 2005 Kleynhans et al. (In prep).

Polygon

1: 2,000,000

Secondary drainage region

wc_seccatch.shp

DWAF

Polygon

1: 250,000

Quaternary drainage region

wc_quarcatch.shp

DWAF

Polygon

1: 250,000

Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

wc_vegetationType.shp

Low and Rebelo (1996)

Polygon

1: 1,000,000

wc_geology.shp

Water Research Commission, Vegter (1995)

Polygon

1: 2,500,000

wc_rainfall.shp

DEAT (1997)

South African wetlands

Geology map of South Africa with simplified lithostratigraphy for geohydrological use ENPAT Rainfall Class

13

1: 1,000,000

Although point coverages are not as informative as polygon coverages for some purposes, the production of polygon coverages was beyond the scope and budget of this project. Point coverages often do convey valuable information. For example, point coverages may be used to indicate the geographical extent of research on wetlands or indicate the extent to which the different taxonomic groups have been studied (e.g. Figures 20 to 32). In addition, numerous polygon coverages have already been created, which the points generated by this project can be attached to, such that final ground-truthing will have a good foundation from which to proceed.

2.3

A generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data

A generic field datasheet, the Western Cape Wetlands Inventory datasheet (Appendix 4) has been developed to guide future wetland data collection. This was done in consultation with User Groups (Appendix 1) who provided input into the components included and structure of the datasheet. The response to our request for input has generally been very supportive and enthusiastic, reflecting the great need for this directory and future inventory. Standardization of the way in which wetland data are collected is essential for their long-term management and conservation. The datasheet is structured to allow users to capture Summary Information only (if information is scarce or time limited), or more comprehensive information pertaining to location, characterisation, associated data and information source. Data fields are linked to the data fields in the directory (see section 2.2.1). It is likely that this datasheet will evolve as more wetland practitioners use it and knowledge on wetland systems increases.

3.

3.1

USING THE WESTERN CAPE WETLANDS DIRECTORY DATABASE AND GIS COVERS

The Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database

Version 1 of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database is in Microsoft Access 2003. To run this database a user will need to have Microsoft Office Access software on their computer. The database aims to allow users to view studies that have been undertaken on wetlands in the Western Cape. Data may be extracted via pre-defined queries and exported to Microsoft Excel. When opening the database (Western Cape Wetlands Directory_Ver1.mdb), the “Metadata – Information Source” form is displayed (Figure 2). A Menu Bar (on the top of the screen) has been designed for the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database. The three options available and their associated “drop-down” lists are given in Table 9. Users click on the Menu Bar Descriptor and then select the relevant Drop-down Descriptor. Users familiar with Microsoft Access can use the “Control F11” button to unhide the Access Menu Bar that allows for additional functionality. To unhide the Database, experienced users can use “Window/Unhide”. This will allow users to define additional queries for querying the data.

14

Table 9. Menu Bar details of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database Menu Bar Descriptor Data Capture Queries

Drop-down list Descriptor Metadata – Information Source Wetland Information Nine pre-defined queries have been generated. These relate to each of the key components of the directory database. (See section 3.1.3, Table 10) Analyse it with Microsoft Office Excel (Allows queries to be exported to MS Excel for analysis)

Tools

Compact and repair (Important for retaining the integrity of the database) Backup the Database (Creating a backup) Exit the database

Note that currently data are viewed via the “Metadata – Information Source” form and “Wetland Information” forms are locked and may not be edited. At present data capture may only be undertaken centrally and not by individual users. It is hoped that the envisaged phase 2, which aims to extend this Directory Database into an Inventory Database, will receive funding such that additional data capture functionality may be developed to allow users to capture their own data on the database. The generic datasheets developed as part of this project (section 2.3, Appendix 4), standardizes the data collection process, thereby streamlining population of the Directory Database.

3.1.1

Metadata – Information Source

This provides information about the data source, which may be a scientific paper, consultancy report, Wetlands Datasheet, etc. The Data Source Identifier is a unique number and is linked to the “EndNote” reference list attached in Appendix 2. The user can scroll through the studies using the “Record” bar at the bottom of the screen (Figure 2). The user also can select a specific Data Source by entering the number in the “Record” space.

15

Figure 2. “Metadata – Information Source” form Drop-down list

Menu Bar

Record Bar

16

3.1.2

Wetland Information

To view the “Wetland Information” form the user must click on “Data Capture” and highlight “Wetland Information” (Figure 3). The user may either scroll through each of the wetlands using the “Record” bar at the bottom of the screen, or may go to a specific wetland using the “Go to Wetland” drop-down list on the top right of the screen. The wetlands are arranged alphabetically and may be selected by entering the appropriate letter of the alphabet. The Data Source Identifier is also given for each wetland, allowing selection of a specific wetland and study. There are five sub-forms (Figures 3 to 7) in the “Wetland Information” form, accessed by clicking the mouse on the appropriate sub-form tab. The five sub-forms are: • • • • •

General Wetland Information Wetland Characterisation Available Information Catchment Condition and Land Use Management and Social Issues

Figure 3. “Wetland Information – General Wetland Information” form Sub-forms

Go to Wetland – for selecting specific wetlands per study

Drop-down list

17

Figure 4. “Wetland Information –Wetland Characterisation” form

Figure 5. “Wetland Information – Available Information” form

18

Figure 6. “Wetland Information – Catchment Condition and Land Use” form

Figure 7.

“Wetland Information – Management and Social Issues” form

19

3.1.3

Querying the data

Eight relatively simple queries have been designed for users to extract data (Table 10). At present these queries return all the data within the database. To initiate a query, click on the Menu Bar – Queries and select a query from the drop-down list (Figure 8). Columns in queries can be sorted using the “Sort key” in the Query Menu Bar at the top of the screen (Figure 9). The user is then able to export the data to Microsoft Excel for further data manipulation and analysis (Figure 9).

Table 10. Pre-defined queries in the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database Query Name

Details of data extracted

Qry – Information Source

Data Source Identifier (DSI), Title, Year, Author/Creator, Reference/Source, Geographic Region, Aims of Study, Abstract and Information Source.

Qry – Wetland Summary Information

Wetland Name, DSI, Author/Creator, Contact Organisation, Email, Telephone, Associated River, Geo-reference (S) and (E), Closest Town or mapped geographical feature, Geographic Region, Conservation Status, Approximate Size and Wetland Description.

Qry – General Wetland Information

Wetland Name, DSI, Geo-reference (S) and (E), GPS setting, GPS Source, Lat-long source data, Map reference, Map date, Altitude, Location (e.g. farm or reserve), Landowners/managers Name and contact details, Water Management Area, Rainfall Region, Secondary Catchment, Quaternary Catchment, Ecoregion Level I, Ecoregion Level II, Vegetation Type and Geological Type.

Qry – Wetland Characterisation: Hydrogeomorphology

Wetland Name, DSI, Approximate size, Maximum depth, Hydro-geomorphic Type, Estuary (Yes/No), Estuarine details, Wetland context, Associated systems, Associated system details, Position in catchment, Water permanence, Water Source(s) and Water outlet(s). (Note if more than one Water Source or Water outlet was recorded per wetland per DSI, then more than one record is returned).

Qry – Wetland Characterisation: Water Chemistry Vegetation, Substrate

Wetland Name, DSI, pH, pH value, Salinity, Comments on pH and salinity, Dominant Vegetation Type(s), Vegetation details, Width of natural vegetation buffer, Dominant Substrate Type(s), Substrate comment. (Note if more than one vegetation or substrate type was recorded per wetland per DSI, then more than one record is returned).

Qry – Physicochemistry Data

Wetland Name, DSI, Frequency, Frequency details, Water depth measured (Yes/No), Water depth, Chemistry data provided in report (Yes/No), Temperature, Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Nutrients, Suspended Solids, Particulate Organic Matter, Pesticides, Metals, Faecal coliforms and Chemistry: comments.

Qry – Biotic and habitat data

Wetland Name, DSI, Biotic data provided in report (Yes/No), Vegetation, Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Aquatic Invertebrates, Plankton, Algae, Bacteria, Threatened taxa, Endemic taxa, Biota: comments, Habitat Assessment done (Yes/No), Assessment details and Special comments.

Qry – Catchment Condition and Land Use

Wetland Name, DSI, Land Use / Activity, Extent Within vicinity of wetland, Extent Within catchment, Threat to wetland (Yes/No) and Description of land use and catchment issues. (Note if more than one land use / activity was recorded per wetland per DSI, then more than one record is returned).

Qry – Management and social issues

Wetland Name, DSI, Is the wetland managed? (Yes/No), If so, by whom, Is there a management plan?, Management recommendations, Impact of wetland on surrounding communities, impact of communities on wetland, Contact details of the community (if affected), research needs (Yes/No), research/management recommendations and/or potential use of wetland by community.

20

Select a query from the drop-down list

Figure 8. Querying the data

Figure 9. Viewing the query data, sorting and exporting to Microsoft Excel Highlight column and click to sort data

Export data to MS Excel

21

3.2

Using the Geographic Information System (GIS) covers

To utilise these GIS coverages users will need access to GIS software, namely ArcView or ArcInfo.

3.2.1

Notes on how the GIS point coverage relates to the database

The point coverage Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp has an attribute file associated with it. If the user makes “identify” active and then points to the point/wetland of interest, all studies associated with that point or wetland will be listed in a table on the screen. This attribute table contains, inter alia, the wetland name (Wetland_na), unique wetland identity number (Wetlandid) and number of the Data Source Identifier (or reference) (DSI) within the database containing that wetland. The combination of the Data Source Identifier and Wetland Name allow the user to match the GIS point with the specific data in the Directory Database. Within the Directory Database, make the Wetland Information: Form active, and in the upper right hand corner (Go to wetland), select the wetland and Data Source Identifier of interest. For example, Belslvei 22 would contain information on Belsvlei available within Data Source Identifier (reference) number 22. The attribute table of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp also contains information pertaining to the data collected or assessed, e.g. water chemistry, biotic and habitat data (Yes or No). Details of which biotic data were collected are also provided.

4.

ANALYSIS AND TRENDS IN DATA

Whilst the directory only represents a portion of all the work that has been completed on Western Cape wetlands, analyses of its contents are useful, because the data are still representative of wetland studies completed within the Western Cape. There are two reasons for this assertion. Firstly, while the references used in the database were slightly biased towards those that were more easily accessible, these references, particularly those published in peer-reviewed publications, often distilled work from other studies, thus inclusion of additional studies would only have marginally increased the information content of the database. Secondly, user-group consultation (specifically through the datasheets) enabled capture of information on lesser-known wetlands, and also afforded the project exposure to the current group of experts in the field of wetland ecology. This would most likely have ensured that most wetlands about which anything is known would at least have been identified and included in the directory. We can therefore be fairly confident that the image emerging from analyses of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database is a good representation of the state of knowledge regarding Western Cape wetlands at present.

4.1

Metadata – Information Source

The majority of the 449 information sources (i.e. reports, papers, datasheets, etc.) incorporated into the Directory were scientific articles (142), followed by institutional and consultancy reports (57 and 52 respectively, Figure 10).

22

Figure 10

Number of information sources (total = 449) in each Information Source category

160 142 140 120

Number

100 80 57

60 40

52

50

39

37

32 17

20

8

13 1

1

Databases

Monitoring data

0 WC Wetland Map Input

Wetlands Datasheets

Other (Letters etc)

Unpublished report

Report

Consultancy report

Institutional report

Thesis

Scientific article

Published literature

The majority were published after 1980 (Figure 11), with a large number of institutional reports and scientific articles published between 1980 and 1989 (Figure 12). This probably reflects the substantial government resources for estuarine and research institutes made available during the 1980s. There is a decreasing trend in the number of scientific articles from 1990 through to 2005 and an increasing trend in the number of consultancy reports. This reflects changes in funding sources and the way wetlands are studies. As an illustration of how funding has changed, by the mid 1980s, the CSIR produced 13% of all measured research in South Africa, but in 1987, pressure as a result of a new funding formula from government, saw a change towards research with a greater market orientation (Kaplan 1996). By 1996, less than half of the CSIR’s funding was from the government, giving it one of the highest contract income to government ratios of any similar institution internationally (Kaplan 1996). The increase in consulting studies generally translates to a decrease in scientific publications due to time constraints and other factors affecting consultants. It was noted during this project that consultancy reports are often difficult to access or access is restricted via the consultant-client agreement. Thus, an increase in consultancy work may mean that information will become increasingly difficult to access. This is not to criticize consultancy work, which makes a vital contribution to the conservation of South Africa’s biodiversity in general, and more specifically our water resources, particularly in the enlightened conservation legislation SA has adopted post-1994. What is perhaps required is a source of funding aimed at periodically summarizing these findings and/or data. The number of theses (39 in total) has remained relatively constant from the 1970s through to the 2000s. A significant contribution was made in the form of Wetland Datasheets (50) and input on maps from the wetlands forums (37). This highlights the importance of consulting user groups and engaging with everyone who is interested in wetlands and their conservation and management.

23

Figure 11

Number of information sources (total = 362) per 10 year period, from 1930 to 2005. (Note Wetlands Datasheets and WC Wetlands Map Input have been excluded for this analysis).

140 122 120

Number

100

90 80

80 60 38

40

9 Unknown

2000-2005

1990-1999

1980-1989

1970-1979

1940-1949

Figure 12

8

2

1930-1939

0

10

1960-1969

3

1950-1959

20

Number of information sources (total = 362) per 10 year period, from 1930 to 2005, showing the number in each Information Source category. (Note Wetlands Datasheets and WC Wetlands Map Input have been excluded for this analysis).

140 Monitoring data 120

Databases Other (Letters etc) Unpublished report

100

Report Consultancy report

80

Institutional report

Number

Thesis Scientific article 60

Published literature

40

20

0 Unknown

2000-2005

1990-1999

1980-1989

1970-1979

1960-1969

1950-1959

1940-1949

1930-1939

The allocation of data sources to a geographical region was sometimes problematic with several studies extending beyond one or more broad regions. For the purposes of this report, six broad regions have been delineated: the Cape Town area, the Overberg, the Western Cape, the West Coast, the Southern Cape and the Wilderness Lakes region. Additional categories, which combined one or more regions, include the Western and 24

Southern Cape, South Africa and International. The location of some wetlands remains uncertain and these have been grouped into “Unknown”. Examination of the geographical spread of wetland data sources in the Western Cape revealed that the majority were within the Cape Town region. This extends to Stellenbosch and Melkbos areas and includes the entire Cape Peninsula. This phenomenon of a concentration of studies around a major centre is common in spatial analysis and often reflects development pressure. Next represented was the Overberg region (83), including the Hermanus, Bot River, Agulhas Plain and Breede River areas. The Western Cape (55), including the Berg and Olifants River catchments, were well represented. Forty-four wetlands were within the West Coast region (including Langebaan and Velorenvlei), 34 in the Southern Cape (including Knysna, Mossel bay, etc.), with 28 on the Wilderness Lakes area.

Figure 13

The number of data sources per geographic region (total = 449).

180 160

158

140

Number

120 100 83 80 55

60

44 34

40

28

29

12

20

1

5

0 Unknown

International

South Africa

Wilderness Lakes

Southern Cape

West Coast

Western and Southern Cape

Western Cape

Overberg

Cape Town area

4.2

Wetland characteristics and spatial distribution

The spatial distribution of wetlands entered in the directory is given in Figure 14. Each wetland was typed or classified, either from the original data source or by validating with other data sources for the same wetland. This was a challenging task given the large variety of classification systems used in South Africa (Ewart-Smith et al. 2005). In addition, the majority of wetlands were not typed or classified. Wetland typing therefore serves only as a very general guideline. Based on this, the majority of wetlands in the directory (Figure 15) are Impoundments (including farm dams), followed by riparian wetlands and pans. The bias towards impoundments may be explained by the fact that impoundments are relatively easy to identify from maps, are common in the Western Cape and important for birds. A further 60 wetlands could not be typed, and 53 were classified as general wetland (unspecified and mixed). From the point of conserving and managing wetlands in the Western Cape, it is essential that classification receives high priority. A current study of (Ewart-Smith et al.

25

20

Unspecified Embayments (Lagoons) Impoundments (Farm Dam) Impoundments (Dam) Artificial water bodies (including wetlands) Estuaries (Unspecified or modified) Estuaries (Temporarily open/closed) Estuaries (Permanently open) Estuaries (Closed) Coastal lakes and vleis Black-water lakes and seeps Salt pans Pans (Non-perennial and perennial) Pools (Temporary and Permanent) Floodplain riparian wetlands/pans/vleis Marshlands Spring wetlands Seepage wetlands Riparian wetlands Vleis Wetlands (general unspecified and mixed)

26

1 6 12 17

3 6 6 2

16 19 21 17

30 32 38 40

60 53 60

The number of wetlands per type or classification (total = 703). Figure 15

67 71 80

85 Number

2005) promises to provide a method for classifying wetlands and should be incorporated into this directory as soon as possible.

160

140

141 120

100

0

Figure 14

The spatial distribution of wetlands in the Western Cape incorporated in the Directory Database 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data

31°

31°

# #S S # S # S

# S

# S

# S # S S # #S S # # # S #S #S # # # S S S # # # S S S # # S # S #S S # # # S # #S S S # S # # S

32°

# S # # S S S # # # # S S S ## # # S S S S # # # S S S # # S S #S S

# S # S

33°

Langebaan

34°

32°

#S S # #S S # # # S # #S S S # S # S # S # # S S # S # ##S #S # S S #S S # # S # #S S# # # S #S S ## S S # SS # # S # S # S

# S # S

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Cape Town

# S # S

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# S # S S # S # S 33°

# S

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# S

# S # S

# # S S # #S S

# # S S # # # # S S #S S S # # S S #S #S S # # #S # ## #S S S S S# SS # S # # ## S S# # # S #S S #S #S #S SS # S # # # S S S # S # # S S # # S S # # S S # # S S # SS S # # SS S # S # # #S S S # # # # S S # # S S # S Knysna # S

# S # #S S # SS # # # S

# S

# # S

# S # S SS # # S S # S

34°

Mossel Bay

N

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35°

35° 17°

18°

19°

20°

27

21°

22°

23°

24°

The number of wetlands in each size and depth class was calculated, in addition to the number in each pH and salinity class (Figure 16). These were determined from the original data source. The majority of information sources did not provide information on these wetland characteristics, with 355, 513, 399 and 466 unspecified for size, depth, pH and salinity respectively. For those for which data were available, 101 and 96 wetlands were in size classes >100 ha and 1-10 ha respectively. Eighty and 70 were within depth classes 0 – 0.5m and >2m respectively, 133 and 124 were alkaline (pH > 8) or neutral (pH: 6 – 8) respectively, and the majority were classed as brak (n=113). The dearth of information on even basic parameters such as size and pH reflects how poorly known wetlands are or how non-standardised studies on wetlands of the Western Cape are. It is hoped that the use of standardized datasheets produced during this project will remedy these omissions in the future, by guiding researchers and consultants on the important components to include when assessing a wetland.

Figure 16

Number of wetlands in each size, depth, pH and salinity class (total = 703, note this is an approximation) 400

600

355

513 500 Number

Number

300 400 300

200

200 100

100

80 40

70

54

58

39

500

399

Unspecified

>100ha

20 - 100ha

10 - 20ha

1 -10 ha

Unspecified

>2m

0.5 - 2m

0 - 0.5m

<1ha

0

0

101

96

466

400 Number

Number

400 300 200 124 100

300 200

133

113 100

47

71 28

25

Unspecified

Hypersaline

Saline

28

Brak

0

Fresh

Unspecified

Alkaline (>8)

Neutral (6 - 8)

Acid (<6)

0

4.3

Available data

Based on the data incorporated into the directory, the number of wetlands for which physicochemical, biotic and/or habitat data are available were tabulated and are presented in Figures 17 to 32. Physico-chemical data are available for approximately 56% of the wetlands, whilst biotic and habitat data are available for 74% and 12% of the wetlands respectively. Of the eleven physico-chemical variables examined, pH and conductivity are the most commonly measured (347 and 324 respectively), followed by nutrients, turbidity and temperature (Figure 17). Of the ten biotic components examined, birds and vegetation were the most commonly assessed (319 and 300 respectively), followed by algae (141), aquatic invertebrates (135) and amphibians (120). The other biotic components, including mammals were assessed at fewer than 70 wetlands (Figure 18). Habitat assessments have been undertaken at only 12% of the wetlands in the directory (84 in total). The high number of bird and vegetation studies reflects the prolific output of certain institutions (e.g. the Avian Demographic Unit) and the interest in the vegetation diversity in the Cape Floristic Kingdom. Wetlands are traditionally considered particularly important for birds. The spatial distribution of wetlands for which physico-chemical data (Figure 19), biotic data (Figures 20 to 31) and habitat assessment data (Figure 32) are available is given.

Figure 17

The number of wetlands with physico-chemical data. The different variables are provided. Physico-chemistry data were collected at approximately 56% of the 703 wetlands.

400 347 350

324

Number

300 250

206

200 150

144 117

100

65

67

62

50

16

35

15

0 Faecal coliforms

Pesticides

Particulate organic matter

Suspended solids

Nutrients

Dissolved 0xygen

Total Dissolved Solids

Conductivity

pH

Turbidity

Temperature

29

Figure 18

The number of wetlands with biotic and habitat data. Biotic and habitat data were collected at approximately 74% and 12% of the 703 wetlands respectively.

350 300

319

300

Number

250 200

167

150 100

Habitat Assessment

41 Threatened species

Bacteria

Algae

Plankton

Aquatic invertebrates

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

31 Endemics

49

42 Birds

Mammals

4.3

Vegetation

0

84

68

51

50

141

135

120

Catchment condition, land use and threats to wetlands

Using data extracted from the Directory Database, an analysis was undertaken to identify the 24 major catchment land uses identified as threats to wetlands (Figure 33). It should be noted that threats were often not provided in many of the data sources. This analysis should, however, provide a general indication of the relative threat of each land use. The major threat identified was invasion of terrestrial alien vegetation, followed by physical modification, agriculture (crops), urban development and water abstraction. If the general “pollution” category was combined with the more specific “eutrophication” and “sewage disposal”, all of which impact the quality of the water, then deterioration in water quality also poses a serious threat to wetlands in the Western Cape.

30

Figure 19

Spatial distribution of wetlands with physico-chemical data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Physico-Chemical Data

31°

31°

# S # S # S

# S

32°

# S

# S

32°

# S

# S # # S S # S# # S S

## S S # #S # S S # # S S # S # S

# S S # # # S S

# S # S

# S # S

# # # S # S S S # S # S ##S # S #S # S S #S S # # S # S #S S # # S # # S S # S # S # # ## S # S #S Langebaan SS## S S S #S # S # S # S # # S S # S # # #S S S # S # S # # S S # # # S S S # # # S S S # # #S S # # S # S S S #S # S # # #S S S # # S S # #S # S S S # # # S S # # # # # #S S S## S SS S # SS # S # S ## S# # S # S SSS # S # # S # # S # # S # S S S # S # # S S # # # S S S S #S # # S # #S S #S # S # #S S # # S S #S #S# # ## S # # S S S # # # # # S S Cape Town S#SS#SS##SS#S#S##S#SS##S#SSS#S# S#S#S##S## S#S##S#S###S# # # SS #S S S #S S S # # # # # # # S S # # S S S # S S S # # S # S S S# S S S# S# # # # ## S S # S S # # S # S # S# # # S # # SS # S S #S #S # # S # # # S #S S # S S #S # S S # # # S S S S # #S # S ## S #S S # S

# S

# S # # S S # # # # S # S S S S # S # S # S

33°

34°

Hermanus

## S S

33°

# S

#S S # # S

# S # S

# S # S # # S S ## S S

# S

# S # S # S

# S

# S # S

# S # S # S

# # S S # # S # S # S #S # S S # S # # S # S #S S # # S S # S # # # # # #S # # S S S S S S # # # ## # # # # S S S S S #S # S # # # #S S # S S S S S S # S SS # #S S# # Struisbaai S

# S

# S

# S

# # # # #S S # #S S S S S # S S # SS # S #

Mossel Bay

# ## S S # S S # S

# S # S # S

# #S # S S # S

34°

Knysna N

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35°

35° 17°

18°

Figure 20

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

Spatial distribution of wetlands with vegetation data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data - Vegetation

31°

31°

# S # S # S

# S

32°

32°

# S # S

# #S S # # S S #S S# # S # S

#S S #

# S # S # S # S # S # S ##S #S S #S S # # S # S # S # S

# S # # # # S S S S # S # S

33°

Langebaan

# # S S # S S # S # S #S # S

# S

# S

# S # S

34°

Cape Town

33°

# S # S # S

# S # # S S # S #S # S # S # # # S S # S S # S # # #S # S S S S #S # S S # # #S # S #S # # S S S # S # #S # # S S # S S S # # # #S # S S # S S S # S # S #S # # # S # # S S S # # S # # # # # # # S S S S #S S S S # # S S # S # # # S #S S # S S S # S S # S # # # # # S S # # # S S S # S S S # S # S S S# S #S S S # # # # S S #S # S S S # S # # # S #S # S S # # S # S S S #S #S # # # S # # # S S #S S # S S # # # S # S S S S #S #S #S # S

# #S S # S

#S # S

#S # S S

# # S S

## S S # # S

Hermanus

# S

# S # ## S # S S

# S #

# # # #S #S # #S S# S S S S # S S # #S # S # # S S # S

Mossel Bay

# # #S S S # S

# #S # S S # S # S

34°

Knysna N

# #S S # S # #S # S S # # S # # # ### #S S S S S # # #S S # # S S S SSS

Struisbaai

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35°

35° 17°

18°

19°

20°

21°

31

22°

23°

24°

Figure 21

Spatial distribution of wetlands with mammal data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data: Mammals

31°

31°

# S

Klawer 32°

32°

# S # #S S S # # S

33°

33°

Langebaan S#S# # S

# S

Bloubergstrand SS##S#SS## 34°

Cape Town

# S # # S # #S S S # S ## # S S S

# S

# S

# S

# S

#S S # S

Hermanus

# S # S

# S # # S S

# S

Struisbaai

# S

# S

# S

# #S #S # # S S #S S S #S # # # S S

# S

# #S S

# #S # S # S S # S

Knysna

# S

34°

Mossel Bay N

# S

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35°

35° 17°

18°

Figure 22

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

Spatial distribution of wetlands with bird data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data - Birds

31°

31°

# S # S

# S

32°

# S

# S

32°

# # S S # S #S # # S S # # S # # S # S S #S S # # # S # #S S S # S # S # S

33°

Langebaan

# S

# # # # # S S S S S # # # # S S S S ### # # S S S # S SS # S S # #S # S S # # # S S #S S # ## S # S S # # S S # S S S #S # S # S # # S #S # S S # # S S # S # # S S # S # S # S

34°

# S # S

Cape Town

# S

# S # # # S S # S # # S S #S # S # S # S # # S S #S # #S S # # # S S # # S SS # # S # S # S S S # # # # S S # # S S # # # S #S # #S # S S S # S ## S SS # # S

# S S #S S # # S # S # # S #S S #S # S # S #S # S #S S S # # S

# S 33°

# S # S

#S S # # S

# # S #S S # S

# S # #S S #S # S S # #S S S #S # # # # S S S # # S # S S # S # S # S# S S # S # ## S S # S S # # # S S S # S # # S S # S # # # S S #S S # # #S S S S # # S # # # S S S # # # S S # # # # S S # S # # # #S# S # # # S S S # S S # S S # # S S S #S S # # # S S S # # S S # S # S #S # S # S S# S # # # # #S S S S S #S # # # S# S S # # # #S S# S # S # S # S S S # S S #S # S # # S # S S

# # S S

# S # S # S # S #S S #

# S

# S

Hermanus

# #S S

# # S S

# S # S ## S # S S # # # S S S # S

# #S S

# S

# S

# S

# # S S

# S

# S # # S S

# S # #S #S S # #S S # S

# S # # S S # # # # S S S # #S S S # S #S #S #S S # # S #S # #S # #S S# S S S S # S # # #S S #S # # # S # S S

Mossel Bay

# # # # S S S # #S S S

# #S # S # S # S # S # S # S

34°

Knysna N

## # S S # # SS # S #S # # # S S S S # # #S S S # # #S # # # S # #S S S # S S S # S # S S

Struisbaai

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35°

35° 17°

18°

19°

20°

21°

32

22°

23°

24°

Figure 23

Spatial distribution of wetlands with reptile data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data: Reptiles

31°

31°

# S

Klawer 32°

32°

# S # #S S S # # S

# S 33°

33°

Langebaan S#S# # S # S

# S

Bloubergstrand SS##S#SS## 34°

Cape Town

# S S # # S # # S # #S S S # #S S # S #S S #

# S

# S

## # S S SS # ## # SS S # S # S

# S # S # S

Hermanus

# # S S

# S

# S

# S

# S

# S

# #S #S # # S S #S S S #S # # # S S

# #S S

# #S # S # S S # S

Knysna

# S

34°

Mossel Bay N

# # S S

Struisbaai 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

35°

35° 17°

18°

Figure 24

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

Spatial distribution of wetlands with amphibian data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data: Amphibians

31°

31°

# S # S # S

# S

Klawer

32°

32°

# #S S S #

## S S

# #S S # # S # # S S S # S

# S

# # # S # S S #S S

# S 33°

# S

Langebaan

33°

# S # S

# S # S

Bloubergstrand SS##S#SS## 34°

Cape Town

# S # # # S S # S S # # # S S #S S S # #S S # # # # S S S S # S #S S # S # # S #S S # S # # S

# S # #S #S # # #S #S # #S S S # # S S S S

HermanusS#

# S # S ## S S

# S # # S S

# S

# S

# S # # S S

# S

#S # # #S #S S S S #S ## S S # #S

# #S # S # S S # S

Knysna

34°

Mossel Bay

# # S # # S S #S S # S# # # # SS # # # S S # S S #S # S #S # #S S S # #SS S S#

N

Struisbaai 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

35°

35° 17°

18°

19°

20°

21°

33

22°

23°

24°

Figure 25

Spatial distribution of wetlands with fish data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data - Fish

31°

31°

# S # S # S

# S

32°

32°

# S # #S# #S S S # S

#S S #

# S # S

33°

# # # S # S S # S

# S

# S # # S S # S # S S # S

# S

Langebaan

33°

# S

S # # S

# S

# S ## S S

# S # # S S # S # S # # S 34°

Cape Town

# # # #S S S # S # # # S # #S S S S # S # # #S ##S S # #S S # #S #S S S #S S # # S ## S S

# S # S

# S # S

## S S

# S

# S

# S

# S # S

# S

# S

# S S # # S

# S # S

# S

# S

# #S S S # S #S # S #S # S # S ## S S # # # S # #S # S # #S S S# S S # # # S S S S #S # S # S

# S ## S S # S

Hermanus

# S

# S

# S

# # S S

# # S # S #S S # # S S # S

# S #S S #

# # # #SS S #S S S# S S #S # #S # S # # S S # S

# S

Mossel Bay

# # #S S S #S # S

# #S #S #S S # S # S

34°

Knysna N

## #S S # #S# S # # S S # SS # # ### #S S # S S # # #SS S # # S# S S SSS

Struisbaai

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

35°

35° 17°

18°

Figure 26

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

Spatial distribution of wetlands with aquatic invertebrate data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data - Aquatic Invertebrates

31°

31°

# S # S # S

# S

32°

# S

32°

# S

# #S S # #S #S S S # # S

## S S

# S # S # S

33°

# # # S # S S # S # S ##S #S S #S S # #S S #

# # S S # S # S S # S

# S

Langebaan

# S

33°

# S

S # # S # S

# S

# # S S # S

34°

Cape Town

# S

# # S S # S # S # # S S # S S # # # S S S # # # # S # S S S # S # S S # S S #S S # # # S S # S S #S # # S # S # # S SS #

# S # # S S # S

# S

# S

# # S ## S S S ## # S #S #S # #S S# S S # # S S S #S # S # S

# S # S

Hermanus

# # S S

# S

# S #S S #

# S

# # # # #S S #S S S S #S # #S # S # # S S # S

Mossel Bay

# # #S S S

# #S # S S # S

34°

Knysna N

# #S # S #S S # S S # # S# # # ### #S S #S S S # # #S # # S S S SSSS

20

0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

Struisbaai 35°

35° 17°

18°

19°

20°

21°

34

22°

23°

24°

Figure 27

Spatial distribution of wetlands with plankton data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data - Plankton

31°

31°

# S

32°

32°

# # S S # S # S ## S #S S ## S # #S S S

# S 33°

33°

Langebaan

S # # S # S

# # S S # S # S # S # S S # # # # S S S S # # # # S S S S # S #S S # # S

34°

Cape Town

# # S S # S

# S

# S

# S

## S # S S

# S #SS # S# S #S S #

#S # S

Hermanus

# # S S

# S

# S

#S #SS S# S# # #S S # # S

# S

Mossel Bay

# S # S

# S # S

# S

34°

Knysna N

# S # S

20

Struisbaai

0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

35°

35° 17°

Figure 28

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

Spatial distribution of wetlands with algal data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data - Algae

31°

31°

# S

32°

32°

# #S # S S

# S

33°

# # S S # S

# S

# #S S # S

33°

Langebaan

# S # S # S

# S

# S

34°

Cape Town

# S # S # S # S # S S # # # # # S S# S S # S # S # S # S S S # S #S S # # # S S # S # S

# # S S

# S

# S # #S S

# # # # S S S S # # S # S # # S # # S S # # # # # S # # # S S # S S S S S S # # S S # #S S# S # # S S # # # S S # S S # # S S # #S # #S #SS # S #S #S #S # S # S # S # S

## S S

# S

# S

Hermanus

# S S

# # # #S S #S S S S #S # #S S # # S

Mossel Bay

# S

# #S S

34°

Knysna N

# S # # S #S S #S # # S S #S S # #S ## S S

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

Struisbaai 35°

35° 17°

18°

19°

20°

21°

35

22°

23°

24°

Figure 29

Spatial distribution of wetlands with bacterial data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data: Bacteria

31°

31°

Klawer 32°

32°

# S 33°

33°

Langebaan S# # S

Bloubergstrand S#SS##S#S# 34°

Cape Town

# # S S #S # S # S # # S S # # # S # S # S #S #S S # S

# S #S S # # S # S

# S

#S #S # S #S S # # S S #

# S

Hermanus

# S

# S

# S

Knysna

34°

Mossel Bay

# S

N

Struisbaai 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35°

35° 17°

18°

Figure 30

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

Spatial distribution of wetlands with data on endemic species 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data - Endemic Taxa

31°

31°

# S

32°

32°

# S # S

# S 33°

33°

Langebaan

# S # S # S # S #S # S #S # # S #S #S S #S #S #

# S ## S # # S

34°

Cape Town S#S#SS## S#SS # S

Mossel Bay

#S # S

N

Hermanus # #S S

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

34°

# S

Knysna

Struisbaai 35°

35° 17°

18°

19°

20°

21°

36

22°

23°

24°

Figure 31

Spatial distribution of wetlands with threatened species 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Biotic Data - Threatened Taxa

31°

31°

# S

32°

32°

#S S # # S # S

# S

33°

# S 33°

Langebaan

# S # S # S # S

34°

Cape Town

#S # S # S # S # # S S #S # #S # S #S S # S S # # S S # S # S # S

# S

# S

#S S #S # ## S

# S # S # S

# S

Hermanus

# S

# S

# # S S

Mossel Bay

# S

34°

# S

Knysna N

# # # SS # S S #

Struisbaai

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

35°

35° 17°

18°

Figure 32

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

Spatial distribution of wetlands with habitat assessment data 30°

18°

19°

20°

21°

22°

23°

24°

30°

Habitat Assessment Data

31°

31°

32°

32°

# S # #S S # S

33°

33°

# S #S # S # S

# S # S S # S # # # S S # S # S # S # S # S # S # # S# S S S # # # S S # # # S S S# #S S

34°

# S # S

# S

# S # S

# S

# S

# #S S

# S

# S # S

# # S #S S

34°

# S

N #S S#

# S

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35°

35° 17°

18°

19°

20°

21°

37

22°

23°

24°

80 Number

Catchment land uses that potentially threaten to wetlands Figure 33

140

120

100

60

40

20

0

Water abstraction Urban development Transfer of genetic material Solid waste disposal Sewage disposal Rural development Road network Removal of riparian vegetation Pollution Physical modification (bulldozing, weirs) Mining Informal settlement Industrial development Harvesting of flora and fauna Forestry (afforestation and deforestation) Eutrophication Erosion and Sedimentation Construction/infilling Alien invasive vegetation (terrestrial) Alien invasive vegetation (aquatic) Alien invasive fauna Agriculture - livestock Agriculture - irrigation Agriculture - crops

38

5.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WETLAND INVENTORY DATABASE

This project has resulted in the development of a directory of information on existing initiatives, research and publications pertaining to wetlands of the Western Cape. During the course of the project it became clear that the amount of information available was extensive and that this first phase of project could not incorporate all work we identified for potential inclusion, due to the time frame and budgetary constraints of this project. It is also likely that the list of potential references is incomplete (Appendix 2). This illustrates the first finding to emerge from this study – the directory has provided an important initial step to identifying work that has been done on wetlands in the Western Cape, and also demonstrates that this body of work is sizeable.

5.1

Utility of the Directory Database

•

The directory will serve as a useful resource for wetland practitioners.

•

It should minimize duplication and allow practitioners to identify research gaps, both spatially and in terms of actual data.

•

It will assist in the management and conservation of wetlands.

•

The directory will facilitate the development of a programme prioritising areas for research, management and funding.

•

The spatial information in the GIS point coverage will be of value to conservation planning.

5.2

Constraints and limitations

The directory was designed to cater to a wide variety of needs, from civil society groups to highly technical practitioners. As yet, this has not been too problematic, but the exceptionally wide user-group base indicates that the end product from this first phase may not be exactly what each user envisaged, e.g. it may be too detailed for some users. The project team was unable, during the course of this project, to attend the Southern Cape Forum meeting(s). Whilst we were represented at these meetings, we may have failed to capture information from the Southern Cape group. Of the 448 studies captured in the directory, many were related to birds, and/or for estuarine systems. The former is due to the fact that ornithological studies were commonly available in the public domain, whilst other studies such as those on vegetation and invertebrates, for example, were often reported in consultancy reports which were not as readily available. Literature pertaining to estuaries was also readily available, combined with significant public funding allocated to estuarine research in the 1980s. The data reported in studies or papers were extremely variable with some studies providing very basic information on the wetland and associated data, whilst others included detailed value-laden information.

39

5.3

Observations related to data quality

During the course of this project it became evident that the quality of data provided in reports, etc., were often lacking and or unclear. In particular: •

Inconsistencies in naming a wetland;

•

No geo-reference provided, or inaccurate or incorrect geographic information;

•

Extremely variable classification or typing of a wetland - this should be alleviated to some extent when the new classification system is implemented (see previous comments);

•

Extremely variable estimates of wetland size and depth; and

•

Highly variable pH and salinity classes given for the same wetland - this is likely to be a seasonal artifact.

5.4

Maintenance of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database

The directory structure and content will require maintenance and updating, to ensure that the data remain current and useful. According to Malan and Day (2005) as many as 69 data sets have been created for wetlands in South Africa, yet they are not currently used. The main reasons for this probably lie in their availability and how current they are. It is vital that a method to ensure that the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database and future Inventory, be maintained so that they remain current and useful. Issues to consider are: •

the need for the database to be widely available

•

for the database to continually evolve to meet users’ needs

•

to be maintained, and

•

to be updated to ensure it is current.

5.5

Development of the Western Cape Wetlands Inventory database

The directory developed in this project is a useful platform for future development of a wetlands inventory. In the present directory the structure is such that the core unit is the data source, i.e. study, paper, report, etc. Linked to each source are several wetlands, and in some instances several sites on each wetland. Future development of a wetlands inventory should be designed such that each wetland becomes a unique entity, to which studies are linked. Each wetlands may then have several sites, and be assessed at different time periods. Development of such a database would require the skills of a database designer. •

Prior to the development of a Western Cape Inventory Database, the following should be considered and evaluated:

•

The status of the national inventory should be determined.

•

The Wetlands Water Quality Database (Malan and Day 2005) and any other inventories developed in the interim should be further evaluated - the aim would be to evaluate the potential for these inventories, or components of these inventories, to be utilised in the development of a new inventory.

40

•

The current study of Ewart-Smith et al. (2005), which aims to develop a new national classification system for wetlands in South Africa should be consulted to ensure that the latest knowledge is incorporated into the database design.

•

Further, it is recommended that the national data storage and management database developed for the River Health Programme, the “Rivers Database” (Ewart-Smith and Dallas 2003) be examined. This database allows for the capture of data by individual users and transfer of data to a centralised server, thereby facilitating sharing of information. It might be viable to develop a similar database, or modify the Rivers Database, for the storage of wetland information such that it services the entire country, including the Western Cape. This “Wetlands Database” would provide an excellent platform for regional and national storage and management of wetland data.

6.

REFERENCES

Cowan, G.I. and W. van Riet 1998. A directory of South African Wetlands. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. DEAT. 2000. Environmental Potential Atlas (ENPAT): Western Cape Rivers. 1:250 000 scale. Pretoria, Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Republic of South Africa. Ewart-Smith J., D. Ollis, J.A. Day and H. Malan 2005. National Wetland Inventory: development of a Wetland Classification System for South Africa. Workshop starter document. Prepared for: The Water Research Commission (WRC) and South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Ewart-Smith J. and H.F. Dallas. 2003. Rivers Database Version 2.2: A User Manual. National Aquatic Ecosystem Biomonitoring Programme Report Series No. 11. Revised Edition. Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. Kaplan D.E. 1996. Reversing the brain drain: the care for utilising South Africa’s unique intellectual diaspora. Science and Technology Research Centre, University of Cape Town. Kleynhans C.J., C. Thirion and J. Moolman. 2004. A Level I River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Report No. N/0000/00/REQ0104. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa (DRAFT). Kleynhans C.J., C. Thirion and J. Moolman. In prep. A Level II River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. Kotze, D.C.; Marneweck, G.C.; Batchelor, A.L., Lindley, D.; Collins, N. 2004. WetlandAssess. A Rapid assessment procedure for describing wetland benefits Report prepared for Mondi Wetland Project, Johannesburg, South Africa. Low A.B. and A.G. Rebelo. 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.

41

Peck D. 1999. Classification system for wetland type. In: Strategic framework for the list of wetlands of international importance: Key documents of the Ramsar Conventions. 7th Meeting of the conference of the contracting parties to the convention on wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), San Jose, Costa Rica, 10-18 May 1999. http://ramsoar.org/key_ris_types.htm. Shaw K. A., and R. de Villiers. 2001. Sensitive Wetlands GIS coverage. 1:50 000 scale. CapeNature, Jonkershoek, Western Cape. Thompson M.W., H.M. Van den Berg, T.S. Newby and D. Hoare 2001. Guideline Procedures for National Land-cover Mapping and Change Monitoring. Report No. ENV/P/C 2001-006. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Agricultural Research Council (ARC). van Nieuwenhuizen, G. D. P., and J. A. Day. 2000. Cape Action Plan for the Environment: The Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems in the Cape Floral Kingdom. Freshwater Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town., Cape Town. Vegter J.R. 1995. Geology map of South Africa with simplified lithostratigraphy for geohydrological use. (Simplified lithostratigraphy digitised by A Havenga, Council for Geosciences, 1994). Water Research Commission TT 74/95. Von Hase A., M. Rouget, N. Helme and K. Maze. 2003. Special habitats data layer. 1:50 000. A fine-scale conservation plan for Cape Lowlands Renosterveld. Conservation Unit, Botanical Society of South Africa. Report CCU 02/03.

42

Appendix 1. User groups consulted for the identification of national and regional initiatives and the production of the generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data Interest Group

Representative

Wetlands Forum and South African National Botanical Institute (SANBI)

George Davies

Working for Wetlands

Japie Buckle, Mandy Noffke

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEADP)

Dennis Laidler (Forwarded to others in his department)

CapeNature

Dean Impson

EIA practitioners

Dr Bill Harding, Dr Christine Colvin, Dr Liz Day

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)

Naomi Fourie

City of Cape Town

Candice Haskins

SANParks/Landcare

Tertius Carinus

Municipal planners

Dr Barrie Low

Botanical Society

Nancy Job

Conservation planners

Mathieu Rouget

Researchers

Prof Jenny Day, Dr Heather Malan

Awareness groups/Campaigns

Glencairn Education and Environment support Enthusiasts (GEESE), Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa (WESSA), Friends of Zandvlei

Table Mountain Fund (TMF) – WWF-SA

Julia Wood

Working for Wetlands (Steering Committee)

John Dini

43

Appendix 2. A list of studies relevant for Western Cape Wetlands including studies incorporated into the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database

1

"Froneman, A. 1997. The role of farm dams in conserving waterbird and wetland diversity in the western Cape, South Africa. M.Sc. University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

2

"Hall, D. 1993. The ecology and control of Typha capensis in the wetlands of the Cape Flats, South Africa. PhD. University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

3

"Jones, M. G. W. 2002. Developing a classification system for Western Cape wetlands. MSc. thesis. University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

4

"Davies, H. 1997. An assessment of the suitability of a series of Western Cape farm dams as waterbird habitats. M.Sc. (Conservation Biology). University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

5

"Harding, W. 1991. Ecology of urban-impacted coastal vleis on the Cape Flats near Cape Town, with special reference to phytoplankton periodicity. MSc. University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

6

"Morant, P., and J. Grindley. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report no. 14: Sand (CSW4). Research Report 413, CSIR, Stellenbosch."

7

"De Villiers, M. Unknown. Determination of total standing stock and filtration rates of the estuarine polychaete, Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel), in the Marina Da Gama, Zandvlei, in the Western Cape. University of Cape Town."

8

"Silberbauer, M., and J. King. 1991. Geographical trends in the water chemistry of wetlands in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17:82-88."

9

"Kalejta-Summers, B., M. M, and L. Underhill. 2001. Long-term trends, seasonal abundance and energy consumption of waterbirds at Strandfontein, Western Cape, South Africa, 1953-1993. The Ostrich 72:80-95."

10

"Ashkenazi, S. 2001. Long-term trends in the breeding populations of waterbirds (1951-1985) at a sewage treatment plant. Ostrich 72:10-19."

11

"Cowan, G., and G. Marneweck. 1996. South African National Report to the Ramsar Convention. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism., Pretoria."

12

"Whitfield, A. 2000. Available scientific information on individual South African estuarine systems. WRC No. 577/3/00, JLB Smith Institute of Ichythyology, Grahamstown."

13

"Noble, R., and J. Hemens. 1978. Inland water ecosystems in South Africa - a review of research needs. 34, CSIR."

14

"Davies, B. 1984. The zoobenthos of the Touw River floodplain. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 10:62-73."

15

"Davies, B. 1982. Studies on the zoobenthos of some southern Cape coastal lakes. Spatial and temporal changes in the benthos of Swartvlei, South Africa, in relation to changes in the submerged littoral macrophyte community. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 8:33-45."

16

"Coetzee, D. 1981. Zooplankton distribution in relation to environmental conditions in the Swartvlei system, southern Cape. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 7:5-12."

17

"Howard-Williams, C. 1980. Aquatic macrophyte communities of the Wilderness Lakes: community structure and associated environmental conditions. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 6:85-92."

18

"Coetzee, D. 1980. Zooplankton and environmental conditions in Groenvlei, southern Cape, during 1976. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 6:5-11."

19

"Maree, R., A. Whitfield, and N. Quinn. 2003. Prioritisaton of South African estuaries based on their potential importance to estuarine-associated fish species. WRC Report No. TT 203/03, JLB Smith Institute of Ichythyology, Pietermaritzburg, Centre for Environment and Development, Water Research Commission, Grahamstown."

44

20

"Coetzee, J. C., J. B. Adams, and G. C. Bates. 1997. A botanical importance rating system of selected estuaries. Water SA 23:81-93."

21

"Turpie, J. 1995. Prioritizing South African estuaries for conservation: a practical example using waterbirds. Biol. Cons. 74:175-185."

22

"Damstra, K. S. J. 1980. The Ecology of Onrus Lagoon. Habitat Working Group, UCT, Cape Town."

23

"ADU, c. M. W. various - earliest 2000. CWAC Waterbird counts. Avian demography Unit, Department of Statistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

24

"CSIR. 1983. The SANCOR Estuaries Programme. Report No 67., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria."

25

"Murison, G. unpubl yet. Aspects of the ecology of the waterbirds at the lower Berg River wetlands, South Africa - requirements for effective conservation management. Unpubl report., Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

26

"Rogers, J. 1985. Geomorphology, offshore bathymetry and quaternary lithostratigraphy around the Bot River estaury. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:211-237."

27

"Van Heerden, I. 1985. Barrier/ estuarine processes, Bot River estuary - an interpretation of aerial photographs. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:239-251."

28

"Willis, J. 1985. Bathymetry, environmental parameters and sediments of the Bot River estuary. Trans. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:253-283."

29

"van Foreest, D. 1985. A numerical model for the wind-driven circulation in the Bot River estuary. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:285-289."

30

"Bally, R. 1985. Historical records of the Bot River estuarine system. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:291-303."

31

"Fromme, G. 1985. The hydrology of the Bot River estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:305-315."

32

"Bally, R., and C. McQuaid. 1985. The physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of the Bot river estuary, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:317331."

33

"Bally, R., C. McQuaid, and S. Pierce. 1985. Primary production of the Bot River estuary, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:333-345."

34

"Roberts, C., G. Branch, and F. Robb. 1985b. The effect of salinity and temperature variations on the bacterial populations in the Bot River estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:347-352."

35

"Roberts, C., G. Branch, and F. Robb. 1985a. The annual cycle of free-floating bacteria in the Bot River estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:353-362."

36

"Coetzee, D. 1985. Zooplankton and some environmental conditions in the Bot River Estuary. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:363-377."

37

"De Decker, H., and R. Bally. 1985. The benthic macrofauna of the Bot River Estuary, South Africa, with a note on its meiofauna. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:379-396."

38

"Heyl, C., and M. Currie. 1985. Variations in the use of the Bot River Estuary by water-birds. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:397-417."

39

"Capenature. 1991,1992. Chief Directorate nature and environmental conservation, CPA Waterfowl census."

40

"Semmelink, M. 1990. An introduction to the study of phospohorus dynamics in Rondevlei. University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

41

"Van Niewenhuizen, G., and e. al. 1999. Cape Action Plan for the Environment: The conservation of freshwater ecosystems in the Cape Floral Kingdom. Cape Action for People and the Environment." 45

42

"Stewart, B., and R. Bally. 1985. The ecological role of the red-knobbed coot Fulica cristata Gmelin at the Bot River Estuary, South Africa: a preliminary investigation. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 45:419-426."

43

"Kareko, J. K. 2004. The interaction between vegetation and near-surface water in a wetland system, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch."

44

"Gardiner, A. 1988. A study of the water chemistry and plankton in the black water lakelets of the SW Cape. University of Cape Town, Cape Town."

45

"Barnes, K. N. 1988. The Important Bird Areas of southern Africa. Avian Demography Unit/BirdLife South Africa."

46

"De Decker, H. P., and B. A. Bennett. 1985. A comparison of the physiological condition of the southern mullet Liza richardsoni (Smith), in a closed estuary and the sea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 45:427-436."

47

"Bennet, B. A. 1985. A mass mortality of fish associated with low salinity conditions in the Bot River Estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 45:437-447."

48

"Bennet, B., K. Hamman, G. Branch, and S. Thorne. 1985. Changes in the fish fauna of the Bot River estuary in relation to opening and closure of the estuary mouth. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:449-464."

49

"Branch, G., R. Bally, H. Bennet, and G. Fromme. 1985. Synopsis of the impact of artificially opening the mouth of the Bot River estuary: implications for management. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:465-483."

50

"Coetzee, D. J. 1982. Stomach content analyses of Gilchristella aestuarius and Hepsetia breviceps from the Swartvlei system and Groenvlei, southern Cape. S.Afr.J.Zool. 17(2):59-66."

51

"Branch, G., and J. Day. 1984. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part XIII. The Palmiet River estuary in the south-western Cape. . South African Journal of Zoology 19:63-77."

52

"Howard-Williams, C. 1977. The distribution of nutrients in Swartvlei, a southern Cape coastal lake. Water SA 3:213-217."

53

"Slinger, J. H., and S. Taljaard. 1994. Preliminary investigation of seasonality in the Great Berg Estuary. Water SA 20:279-288."

54

"Taljaard, S., G. A. Eagle, and H.-K. Hennig. 1986. The Palmiet Estuary: a model for water circulation using salinity and temperature measurements over a tidal cycle. Water SA 12:119126."

55

"Harrison, J. A., and D. M. Harebottle. 2001. Gull and ibis breeding colonies at a constructed wetland, Western Cape. Bird Numbers 10:40-41."

56

"Harrison, J. A., M. McIver, and D. Weyers. 2001. Breeding at constructed heronries at Blouvlei, Western Cape. Bird Numbers 10:38-39."

57

"Harrison, K. 2004. The lower Berg River wetlands as a roost site for coastal birds. Bird Numbers 13:18."

58

"Barnes, E., B. R. Davies, and J. A. Harrison. 1998. Ecological problems at Wildevoelvlei, Kommetjie. Bird Numbers 7:12-14."

59

WESSA. 2002. WESSA: Western Cape helps with important wetland restoration project. Pages 32-33 in African Wildlife.

60

"Gubb, A., and M. Preen. 2002. The Noordhoek Wetlands Rehabilitation Project: teaming ecological restoration with social justice. African Wildlife 56:46-47."

61

"Orban, F. 2005. Voelvlei DataSheet Information from Mr Fred Orban of Boggomsbaai Conservancy. in."

62

"ADU, T. B. C. 2000. Waterbird responses to management decisions at Botriviervlei, Western Cape. Bird Numbers 9:39-45."

46

63

"Harebottle, D. M., Harrison, J.A. 2001. Changes in distribution and abundance of waterbirds in South Africa. Bird Numbers 10:47-51."

64

"Maciver, M. 2003. Golf greens and blue-green algae: bird deaths at Melkbos Pan. Bird Numbers 12:15-17."

65

"Coetzee, D. J. 1981. Analysis of the gut contents of the needle-fish, Hyporhamphus knysnaensis, from Rondevlei, southern Cape. S.Afr.J.Zool. 16:14-20."

66

"van Driel, D. 2004. A bird kill at Melkbos Pan. Bird Numbers 13:6-12."

67

"Quick, A. J. R., and W. R. Harding. 1994. Management of a shallow estuarine lake for recreation and as a fish nursery: Zandvlei, Cape Town, South Africa. Water SA 20:289-297."

68

"Baxter, A. J., and B. R. Davies. 1994. Palaeoecological insights for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems in dryland environments: a case study of the Verlorenvlei system, South Africa. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4:255-271."

69

"Guillet, A., and T. M. Crowe. 1987. Monthly and seasonal changes in the aquatic avifauna at Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary (Cape Province of South Africa). Avocetta 11:1-16."

70

"Hockey, P. A. R., and C. T. Hockey. 1980. Notes on Caspian Tern Sterna caspia breeding near the Berg River, southwestern Cape. Cormorant 8:7-10."

71

"Summers, R. W., J. Cooper, and J. S. Pringle. 1977. Distribution and numbers of coastal waders (Charadrii) in the southwestern Cape, South Africa, summer 1975-1976. Ostrich 48:8597."

72

"Underhill, L. G. 1987. Waders (Charadrii) and other waterbirds at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa, 1975-1986. Ostrich 58:145-155."

73

"Talbot, F. H. 1955. Notes on the biology of the white stumpnose Rhabdosargus globiceps (Cuvier), and on the fish fauna of the Klein River Estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 34:387-407."

74

"Millard, N. A. H., and K. M. F. Scott. 1954. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part VI. Milnerton Lagoon and the Diep River, Cape. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 34:279-324."

75

"Wallace, J. H., H. M. Kok, L. E. Beckley, B. A. Bennet, S. J. M. Blaber, and A. K. Whitfield. 1984. South African estuaries and their importance to fishes. South African Journal of Science 80:203-207."

76

"Kalejta, B., and P. A. R. Hockey. 1994. Distribution of shorebirds at the Berg River estuary, South Africa, in relation to foraging mode, food supply and environmental features. IBIS 136:233-239."

77

"Kalejta, B. 1992. Distribution, biomass and production of Ceratonereis erythraeensis and Ceratonereis keiskama at the Berg River estuary South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 27:121-129."

78

"Kalejta, B. 1992. Time budgets and predatory impact of waders at the Berg River Estuary. Ardea 80:327-342."

79

"Largier, J. L. 1986. Structure and mixing in the Palmiet Estuary, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 4:139-152."

80

"Koop, K., R. Bally, and C. D. McQuaid. 1983. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part XVII. The Bot River, a closed estuary in the south-western Cape. S.Afr.J.Zool. 18:1-10."

81

"Scott, K. M. F., A. D. Harrison, and W. Macnale. 1952. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part II. The Klein River Estuary, Hermanus, Cape. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 33:283-331."

82

"Day, J. H., N. A. H. Millard, and A. D. Harrison. 1952. The ecology of South African estuaries: Part III. Knysna: a clear open estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 33:367413."

83

"Harrison, A. D. 1962. Hydrobiological studies on alkaline and acid still waters in the Western Cape Province. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 36:213-243." 47

84

"Christie, N. D., and A. Moldan. 1977. Distribution of benthic macrofauna in Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:273-284."

85

"Flemming, B. W. 1977. Distribution of recent sediments in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:317-340."

86

"Grindley, J. R. 1977. The zooplankton of Langebaan Lagoon and Saldanha Bay. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:341-370."

87

"Grobler, D. C., and E. Davies. 1979. Sediments as a source of phosphate: A study of 38 impoundments. Water SA 7:54-60."

88

"Henry, J. L., S. A. Mostert, and N. D. Christie. 1977. Phytoplankton production in Langebaan Lagoon and Saldanha Bay. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 42:383-398."

89

"Puttick, G. M. 1977. Spatial and temporal variations in inter-tidal animal distribution at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:403440."

90

"Shannon, L. V., and G. H. Stander. 1977. Physical and chemical characteristics of water in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:441-459."

91

"Simons, R. H. 1977. The algal flora of Saldanha Bay. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 42:461-482."

92

"Summers, R. W. 1977. Distribution, abundance and energy relationships of waders (Aves: Charadrii) at Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:483495."

93

"Willis, J. P., H. H. G. Fortuin, and J. A. Eagle. 1977. A preliminary report on the geochemistry of recent sediments in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:497-509."

94

"Albrecht, G. 2004. An evaluation of water chemistry and its effects on the ichthyofauna of three estuaries entering False Bay. University of Cape Town."

95

"Bird, M. S. 2004. A study of the macroinvertebrate and zooplankton fauna of a number of seasonally alkaline wetlands on the Cape Flats, Western Cape, South Africa. University of Cape Town."

96

"Christie, N. D. 1981. Primary production in Langebaan Lagoon. Pages 101-115 in J. Day, editor. 1975-1976. AA Balkema, Cape Town."

97

"Grindley, J. R. 1981. Estuarine plankton. Pages 117-146 in J. H. Day, editor. Estuarine ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town."

98

Anon. 1992. South Africa designates five new wetlands. Pages 1 in South African WETLANDS.

99

"Marneweck, G. C., and G. I. Cowan. 1995. Ramsar site update. Pages 8-10 in South African WETLANDS."

100

"Marneweck, G. C. 1996. Urban wetlands - a conservation challenge. Pages 10-11 in South African WETLANDS."

101

"Harding, W. R. 1998. Saving a wetland and a marine mussel resource. Pages 3-4 in South African WETLANDS."

102

"Adriaans, R. 1998. Effective management necessary to enhance Khayelitsha wetlands. Pages 11-13 in South African WETLANDS."

103

"Spinks, A., and M. Luger. 1999. Management of the Rietvlei/Diep River system. Pages 8-10 in South African WETLANDS."

104

"Hanekom, N., and P. Nel. 2000. Alien mussel invades the Langebaan Ramsar site. Pages 7,11 in South African WETLANDS."

105

"Luger, M., and J. Rainsford. 2001. Khayelitsha Wetlands: from liability to asset in a fortnight. Pages 17-18 in South African WETLANDS." 48

106

"Bornman, T. G., and J. B. Adams. 2001. Freshwater requirements of supratidal and floodplain saltmarsh vegetation: Case study - Olifants River Estuary. Pages 19, 21 in South African WETLANDS."

107

"Butcher, S. E. 1984. Environmental factors and the water regime of de Hoop Vlei. Research Report No 45, School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town."

108

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287

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388

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389

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390

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391

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392

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393

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395

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396

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397

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399

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404

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405

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406

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407

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408

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409

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410

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411

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412

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413

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414

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415

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416

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417

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418

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419

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420

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421

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422

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62

423

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424

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425

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426

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427

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428

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429

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430

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431

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432

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433

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434

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435

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436

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437

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438

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439

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440

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441

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443

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448

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449

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Not in directory “ Begg, G. W. 1974. Final report on the Marina da Gama. Report filed at the Town Planning Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Begg, G. W. 1975. Annual report for the year 1975. Report on the Marina Da Gama and Sandvlei to Cape Town City Engineer's Department. Mimeo." Not in directory “ Begg, G. W. 1976. A final report, September 1976. Report on the Marina Da Gama and Sandvlei to Cape Town City Engineers Department, Scientific Services Branch. Mimeo." Not in directory “ Benkenstein, H. 1981. Report on ecological conditions at Sandvlei during 1980. Report to Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, City Engineering Department." Not in directory “ Benkenstein, H. 1982. Report on water quality and settling characteristics of bottom substrate at Princessvlei. Report CB.2/V1 1982-12-06. Unpublished., Cape Town City Council Chemical Branch." Not in directory “ Benkenstein, H. 1982. Report on ecological conditions at Sandvlei during 1981. Report to Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, City Engineering Department." Not in directory “ Bennett, B. A. 1989. A comparison of the fish communities in nearby permanently open, seasonally open and normally closed estuaries in the South-Western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 8:43-55." Not in directory “ Bennett, B., and G. Branch. 1990. Relationships between production and consumption of prey species by resident fish in the Bot, a cool temperate South African estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31:139-155." Not in directory “ Berg, R. R. 1993. Hydrology of the Berg River Estuary. NSI Report No. 2095/5131, Western Cape Systems Analysis." Not in directory “ Berg, R. R., R. Thompson, P. R. Little, and A. H. G©œrgens. 1994. Evaluation of farm dam area-height-capacity relationships required for basin-scale hydrological catchment modelling. Water SA 20:265-272." Not in directory “

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Not in directory “ Crowther, J. 1987. Basic physical/geography/hydro data for ""estuaries"" of the South-Western Cape, South Africa (CSW 1-26). NRIO Data Report D8705, CSIR, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1978. Hydraulic study of Swartvlei estuary. Report C/SEA 7805/1, Coastal Engineering and Hydraulic Division, Natural Research Institute of Oceanology, Stellenbsoch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1980. Effect of proposed Hangklip Dam on Palmiet River mouth. CSIR Report C/SEA 8048, CSIR, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1988. Basic Physical Geography/Hydro Data for ""Estuaries"" of the Western Cape (CW 1-32). Data Report D8802, NRIO, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1988. Dynamics of the Palmiet River mouth. CSIR Report EMA/T 8802, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1990. Great Brak River estuary environmental study with reference to a management plan for the Wolwedans and Great Brak river mouth. CSIR Report EMA-C 9036, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1993. Salinity distribution and aspects of flooding in the Berg River Estuary obtained using Mike 11 Modelling System: Model Applications and preliminary results. CSIR Reporrt EMAS-C/SEA 93037., Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1996. Environmental Impact assessment of the management options for Blouvlei. CSIR Report No. EMAS-C96017B. Final EIA report., CSIR." Not in directory “ Curtin, R., D. Aquadro, R. Hill, and S. Usher. 1975. Management proposals for Seekoevlei. Group Project. School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Cyrus, D. P. 1991. Fish conservation in South African estuaries: pressures, problems and prospects. South African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17:19-27." Not in directory “ Davies, B. R. 1979. The secondary productivity of Musculus virgiliae at Swartvlei. Annual Reports 1978/1979 No. 11, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University." Not in directory “ Davies, B. 1983. Report on reed removal at Zeekoevlei and commentary on aerial photographs (1968 and 1980) showing the development of emergent and submerged vegetation in the vlei. Report 6 to the Vleis Management Group of the Cape Town City Council., Cape Town." Not in directory “ Davies, B. R., V. Stuart, and M. De Villiers. 1989. The filtration activity of a serpulid polychaete population (Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel)) and its effects on water quality in a coastal marina. Estuarine and Coastal shelf Science 29:613-620." Not in directory “ Day, J. A. 1964. The origin and distribution of estuarine animals in South Africa. Monograph. Biol. 14:159-173." Not in directory “ Day, J. A. 1987. Conservation and management of wetlands in the greater Cape Town area. Pages 192-197 in R. D. W. a. M. L. Botten, editor. Proceedings of a Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of Wetlands in South Africa. Foundation for Research Development, CSIR, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Day, E., and G. R. Ractliffe. 2002. Assessment of river and wetland engineering and rehabilitation activities within the City of Cape Town: Realisation of project goals and their ecological implications. Volume One. Assessment process and major outcomes. Report to Catchment Management, CMC Administration." Not in directory “ Day, E. 2004. Scoping Study on the proposed extension and upgrading of the Melkbosstrand Wastewater Treatment Works. Specialist freshwater ecology input. Draft Report produced for CCA Environmental." Not in directory “ Day, J. H. Unpublished. Keurboms and Bitou Rivers surveys 1973/1974. University of Cape Town, Zoology Department."

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Not in directory “ De Kock, A. C., and A. F. Boshoff. 1987. PCBS and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in birds and fish from the Wilderness Lakes system, South Arica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:413-416." Not in directory “ de Moor, I. J., and M. N. Bruton. 1988. Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. Report No. 137, CSIR, Pretoria." Not in directory “ De Villiers, C. J., S. R. Telford, and P. A. R. Hockey. 1991. Investigation of an alleged gnat and offensive guano odour problem in the vicinity of the oxidation ponds of the Cape Flats Wastewater Treatment Works. Report to the City Planners Department, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ de Witt, B., K. Shaw, D. du Preez, and G. Palmer. 1994. Berg River and associated wetlands. Cape Nature Conservation, Western Cape Province, Ramsar Report, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Denny, P. 1985. The Ecology and Management of African wetland vegetation. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht." Not in directory “ DEVIN, D. S. 1984. Hydrological/hydraulic study of Cape Estuaries, Heuningnes Estuary. . NRIO Data Report D8401. , NRIO " Not in directory “ Dick, R. 1982. Survey of levels of heavy metals in eight samples of mud collected from Zeekoevlei on 1982-04-16. Report CB.2/Z1.2. (1982-09-06), unpublished, Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Dick, R. 1982. Settling characteristics of the mud and chemical characteristics of the interstitial water at Princess Vlei. Internal Report No. CB.2/V1. Unpublished., Scientific Service Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Dick, R. 1983. Heavy metals in Zeekoevlei sediments compared with levels found in Knysna Estuary and the Wilderness Lakes. Report CB.2/Z1.2 (1983-02-14), unpublished., Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Dick, R. 1990. Zeekoevlei sediments: physical characteristics and interrelations with overlying water. Report to the Zeekoevlei Working Group of the Inland Waters Management Team, Cape Town City Council (unpublished)." Not in directory “ Dick, R. I. 1992. Potamogeton pectinatus in a southwestern Cape estuarine coastal lake (Zandvlei) and the impact of sustained harvesting and vlei mangement strategies. in 29th Annual Conference of the South African Society of Aquatic Science, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Dunbar, G. 1998. A report on the state of the water chemistry of the De Hoop Vlei since 1965, and the comparison of the water chemistry of two sites in this vlei with that of Die Dam for 1996. Unpublished Research Report, University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ DWAF. 1996. The water management strategy for the Wilderness, Swartvlei, and Groenvlei Lakes catchment. Training and educational document. DWAF Report no. WQK100/00/0196." Not in directory “ Eagle, G. A., and P. D. Bartlett. 1984. Preliminary chemical studies in four Cape estuaries. Report T/SEA 8307, CSIR, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Euston-Brown, D. 2003. Proposed wastewater treatment works. Pearly Beach. Botanical impact assessment. . Report to SRK consulting for Overstrand Municipality." Not in directory “ Fielding, P. 1979. The relative survival abilities of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus gilli in the low pH black water systems of the Cape Point Nature Reserve. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Flemming, B. W. 1977. Depositional processes in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Bull.jt geol.Surv./Univ.Cape Town mar.Geosc.Progm. 8:1-215." Not in directory “ Foundation, E. Unknown. Proposal to declare the entire Noordhoek wetland a protected natural environment." Not in directory “ Furness, H. 1979. Report on high phytoplankton populations in Zandvlei. Internal Report. Ref 2/P6, Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council."

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Not in directory “ Furness, H. D. 1979. Ecological investigations carried out during 1978. (a). Distribution of Eichornia crassipes, Myriophyllum aquaticum and refuse. (b). Ecological survey of Zandvlei. Report to Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, City Engineering Department." Not in directory “ Furness, H. D. 1980. Report on ecological conditions at Zandvlei during 1979. Report to Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, City Engineering Department." Not in directory “ Gaigher, C. M. 1979. A survey of the status and distribution of bait organisms in Cape estuaries. Research Report: Estuaries 1-18., Cape Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation." Not in directory “ Gaigher, I., and S. Thorne. 1979. The relative densities and length compositions of fish in the Sandvlei estuarine lake, Muizenberg, Western Cape. Cape Provincial Administration Research." Not in directory “ Gale, B. A. 1992. The effect of regulation by two impoundments on an acid blackwater Cape mountain stream. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Genade, A. B. 1973. A general account of certain aspects of oyster culture in Knysna estuary. Pages 26-28 in South African National Oceanographic Symposium, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Gledhill, W. J., A. M. Fricke, P. J. Greenwood, and M. J. Orren. In prep. Preliminary chemical and biological studies in two South African west coast estuaries." Not in directory “ Goudie, A. S., and D. S. G. Thomas. 1985. Pans in southern Africa with particular reference to South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. 29:1-19." Not in directory “

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Not in directory “ Heyl, C. W. 1983. Voellewe van die De Hoopse omgewing en die moontlike impak van ontwikkeling deur Krygkor. Cape Dept. of Nature and Environmental Conservation, EIA Committee." Not in directory “ Heyl, C. W. 1991. Status of ducks and their management for gamebird hunting in the Cape Province. . unpubl. Internal Rep Chief Directorate Nature and Environmental Conservation." Not in directory “ Heyl, C. W., M. D. Anderson, D. I. Loubser, and H. A. Scott. 1993. Duck population monitoring in the Cape Province - results for 1991 and 1992. Internal Rep. 12, Cape Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ HKS (Hill, K. a. S. C. E. 1980. Report on proposed dredging and reclamation: Zeekoevlei. Report NC/PJH/TD/EDM/7155." Not in directory “ HKS (Hill, K., Scott and partners, Consulting Engineers). 1971. The Bay Marina Engineering Report. Proposed improvements to Sandvlei. Muizenberg Marine Estates Limited." Not in directory “ HKS (Hill, K. a. S., Engineers). 1980. Princess Vlei - proposed dredging and reclamation. NC/TD/PH/EDM/7170." Not in directory “ Hockey, P. A. R., and C. R. Velasquez. 1992. The Berg River estuary: a major western Cape wetland. Birding in southern Africa 44:106-114." Not in directory “ Hockey, P. A. R. 1993. Potential impacts of water abstraction on the birds of the lower Berg River wetlands. Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Hodgson, A. N., B. R. Allanson, and R. Cretchley. 2000. An estimation of the standing stock and population structure of Upogebia africana (Crustacea: Thalassinidae) in the Knysna Estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 55:187-196." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, W., C. Howard-Williams, and T. G. Longman. 1975. Preliminary ecological survey of the lower Swartvlei estuary, with special reference to the area spanned by a road bridge. Special Report 75/3, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C. 1976. An ecological investigation of surface waters in the Cape Peninsula. Report to the National Programme for Environmental Sciences and The Water Research Commission, Rhodes University." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C. 1977. The role of aquatic plants in maintaining trophic conditions in Swartvlei - Wilderness. Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University., Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C. 1978. The growth and production of aquatic macrophytes in a south temperate saline lake. Verh.Internet.Verein.Limnol. 20:in press." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C., and B. R. Allanson. 1978. The limnology of Swartvlei with special reference to production and nutrient dynamics in the littoral zone. Part II of Swartvlei Project Report. Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C., and B. R. Allanson. 1979. The ecology of Swartvlei: research for planning and future management. Water Research Commission, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C., and B. R. Allanson. 1981. An inegrated study on littoral and pelagic primary production in a southern African coastal lake. Arch. Hydrobiol. 92:507-534." Not in directory “ Hughes, D. A., and A. H. M. Gorgens. 1981. Hydrological investigations in the southern Cape coastal lakes region. Report 1/81, Department of Geography, Hydrology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Gland."

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Not in directory “ Huizinga, A. P., J. H. Slinger, and J. Boroto. 1993. The hydrodynamics of the Berg River Estuary - a preliminary evaluation with respect to mouth entrainment and future impoundments. In: Report on the Berg River Estuary Worksession, Volume 1: Main Report. NSI Report No. 2095/5131, Western Cape Systems Analysis., Cape Town. Appendix 43E.2." Not in directory “ Huizinga, P., S. Taljaard, and L. van Niekerk. 2001. The effects of water abstraction on the estuaries of the Eerste and Lourens Rivers rivers. CSIR Report No. ENV-S-C 2001-007." Not in directory “ Inc, H. K. S. 1991. Milnerton Structure Plan - 1:50 year flood levels for the Diep river & Rietvlei. Project No. 15260, Report to Milnerton Municipality." Not in directory “ Inc., N. S. 1993. Report on the Berg River Estuary Worksession. Volume 1: Main Report. NSI Report No. 2095/5131, Western Cape Systems Analysis, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Isaac, W. E. 1956. The ecology of Gracilaria confervoides (L) Grev. in South Africa with special reference to its ecology in the Saldanha-Langebaan lagoon. Pages 173-185 in Proceedings 2nd Institution of Seaweed Symposium." Not in directory “ Jacot Guillarmod, A. 1979. Report to the Lakes Area Development Board, George, on invasive weed species in the area of the Wilderness lakes. Special Report 79/3, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Jacot Guillarmod, A. 1979. Vegetation of the Touw River floodplain and surrounding lakes. In: Annual Reports 1978/1979, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Kalejta, B. 1992. Diets of shorebirds at the Berg River Estuary, South Africa: Spatial and temporal variation. Ostrich 64:123-133." Not in directory “ Kalejta, B., and D. G. Allan. 1993. Rietvlei management plan - avifauna specialist study. ADU, University of Cape Town, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Kaletja, B., and P. A. R. Hockey. 1991. Distribution, abundance and productivity of benthic invertebrates at the Berg River Estuary, South Africa. Est. coast. Shelf.Sci 33:175-191." Not in directory “ King, P. B. 1973. Report on the Zeekoevlei Survey 1-10-1924 to 30-9-1973. Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, Cape Town." Not in directory “ King, J. M., R. P. A. Bally, and M. J. Silberbauer. 1989. Kleinriviersvlei: report of an investigation into the likely effects of discharging purified sewage effluent into the Kleinriviersvlei (Hermanus Lagoon). Upublished report to Hermanus Municipality, Zoology department, University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Kok, H. M., and A. K. Whitfield. 1986. The influence of open and closed mouth phases on the marine fish fauna of the Swartvlei estuary. South African Journal of Zoology 21:309-315." Not in directory “ Korringa, P. 1956. Oesterteelt in Suid afrika.Hidrographiese, biologiese, en oesterologiese waarnemings in die Knysnastrandmeer, met aantekeninge oor toestande in ander Suid-Afrikaanse waters. Invest. Report 20, South African Department of Industries.(Sect. Fish.)." Not in directory “ Langley, C. H. 1975. Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary. Publication of the Divisional Council of the Cape." Not in directory “ Largier, J., and J. Singer. 1991. Circulation in highly stratified southern African estuaries. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17:103-115." Not in directory “ Linder, H. P. 1979. Preliminary report on the vegetation of Paarden Eiland vlei. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Liptrot, M. R. M. 1977. The ecology of Swartvlei. 1. The effect of mouth closure on submerged vegetation and physicochemical characteristics of the water column during 1976. Special Report 77/3, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Liptrot, M. R. M. 1978. Community metabolism and phosphorus dynamics in a seasonally closed South African estuary. Rhodes University, Grahamstown." 73

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Not in directory “ Petitjean, M. O. G. 1987. Eerste River catchment management report. Freshwater Research Unit, UCT." Not in directory “ Puttick, G. M. 1980. Energy budgets of Curlew Sandpipers at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa. Estuarine Coastal Marine Science 11:207-215." Not in directory “ Quick, A., and B. Bennett. 1989. Preliminary investigation into the role of Zandvlei as an estuarine fish nursery. Ref 7771H/GB/RQ/dh/3. Unpublished., Internal report to Town Planning Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Quin, N. W., A. K. Whitfield, J. W. Hearne, and C. M. Breen. 1998. An index for the management of South African estuaries for juvenile fish recruitment from the marine environment. Fisheries management and Ecology 6:421-436." Not in directory “ Ramm, A. E. 1990. Application of the commuity degradaton index to South African Estuaries. Water Research 24:383-389." Not in directory “ Randall, R. M., and J. D. Van Wyk. 1990. Wilderness Lakes. Department of Environmental Affairs report." Not in directory “ Ratte, T. W. 1976. Age and growth of Mugil richardsoni (Smith) in the Berg River Estuary. Research Report 1976, Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Cape of Good Hope." Not in directory “ Ratte, T. W. 1978. 'n ondersoek na die invloed van stelnettery op vis in die Botrivierstrandmeer. Research Report 1978, Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Cape of Good Hope." Not in directory “ Reddering, J. S. V. 1981. The sedimentology of the Keurbooms estuary. University of Port Elizabeth." Not in directory “ Reddering, J. S. V. 1983. An inlet sequence produced by migration of a small microtidal inlet against longshore drift: the Keurbooms Inlet, South Africa. Sedimentology 30:201-218." Not in directory “ Reddering, J. S. V., and K. Esterhuysen. 1983. Management proposals to counter undesirable sediment accumulation in the Keurbooms Estuary. Transactions of the geological Society of South Africa 86:87-91." Not in directory “ Reddering, J. S. V., and K. Esterhuysen. 1984. Sedimentation in the Knysna estuary. R.O.S.I.E. Report No. 9, Department Geology, University of Port Elizabeth." Not in directory “ Robarts, R. 1973. A contribution to the limnology of Swartvlei: the effect of physico-chemical factors upon primary and secondary production in the pelagic zone. Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Robarts, R. D. 1976. Primary productivity of the upper reaches of a South African estuary (Swartvlei). Jornal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 24:93-102." Not in directory “ Robarts, R. D., and B. R. Allanson. 1977. Meromixis in the upper lake reaches of a South African estuary (Swartvlei). Arch. Hydrobiol. 80:531-540." Not in directory “ Roberts, C., F. T. Robb, and G. Branch. 1981. Microbial ecology of the Bot River Estuary. South African Journal of Science 16:151." Not in directory “ Robertson, H. G. 1981. Annual summer and winter fluctuations of Palaearctic and resident waders (Charadrii) at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa. 1975-1979. Pages 335-345 in J. A. G. Cooper, editor. Proceedings of the symposium on birds of the sea and shore.1979. African Seabird Group, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Robinson, G. A. 1985. Management of the Wilderness Coastal lakes system. in Coastal Zone '85: 4th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Baltimore, Maryland." Not in directory “ Rossouw, N., and P. Lochner. 2000. Final scoping report: Options for boundary management on the northern edge of the Rietvlei Wetland Reserve. C.S.I.R. Report ENV-S C 2000-033 C, C.S.I.R., Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Rudnick, J. 1986. Report on ecological conditions at Zeekoevlei during 1984. Report filed at Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council." 75

Not in directory “ Russell, L. 1981. Karst surface landforms of the De Hoop Nature Reserve. . University of Fort Hare." Not in directory “ Russell, L. 1988. Karst surface landforms of the Cape coastal limestones. . University of Fort Hare." Not in directory “ Town."

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Not in directory “ Wanless, R. M. 1992. Wetland floral community. A study of the structure and determinants in Betty's Bay Vlei. University of Cape Town, Botany Department, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Watling, R. J., and H. R. Watling. 1974. Environmental studies in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon.I: Trace metal concentrations in selected molluscs and algae. FIS Special Report 70, unpublished." Not in directory “ Watling, R. J., and H. R. Watling. 1975. Trace metal studies in Knysna Estuary. Environment RSA 2:5-7." Not in directory “ Watling, R. 1977. Trace metal distribution in the Wilderness Lakes. Special Report No. FIS 147., CSIR, National Physical Research Laboratory., Pretoria." Not in directory “ Watling, R. J., and H. R. Watling. 1980. Metal surveys in SouthAfrican estuaries. IV. Keurbooms and Bitou Rivers (Plettenberg Lagoon), Groot River (Nature's Valley) and Storms River. Special Report FIS 206, CSIR, National Physical Research Laboratory, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Watling, R. J., and H. R. Watling. 1980. Metal surveys in SouthAfrican estuaries. III. Hartenbos, Little Brak and Great Brak Rivers. Special Report FIS 205, CSIR, National Physical Research Laboratory, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Weisser, P. J., A. K. Whitfield, and C. M. Hall. 1992. The recovery and dynamics of submerged aquatic macrophyte vegetation in the Wilderness lakes, southern Cape. Bothalia 22:283-288." Not in directory “ Whitfield, A. K. 1984. The effects of prolonged aquatic macrophyte senescence on the biology of the dominant fish species in a southern African coastal lake. Est. coast. Shelf.Sci 18:315-329." Not in directory “ Whitfield, A. K. 1988. The Swartvlei estuary fish community and the influence of food availability on resource utilization. Estuaries 11:160-170." Not in directory “ Whitfield, A. K. 1992. A characterization of southern African estuarine systems. South African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 18:89-103." Not in directory “ Whitfield, A. K. 1997. Fish conservation in South African estuaries. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 7:1-11." Not in directory “ Winterbottom, J. M. 1957. The birds of De Hoop. Annual Report 14, Cape Department of Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ Wright, S. 1998. Report on a fish survey of Zeekoevlei. Unpublished report, Department of Scientific Services, Cape Metropolitan Council." Not in directory “ Wynberg, R. P., and G. M. Branch. 1991. An assessment of bait-collecting for Callianassa kraussi Stebbing in Langebaan Lagoon, Western Cape, and of associated avian predation. South African Journal of Marine Science 11:141-152." Not in directory “ Wynberg, R. P., and G. M. Branch. 1994. Disturbance associated with bait collecting for sand prawns (Callianassa kraussi) and mud prawns (Upogebia africana): long term effects on the biota of intertidal sandflats. Journal of Marine Research 52:523-558." Not in directory “ Zaloumis, E. A., and P. L. S. Milstein. 1975. The conservation of wetland habitats for waterfowl in southern Africa. in Supplement to Afr.Wildl. 29." Not in directory “ Zietsman, J., and R. Preston. 1973. Report on Sandvlei water quality. Unpublished."

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Appendix 3. Metadata for GIS coverages Western Cape Wetlands Inventory GIS coverage GIS METADATA : DETAILED REPORT File Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp Description: Point coverage of wetlands included in Western Cape Wetlands Directory database. Copyright Holder: TMF-WWFSA Data Copyright? NO Data Origin: Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database, compiled by Freshwater Consulting Group Capture Source: Freshwater Consulting Group File date: 2005-12-16 To be distributed? YES LEGEND PROPERTIES Theme Type: Point PROJECTION Projection Name: Geographic - WGS84 Projection Type: Central Meridian: 0 Upper Parallel: 0 Lower Parallel: 0

DATUM Name: WGS84 SemiMajorAxis: 0 SemiMinorAxis: 0 InverseFlattening:

0

DETAILED NOTES This layer was created using point data generated from the various reports and studies included in the Western Cape Wetland Directory database (Dallas and Seymour 2006). Wetlands were broadly defined using the definition used by the RAMSAR convention: i.e. “areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tides does not exceed six meters” (Peck 1999)” This includes all aquatic ecosystems such that wetlands included fall into three broad groups of marine, estuarine and inland systems (see Dallas and Seymour 2005 for more details). Where studies specified latitudes and longitudes (lat-longs), these were used to generate point locations of the wetlands to which they referred. For studies that did not state lat-longs, but which described proximity to landmarks or towns, this information, together with existing GIS coverages (i.e., Sensitive Wetlands coverage (Shaw and de Villiers 2001) and the CAPE freshwater component (van Nieuwenhuizen and Day 2000) was used to generate point localities. These are indicated in the directory: if lat-longs given are derived from the original data source, they are denoted as “data source”. If they were derived using landmarks and supplementary GIS coverages, they are denoted as “map”. Owing to varying accuracy and settings of GPS instruments and data sources, points often did not align with each other or with the Sensitive Wetlands layer (Shaw and de Villiers 2001) or CAPE freshwater component (van Nieuwenhuizen and Day 2000). These point were therefore nudged so that they would align, and generated new lat-longs for these points. The original data remain within the database, but the point GIS coverage (Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp) contains modified lat-longs. Exceptions are noted under “Important notes and file status report”. IMPORTANT NOTES AND FILE STATUS REPORT: Please note that the following points could not be traced to a specific wetland: Arabella – Here, we give one point, but the report refers to a number of sites. These should be traceable if one has a copy of the report and accompanying maps.

79

Black River Wetlands – Again, here, we give one point, but the varying reports did not give specific lat-longs, so we have allocated one point and hope that use of the reports will enable users to find the relevant wetlands. Bokramspruit Riparian wetlands – point along river allocated, unlikely to be exact location. (Relevant DSI: 278) Driftsands Nature Reserve – Allocated point within reserve – no detail on map precisely where wetland is sited. (Relevant DSI: 435) Keyser’s river wetlands – No lat-longs specified, and again, reports (Data Source Identifier (DSI) Numbers: 2, 225 and 282) refer to more than one wetland no lat longs specified, so one point given along the river, report and site visit may enable identification. Relevant authors may be able to provide site. Kuils River wetlands – three wetlands, also one point allocated, authors may be able to provide a map. (Relevant DSI: 2, 388 and 436) Malmesbury Golf Estate – again, one point generated. Map included in report will enable more accurate identification of exact localities of specific wetlands, but we give one point on the golf course to represent all wetlands reported (Relevant DSI: 284). Pelican Park – A number of wetlands, including dune slack, disused water retention ponds, etc. Only one point is given in WC Wetlands Inventory GIS coverage. Again, site visit may elucidate. (Relevant DSI: 288). Silvermine Riparian wetlands – point allocated on River course. Unlikely to be accurate, but consultation of original report may enable siting. (Relevant DSI: 8) Theewaterskloof/Kleinplaas – Point for Theewaterskloof dam allocated to this point. Uintjieskuil – One point used to represent a number of sites. (Relevant DSI: 279) UWC artificial wetland – Allocated UWC lat-longs. Do not know actual site of wetland on campus.

REFERENCES Dallas, H., C. L. Seymour, K. Snaddon and J. Ewart-Smith . 2006. Identification and collation of existing information on the wetlands of the Western Cape. Table Mountain Fund of WWF-SA, Report compiled by Freshwater Consulting Group, Cape Town. Shaw, K. A., and R. de Villiers. 2001. Sensitive Wetlands GIS coverage. 1:50 000 scale. CapeNature, Jonkershoek, Western Cape. van Nieuwenhuizen, G. D. P., and J. A. Day. 2000. Cape Action Plan for the Environment: The Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems in the Cape Floral Kingdom. Freshwater Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town., Cape Town.

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METADATA: TECHNICAL INFORMATION CAPE LOWLAND RENOSTERVELD PROJECT GIS Layer 5 – Special habitats Silcrete and quartz patch locations were derived from the Cape Lowlands Renosterveld vegetation map (see attached metadata). Only those with remaining natural vegetation were included. Wetlands were derived from the WCNCB ‘sensitive wetlands’ GIS layer and the Freshwater GIS component of C.A.P.E. Note that the wetland layer is not complete – many wetlands that are present on the ground are not represented in this layer as they are currently not mapped anywhere. METADATA FOR GIS LAYER 5: SPECIAL HABITATS FILE DETAILS File name: Data Origin:

special_habitats_dd Botanical Society of SA (Cape Lowlands Renosterveld Project & preparation of present infosheet); Freshwater Research Unit, UCT; Chief Directorate of Surveys & Mapping; WCNCB. Capture Source: Botanical Society of SA, Chief Directorate of Surveys & Mapping, Freshwater Research Unit, WCNCB Copyright Holder: Botanical Society of SA, Chief Directorate of Surveys & Mapping Scale Digitized at: 1:50 000 Data 2003 (this layer) based on 1999 date: (C.A.P.E.), 2002 (Renosterveld Project) & 1:50 000 mapsheets (various dates) LEGEND PROPERTIES Legend Title: Feature Polygons (shapefile) special_habitats.avl Type: PROJECTIONS & DATUMS Projection Name: Geographic (decimal degrees), i.e. Datum WGS84 unprojected name: DATA DETAIL NOTES Description: Silcrete patches, quartz patches, and wetlands in the Cape Lowlands Renosterveld Project’s central domain. Note that NO special features occurring in the buffer area (see planning domain infosheet) are included. Purpose: Obtaining a comprehensive GIS layer of wetlands for conservation planning and land use management purposes based on existing spatial data layers. Methodology: As part of the Cape Lowlands Renosterveld Project, selected habitats were identified as special habitats and mapped as follows: 1. Locations of silcrete and quartz patches (characterised by specific vegetation types) were derived from the vegetation map generated as part of the project Only the portions of remaining intact vegetation (ie not transformed by agriculture or development, as per the ‘remnants of natural vegetation’ GIS layer) were included as special habitats. 2. The locations of wetlands are based on data from two sources: 1. the WCNCB ‘sensitive wetlands’ GIS layer and 2. a GIS layer of wetlands compiled by the C.A.P.E. Freshwater component (1999), based on digitised 1:50 000 topographic mapsheets (Surveys & Mapping). No metadata was available for this layer. Dams were removed from these layers, and the ‘type’ of wetland called ‘erosion’ was also removed. Once the data layers had been combined and cleaned, the result was checked against the 1:50 000 topographic mapsheets to verify that no major wetland features had been excluded. 81

Available documents:

NOTE: The wetland layer is not complete – many wetlands that are present on the ground are not included as these are not mapped anywhere. More detailed data do exist for some parts of the Western Cape, but they are very sparse and discontinuous. 1. Section 13 in Von Hase, A. et al. 2003. A fine-scale conservation plan for Cape Lowlands Renosterveld. Conservation Unit, Report 2/03. Botanical Society of SA, Cape Town. Available on www.botanicalsociety.org.za/ccu - see downloads. 2. WCNCB ‘Sensitive wetlands’ metadata 3. Van Nieuwehuizen, D. et al. 1999. C.A.P.E. Freshwater Reports.

ATTRIBUTE FIELDS FIELD DESCRIPTION Shape Polygon Habitat1 Main type of habitat – wetland, silcrete patch, quartz patch or estuary. Habitat2 Subtype of habitat (e.g. ‘non-perennial pan’ refers to a wetland that holds water only at certain times of the year) Name Name of wetland if available Riversys River system that the wetland forms part of Source Source of the spatial data – either C.A.P.E. Freshwater Component, 1999, Cape Lowlands Renosterveld Conservation Plan (Renosterveld Project 2003) or WCNCB wetlands layer. Area_ha Area of feature in ha

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Water Management Areas Scale 1: 2,000,000 Date 2004 Description Water Management Areas of South Africa Owner Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Owner address Institute for Water Quality Studies Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Private Bag X313 PRETORIA 0001 Ecoregions Scale 1: 2,000,000 Date 2005-01 Projection info Geographic. Spheroid Clarke1880. Datum Cap Description Ecoregions (Level I) for South Africa derived from terrain and vegetation, with some consideration of altitude, rainfall, runoff variability, air temperature, geology, soil. Owner: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Owner: address Institute for Water Quality Studies Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Private Bag X313 PRETORIA 0001 Owner_contact Neels Kleynhans Owner_country South Africa Owner_phone (012) 808 0374 Owner_fax (012) 808 0338 Owner_email [email protected] Owner_website http://www-dwaf.pwv.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/ecoregions/get-ecoregions.htm Disclaimer No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of this data -- this is a draft coverage and will change as the owner incorporates more data sets. Note that lines (transition zones) between regions are about 5km wide. Description: Level I ecoregions for South Africa: 31. This is a classification of South African into ecoregions according to the ecoregion approach (Omernik 1987, 1995; Omernik and Bailey 1997). The aim of this document is to provide a first step that can be used to type the river ecosystems of South Africa according to broad similarities. This will provide a Level I ecoregion typing that can be used as the basis for more detailed typing, i.e. Level II or more. Ecosystems and their components display regional patterns that are reflected in spatially variable combinations of causal factors such as climate, mineral availability (soils and geology), vegetation and physiography. These factors interact, but the importance of each factor in determining the character of ecosystems place to place. Omernik's (1987) approach is based on patterns of terrestrial characteristics and on the premise that relatively homogenous areas exist and that these areas can be defined by simultaneously analysing a combination of causal and integrative factors. In this approach, ecoregions are regions of relatively homogeneity in ecological systems or in relationships between organisms and their environments. Multiple characteristics are used at each level of a typing hierarchy. Ecological regions are regions within which there is relative similarity in the mosaic of ecosystems and ecosystem components (biotic and abiotic, aquatic and terrestrial). Maps of single characteristics only illustrate regionalities in that characteristic. The delineation of ecological regions requires 83

evaluating maps of all geographic phenomena believed to cause or reflect spatial differences in ecosystems. Where combinations of these phenomena coincide spatially, the ecosystems are likely to be similar. The process requires qualitative examination to account for the differences in generality, accuracy, and particular classifications of each map. The regions are essentially sketched (Omernik 1995). Omernik, J.M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77:118-125. Omernik, J.M. 1995. Ecoregions: A spatial framework for environmental management. In: W.S. Davis & T.P. Simon (Eds.), Biological assessment and criteria. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, London, Tokyo. Omernik, J.M. & R.G. Bailey. 1997. Distinguishing between watersheds and ecoregions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 33: 935-949. Further information and descriptions of individual ecoregions can be obtained from DWAF internal report: Kleynhans, CJ, Thirion, C and Moolman, J (2005). A Level I River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Report No. N/0000/00/REQ0104. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. Kleynhans C.J., C. Thirion and J. Moolman. In prep. A Level II River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. Catchments of South Africa – Secondary and Quaternary Scale 1: 250,000 Date 1990 Description Catchments of South Africa – secondary, quartenary Owner Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Owner address Institute for Water Quality Studies Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Private Bag X313 PRETORIA 0001 Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Low, A.B. & Rebelo,A.G. (edit.) 1996, Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: DEAT. This publication is available online at http://www.ngo.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/Data/vegrsa/vegstart.htm Abstract: The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, on request by the National Botanical Institute and the South African Association of Botanists, sponsored the compilation of a new vegetation map for South Africa. The work started in 1991 and culminated in the publication of a full colour map and a companion booklet in 1995. The booklet has now been updated and is available through the bookstores of the National Botanical Institute Contact person: Tony Rebelo National Botanical Institute Tel: 27 +21 799 8690 Fax: 27 +21 797 6903 Email: [email protected]

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Geology map of South Africa Scale: 2,500,000 Date: 1995 Description: Geology map of South Africa with simplified lithostratigraphy for geohydrological use Owner: Water Research Commission & Department of Water Affairs & Forestry Owner: address The Water Research Commission, PO Box 824 PRETORIA 0001 Owner_contact: The Executive Officer Owner_country: South Africa Owner_phone: (021) 330 0340 Owner_fax: (021) 331 2565 Disclaimer This coverage represents groundwater on a regional scale, is not site-specific and cannot be used for borehole siting or deducing any other site-specific condition Copyright_message Portions of this work include intellectual property of the Council for Geoscience, the Water Research Commission & the Department of Water Affairs & Forestry. Copyright_warning Copyright data - not in the public domain Copies of digital data may not be given to third parties History: 1994 Simplified lithostratigraphy digitised by A Havenga, Council for Geosciences 1995 Water Research Commission TT 74/95 report and 2 maps by JR Vegter: "An explanation of a set of national groundwater maps" and "Groundwater resources of the Republic of South Africa" sheets 1 & 2.

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WESTERN CAPE WETLANDS INVENTORY: DATASHEET (Version 1: January 2006) This datasheet has been developed for the Western Cape Wetlands Inventory. It forms part of the TMF-funded project (ZA5095) undertaken by The Freshwater Consulting Group (University of Cape Town) for the identification and collation of existing information on the wetlands of the Western Cape. The datasheet is linked to the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database. For further information please refer to the review document (Dallas et al. 2006). Note: The datasheet has been designed to capture as much information as possible. If these data are not available, please leave the blocks blank.

SUMMARY INFORMATION Contact person(s)

Date

Organisation If report, Title: Telephone

Email

Wetland Name

Associated river (if any)

Degrees-minutes-seconds S E 0

° °

’ ’

or Decimal degrees

. ” S . ” E0

or Degrees & decimal minutes

° S ° E0

. .

Closest town or mapped geographical feature Conservation status

Protected

. .

’ ’

Cape datum Clarke 1880 WGS-84 datum HBH94

Geographic region Unprotected

Approximate size (hectares) (see note 1)

° °

GPS setting

<1 ha

Partially-protected 1-10 ha

10-20 ha

Unknown 20-100 ha

> 100 ha

Type/Classification Description (Anecdotal information that characterizes the site) Note 1. Approximate sizes are difficult to gauge, but as a guideline, 1 ha is equivalent to about 1 1/3 rugby fields.

1.

GENERAL WETLAND INFORMATION

Lat-long source data (see note 2)

GPS

GIS

Map:

Map Reference (1: 50 000)

Other: Altitude

Location (e.g. farm / reserve name) Landowner / Manager’s name and contact details Note 2: Please provide information about the map you have used if you have obtained your lat-longs from a map: What is the map source (e.g. Surveyor General’s office 1: 50 000 map, AA road map, etc). Also, please give the date of production of the map, if you have this information. 86

2.

WETLAND CHARACTERISATION*

Approx. maximum depth 0 – 0.5 m 0.5 – 2 m > 2m Depression Hillslope Hillslope HydroValley bottom Valley bottom (including seepage not seepage geomorphic Floodplain with channel without channel pans) feeding a river feeding a river type If an estuary: Permanently open Temporarily closed Artificially controlled Wetland context Single, discrete wetland Part of a mosaic of wetlands Associated systems Other wetlands River Estuary Lagoon Position in catchment (if associated with a river) Upper Middle Lower Water permanence Perennial Seasonal Ephemeral Inundated or saturated? (see Note 3) I S I S I S Surface water Surface water Water source (mark > one if there is a Sea Artificial Other Groundwater (precipitation) (riverine) combination of water sources) Artificially constrained No visible outlet/ Seepage into Sea Water outlet River or stream (e.g. weir or culvert) Evaporation only groundwater Note 3. Inundated = surface water is present at some stages, saturated – surface soils are waterlogged * See attached information sheet, adapted from Kotze et al. (2004)

Water chemistry characteristics Acid Neutral Alkaline pH (< 6) (6 – 8) (>8) Dominant vegetation type(s)

Salinity

Grasses

Sedges

Approx. width of vegetation buffer (see Note 4) Dominant substrate type(s)

Fresh (<0‰)

Brak (0 to <3 ‰)

Restios

Reeds

<10m

Saline (3 to <20 ‰) Shrubs

Palmiet

10 - 30m

Bedrock

Boulders

Cobbles

Peat

Detritus

Other:

Hypersaline (>20 ‰) Other:

30 -100m

Gravel

Sand

Mud

> 100 m Clay

Silt

Comments: Note 4. Vegetated area between the terrestrial and aquatic environments

3.

AVAILABLE DATA

Frequency of Oncedata collection off Frequency details

Daily

Weekly

Monthly

Habitat assessment (e.g. Present Ecological Status (PES) or Ecological Importance & Sensitivity (EIS) assessment)

Quarterly

Yes

No

Seasonally

SixAnnually monthly Depth (m)

Other

Assessment details

Water chemistry data (tick or highlight variables measured) Total Dissolved Temperature Turbidity pH Conductivity Solids Faecal Particulate Other: Pesticides Metals Coliforms Organic Matter

Dissolved oxygen

Nutrients

Suspended Solids

Biotic data (tick or highlight which group(s) have been assessed) Vegetation

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Bacteria

Other (please specify):

Amphibians

Was the number of threatened or endemic taxa recorded?

87

Fish

Aquatic invertebrates

Threatened

Yes

No

Plankton Endemics

Algae Yes

No

4.

CATCHMENT CONDITION AND LAND USE

Rate the extent of each land use / activity in the wetland or in the immediate vicinity of the wetland and/or in the catchment. Use the scale of 1 to 4, where 1 = limited (< 25%), 2 = moderate (25-50%), 3 = extensive (50 – 90%), 4 = almost entire (>90%). Indicate if the land use / activity pose a threat to the wetland.

Land use / activity

Wetland / Immediate vicinity

Afforestation Deforestation Agriculture – crops (possible threat from runoff) Agriculture – livestock Agriculture – irrigation (abstraction) Informal settlement Rural development Urban development Industrial development Pollution (general) Mining Sewage disposal Solid waste disposal (includes dumping and litter) Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) Sedimentation Recreational Nature Conservation Wilderness area Harvesting of flora or fauna Physical modifications (bulldozing, weirs, gabions, etc.) Water abstraction (impoundment upstream) Construction / Infilling Erosion Road network Off-road vehicles Removal of riparian vegetation Alien invasive vegetation (terrestrial) Alien invasive vegetation (aquatic) Alien invasive fauna Transfer of genetic material into catchment or wetland Other (please specify):

Description of land use and catchment issues

88

Catchment

Threat to wetland? (Yes or No)

5.

MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES

Is the wetland managed, and if so, by whom? Is there a management plan for the wetland?

Yes

No

If based on a report/ study, are management recommendations given?

Yes

No

What were the key management recommendations What impact does the wetland and its management regime have on surrounding human communities?

Negative impact

No impact

Positive impact

What impact do surrounding communities have on the wetland?

Negative impact

No impact

Positive impact

If affected, what are the contact details of this community? Does the wetland have potential to be used by the community for, e.g. tourism, gathering of natural resources? (If yes, please state what activities would be possible) Are research needs given, and if so what are the key recommendations

6.

INFORMATION SOURCE

Information type

Published literature Unpublished report

Scientific article Monitoring data

Custodian

Thesis

Institutional report

Database

Anecdotal

Author(s)

Brief description of information source

Aims of the study

In what year was the study performed? Is the study complete, or ongoing?

If ongoing, how often are the data updated?

Format of data (e.g. Excel worksheet, hard copy report, MS word document or pdf file) Type of data

Qualitative

Quantitative

Comment:

Access constraints

89

Consultancy report Other:

Report

Wetland hydro-geomorphic types typically supporting inland wetlands in South Africa (modified from Kotze et al. 2004). Wetland-Assess: a procedure for rapidly describing wetland benefits – Draft circulated for comment.

Hydrogeomorphic types

Diagram

Description

Floodplain

Valley bottom areas with a well defined stream channel, gently sloped and characterized by floodplain features such as oxbow depressions and natural levees and the alluvial (by water) transport and deposition of sediment, usually leading to a net accumulation of sediment. Water inputs from main channel (when channel banks overspill) and from adjacent slopes.

Valley bottom with a channel

Valley bottom areas with a well defined stream channel but lacking characteristic floodplain features. May be gently sloped and characterized by the net accumulation of alluvial deposits or may have steeper slopes and be characterized by the net loss of sediment. Water inputs from main channel (when channel banks overspill) and from adjacent slopes.

Valley bottom without a channel

Valley bottom areas with no clearly defined stream channel, usually gently sloped and characterized by alluvial sediment deposition, generally leading to a net accumulation of sediment. Water inputs mainly from channel entering the wetland and also from adjacent slopes.

Hillslope seepage feeding a watercourse

Slopes on hillsides, which are characterized by the colluvial (transported by gravity) movement of materials. Water inputs are mainly from subsurface flow and outflow is usually via a well defined stream channel connecting the area directly to a watercourse.

Hillslope seepage not feeding a watercourse

Slopes on hillsides, which are characterized by the colluvial (transported by gravity) movement of materials. Water inputs mainly from subsurface flow and outflow either very limited or through diffuse subsurface and/or surface flow but with no direct surface water connection to a watercourse.

Depression (includes Pans)

A basin shaped area with a closed elevation contour that allows for the accumulation of surface water (i.e. it is inward draining). It may also receive sub-surface water. An outlet is usually absent.

90

Appendix 5 Wetland Name Aasvoelvlei Dam Agulhas plain Wetlands Agulhas Plain Wetlands Agulhas Plain Wetlands Agulhas Plain Wetlands Agulhas Plain Wetlands Agulhas Plain Wetlands Agulhas Plain Wetlands - "Site A" Agulhas Plain Wetlands - "Site B" Agulhas Plain Wetlands - "Site C" Agulhas Plain Wetlands - "Site D" Agulhas Soutpan Alexandra Dam Amandel 1 Amandel 2 Antoniesvlei Dam Applethwaite Dam Arabella Site 11a (HU 11) Arabella Site 12a (HU 12) Arabella Site 12d (HU 12) Arabella Site 12e (HU 12) Arabella Site 12f (HU 12) Arabella Site 1b (HU 1) Arabella Site 25 (HU 25) Arabella Site 27 (HU 27) Arabella Site 29 Arabella Site 30a (HU 12) Arabella Site 30b (HU 12) Arabella Site 31 Arabella Site 32 (HU 14) Arabella Site 34 Arabella Site 35 (HU 3) Arabella Site 4 (HU 4) Arabella Site 5 (HU 5) Arabella Site 9 (HU 9) Arch Dam - Ceres Arieskraal Dam Artificial water body originally on UWC campus Athlone Waste Water Treatment Works Baden Powell Wetlands Beaufort West Bird Sanctuary Beervlei Bellair Dam Bellville South Waste Disposal artificial wetlands

DSI 39 180 183 186 192 193 426 184 184 184 184 8 168, 269 372 372 447 245 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 397 245 266 23 418 23, 300 13 13, 23 395

Wetland Type/Classification Impoundment (Dam) Wetlands and pans Wetlands and pans Wetlands and pans Wetlands and pans Wetlands and pans Wetlands and pans Pan (Shallow) Pan (Shallow) Wetland (Permanent) Pan (Shallow, saline) Pan Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Seep Seep Wetland Wetland (Pennisetum-dominated, culvert-fed) Wetland (Seasonal) Seepage wetlands Seepage wetland -Berzelia-dominated Seep Ponds (Seasonal) Riparian wetlands Seep Wetland Wetland Seepage wetland Seepage wetlands Riparian wetlands Wetlands Wetland -Berzelia-dominated Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Artificial water body Artificial water body Wetlands Artificial water body Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Artificial water body

91

Information Source Monitoring data Thesis Consultancy report Consultancy report Other Consultancy report WCWF Map Input Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article Consultancy report Consultancy report Institutional report Institutional report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Institutional report Institutional report Institutional report Database WCWF Map Input Institutional report Report Report Consultancy report

Size 20 - 100ha

Depth

1 -10 ha 20 - 100ha >100ha 1 -10 ha >100ha

10 - 20ha

pH Neutral (6 - 8)

Salinity Fresh

Neutral (6 - 8)

Hypersaline

>2m Alkaline (>8)

>100ha >100ha

>2m >2m

Appendix 5 Belsvlei

8, 22

Vlei (Seepage wetland)

Scientific article

Berg River Estuary (Including floodplain and associated wetland systems)

12, 13, 19, 21, 23, 25, 45, 53, 57, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 97, 123, 143, 146, 147, 148, 169, 201, 202, 207, 221, 239, 300, 308, 352, 447

Estuary (Permanently open)/floodplain/pans

Report

Vlei Riparian wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Temporary) Wetland Estuary (Joins Keurbooms estuary)/floodplain Vlei Riparian wetland Estuary (Temporarily open/closed)

Berg vlei Bergvalleirivier Bethel Reservoir - Paarl Betty's Bay vlei Betty's Bay Wetlands Bietou River Estuary Blaauwberg Vlei Black River Wetlands System Blinde Estuary Blinde Gorge Blinkvlei Bloemendal Pan Blomfontein Blouvlei - Century City Bokke Kraal Bokramspruit Estuary Bokramspruit riparian wetlands (including source seepage wetlands) Bontebok NP - southern floodplains and seasonal pans Bordjies Dam

>100ha

303 207 397 3, 185 276 23, 140, 207, 300, 322 428 2, 71 8, 12, 19 8 3 39 8 55, 56, 63, 139, 267, 372, 430 3, 8 12, 19

Artificial wetland Floodplain vlei Estuary (Temporarily open/closed)

Other Institutional report Institutional report Thesis Consultancy report Institutional report WCWF Map Input Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article Thesis Monitoring data Scientific article Scientific article Thesis Report

278

Riparian wetlands

Consultancy report

325 449

Floodplain wetland Impoundment (Dam)

Wetlands Datasheets Thesis

>100ha

Bot River Estuary

12, 13, 19, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42,45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 62, 71, 75, 80, 115, 120, 145, 159, Estuary (Closed) 207, 234, 297, 300, 323, 393

Report

>100ha

Bovendste Wagendrift Brak River - airfield Brakkekloof wetland Brakvlei Dam Brandfontein Brandvlei Dam

8 8 443 39 3, 222 13, 87, 368, 396, 397

Wetland (Permanent) with seasonal marshland Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Temporary) Impoundment (Dam)

Scientific article Scientific article Consultancy report Monitoring data Unpublished report Report

Breede River Estuary

12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71, 97, 142, 143, 147, 148, 157, 219, 317, 352, 360

Estuary (Permanently open)

Breede River Estuary riparian wetlands Brommersvlei Wetland Buffeljags Dam Buffels (Oos) Estuary Buffels (Wes) Estuary Buffels River Dam Bulshoek Dam Burgers Inlet Burgerspan

123 392 13, 87, 397 12, 19, 20, 316, 345 316, 345 345, 397 13, 23 39 8, 39

Riparian/floodplain wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Marshy wetlands/Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Non perennial)

Pan (Temporary) Pan (Non perennial)

1 -10 ha 10 - 20ha

Acid (<6)

Brak

>2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

>2m 0 - 0.5m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Acid (<6) Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak Brak Brak Hypersaline Brak Saline Brak

10 - 20ha 0 - 0.5m

0 - 0.5m 20 - 100ha 10 - 20ha 0 - 0.5m

Acid (<6) >2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) 1 -10 ha

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Acid (<6)

Brak Brak

>100ha

0 - 0.5m >2m

Report

>100ha

>2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Report Consultancy report Report Report Institutional report Institutional report Report Monitoring data Scientific article

>100ha >2m 0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m >2m >2m

Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8) Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8)

>100ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha 10 - 20ha >100ha 1 -10 ha 10 - 20ha

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Saline Hypersaline

Appendix 5 Byways Dam Calitzdorp Dam Cape Corps Cape Flats Sewage Treatment Works Cape Peninsula Restio Wetland Cape Point temporary pool A Cape Point temporary pool C Cape Point temporary pool M Cape Point Wetlands Cedarberg Wetlands Cederberg Wetlands Clanwilliam Dam Clanwilliam Dam - palmiet wetland below dam Cornervlei Cowvlei Damara Dam Daytona Dam De Bos Dam - Hermanus De Bron De Diepte Gatt

39 397 2, 8 9, 10 3 449 449 449 177 423 3 13, 23, 87, 239, 397, 401 439 95 95 39 39 397 372 8

De Hoop Vlei

11, 13, 23, 39, 45, 71, 83, 17, 108, 109, 119, 122, 130, 131, 132, 145, 159, 170, 174, 192, 194, 202, 207, 265, 300, 362

De Mond / Heuningnes River Estuary

Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam)

Sponge Impoundment (Dam) Wetlands around Impoundment (Dam) Wetland (Seasonal) Wetland (Seasonal) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Vlei

Monitoring data Institutional report Thesis Scientific article Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Institutional report WCWF Map Input Thesis Report WCWF Map Input Thesis Thesis Monitoring data Monitoring data Institutional report Consultancy report Scientific article

Coastal lake

Report

>100ha

11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 39, 45, 71, 122, 148, 176, 179, 181, 182, 188, 191, 192, 194, 206, 207, 222, 223, 244, 295, 300, Estuary (Artificially kept open) 323

Report

>100ha

De Rust Dam De Villiers Dam De Vlakte De Vreede Dennebos Dick Dent Bird Sanctuary Die Dam, northeast of De Hoop Vlei Die Oog Die Pan (Vispan) Die Plaat

39 168, 267, 269 8 8 411 23, 300 131 335 8 39

Monitoring data Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article WCWF Map Input Database Institutional report Wetlands Datasheets Scientific article Monitoring data

1 -10 ha

Diep River Estuary (Milnerton Lagoon)

2, 13, 23, 71, 74, 143, 147, 197, 207, 270, 302, 319, 337, 352, Estuary (Temporarily open/closed)/lagoon 375

Thesis

Diep River riparian wetlands Donkerkloof Tributary Doornfontein 1 Doornfontein 2 Doornfontein 3

2, 390 8 3 3 3

Thesis Scientific article Thesis Thesis Thesis

Artificial wetland Marsh - Restio Pool - Temporary Pool - Temporary Pool - Temporary Wetlands

Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam)

Artificial water body Vlei (small) Seepage wetland and spring-fed pond Pan Estuary

Riparian wetlands Floodplain Pan (Semi-permanent) Salt pan

10 - 20ha 1 -10 ha 20 - 100ha

>2m 0 - 0.5m 0.5 - 2m

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Acid (<6) Acid (<6) Acid (<6)

>100ha >100ha >100ha 1 -10 ha 10 - 20ha 1 -10 ha

1 -10 ha <1ha

>2m

Acid (<6) Acid (<6)

>2m

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Acid (<6)

Brak

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

0.5 - 2m

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Fresh Hypersaline Hypersaline

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Hypersaline Brak Brak

Brak Brak

0.5 - 2m

>100ha >100ha

Brak Saline

0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Appendix 5 Driefontein Farm Dam Driehoekvlei Driftsands Nature Reserve Droevlei Droevlei A Droevlei B Du Toits Duiwenhoks Dam - Heidelberg Duiwenhoks River Estuary Duiwenhoks wetland system Duthie Reserve, Stellenbosch Dwars River Mouth lagoon Dwarsberg wetlands Echo Valley pool Edith Stephens Wetland Park

23 3, 8 435 23, 300 39 39 396 13, 397 12, 13, 20, 23, 71, 148, 315 406 414 391 387 168 23, 267, 421, 422

Eerste River Estuary (Kuils River Estuary)

Impoundment (Farm dam) Vlei

Lagoon/ Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Riparian wetlands Pool Wetlands

Database Thesis WCWF Map Input Database Monitoring data Monitoring data Consultancy report Report Report WCWF Map Input WCWF Map Input Consultancy report Wetlands Datasheets Scientific article Institutional report

12, 19, 20, 23, 71, 94, 148, 246, 267, 330, 345, 357, 260, 267

Estuary (Temporarily open/closed)

Report

>100ha

Egbertsvlei Eikenhof Dam

39 23, 245, 300

Pan (Non perennial) Impoundment (Dam)

Monitoring data Database

1 -10 ha

Eilandvlei

3, 11, 17, 23, 112, 121, 126, 138, 140, 144, 159, 207, 220, 306 Coastal lake

Report

>100ha

>2m

Elandskloof Dam - Villiersdorp Elandskloof wetlands Elgin area - E01 farmdam Elgin area - E02 farmdam Elgin area - E03 farmdam Elgin area - E04 farmdam Elgin area - E05 farmdam Elgin area - E06 farmdam Elgin area - E07 farmdam Elgin area - E08 farmdam Elgin area - E09 farmdam Elgin area - E10 farmdam Elgin area - E11 farmdam Elgin area - E11b farmdam Elgin area - E12 farmdam Elgin area - E13 farmdam Elgin area - E14 farmdam Elgin area - E15 farmdam Elgin area - E16 farmdam Elgin area - E17 farmdam Elgin area - E18 farmdam Elgin area - E19 farmdam Elgin area - E20 farmdam

13, 396, 397 396 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4

Report Consultancy report Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis

20 - 100ha >100ha 1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha <1ha 1 -10 ha

>2m

Vlei/ Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Non perennial) Floodplain wetland Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Permanently open) Riparian wetlands

Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetland Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam)

0 - 0.5m

1 -10 ha 20 - 100ha >100ha 20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha

>2m >2m

1 -10 ha

0 - 0.5m

1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha <1ha 1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha 1 -10 ha <1ha

Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline Saline

Neutral (6 - 8)

Fresh

Saline Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Appendix 5 Elgin area - E21 farmdam Elgin area - E22 farmdam Elgin area - E23 farmdam Elgin area - E24 farmdam Elgin area - E25 farmdam Elgin area - E26 farmdam Elgin area - E27 farmdam Elgin area - E28 farmdam Elias Gat (Vioolskloof) Elim Dams Elsenberg Dam Elsies River Estuary Elsies Tributary lower reach wetlands Elsies Tributary middle reach wetlands Elsies Tributary upper reach wetlands Ernest Robertson dam Esperanto Dam A Esperanto Dam B Fairfield Dams Farm 182 (Peter's Bog) Februariesvlei Fernwood Erf 242 Wetland Fernwood Estate springs & wetland

1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 8 39 39 20, 316, 345 278 278 278 299 39 39 39 8 391 294 293

Fish Hoek/Noordhoek Corridor, Hout Bay and Cape Flats

177

Floriskraal Dam Fonteinjiesberg Wetland Gamkapoort Dam Gansbaai Geelbeksvlei Gemsbok Dam George Sewage Works Gillidam Glencairn Vlei Goodwood ephemeral pans Goukamma River Estuary Goukou (Kafferkuils) River Estuary Goukou (Kafferkuils) River Estuary - riparian wetlands Goukou (Kafferkuils) River wetlands Goukou (Kafferkuils) River Wetlands Gouriqua Gouritz River Estuary Grabouw Dam - G1d Great Brak River Estuary Greyton wetlands

13, 397 424 13, 397 8 155, 233 23 23 44, 449 2, 235, 278, 389 280 12, 13, 19, 23, 140, 148, 154 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71, 148, 315 123 386 327, 409 8 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71, 148, 296 402 12, 13, 19, 23, 71, 140, 143, 147, 148, 202 396

Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Riparian wetlands Riparian wetlands Black-water seeps Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Coastal vlei Wetland (Seasonal) Spring wetlands, ponds

Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Scientific article Monitoring data Monitoring data Scientific article Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Institutional report Monitoring data Monitoring data Monitoring data Scientific article Consultancy report Wetlands Datasheets Wetlands Datasheets

1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha 1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

10 - 20ha 10 - 20ha 1 -10 ha

20 - 100ha 10 - 20ha 10 - 20ha

Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

>100ha <1ha 1 -10 ha

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

>100ha

>2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

>100ha

>2m

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak Brak Brak

Fresh Brak Fresh

Institutional report Impoundment (Dam) Mountain seepage Impoundment (Dam) Vlei Riparian wetland (Permanent) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Artificial water body Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetlands (Seasonal, freshwater) Pan - Ephemeral Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Estuary (Permanently open) Floodplain wetland Riparian wetlands - peat Riparian wetlands Estuary (Permanently open) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Floodplain wetland

Report WCWF Map Input Report Scientific article Wetlands Datasheets Database Database Thesis Thesis Consultancy report Report Report Report Wetlands Datasheets WCWF Map Input Scientific article Report Scientific article Report Consultancy report

Brak

10 - 20ha

<1ha 20 - 100ha

0.5 - 2m 0.5 - 2m

20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha

>2m >2m

>100ha >100ha

0 - 0.5m >2m

>100ha

Acid (<6) Acid (<6) Alkaline (>8)

Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8)

Fresh Saline Saline

Fresh Fresh Brak Saline

Appendix 5 Groenvlei - Breede River

396

Floodplain wetland

Consultancy report

>100ha

Groenvlei - Wilderness

3, 13, 18, 23, 39, 50, 97, 112, 129, 140, 144, 153, 159, 195, 207, 265, 300, 306

Coastal lake

Report

>100ha

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

Groot - Paardevlei Groot - Rondevlei Groot (Wes) River Estuary - Nature's Valley Groot Brak Estuary Groot Rondevlei - Betty's Bay Groot Vlakte Groot Witvlei Grootfontein Farm Dam 1 Grootfontein Farm Dam 2 Grootvlei Grootvlei North - Betty's Bay Grootvlei South - Bettys Bay Grootvloer Gwaing Estuary Gwayang Riparian Wetlands Hagelkraal River riparian wetlands Hamburg Pan Hartebeeskuil Dam Hartenbos River Estuary Haze Vlakte Helderberg Nature Reserve Helderstroom Heldervue Dam - Somerset West Helderwater Pan Hely-Hutchinson Reservoir Hemel en Aarde Herold Farm Dam 1 Herold Farm Dam 2 Herold Farm Dam 3 Herold Farm Dam 4 Herold Farm Dam 5 Herold Farm Dam 6 Herold Farm Dam 7 Het Kruis Heuningrug to Wiesdrif Heuningrugt pan Heuwelfontein Hex River Farm Dam - Ar Hex River Farm Dam - Br Hex River Farm Dam - Dd Hex River wetlands

159 3, 8 12, 19, 20, 23, 140, 207, 209 20, 299 3, 8 41, 44, 265, 276 3 8, 23, 44, 265, 276 23 23 71, 95 177 177 123 12 231 8, 41, 166, 177, 287 39 23 12, 13, 19, 20, 314, 323 3 207 396 397 39 269 8, 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 207 207 39 39 402 402 402 396

Coastal lake (isolated) Black-water lake Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Black-water lake (Pan - Temporary?) Floodplain vlei Black-water lake Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Wetland (Seasonal)

Report Thesis Institutional report Scientific article Thesis Thesis Scientific article Database Database Scientific article Institutional report Institutional report Report Report Wetlands Datasheets Report Monitoring data Database Report Thesis Institutional report Consultancy report Institutional report Monitoring data Scientific article Scientific article Database Database Database Database Database Database Database Institutional report Institutional report Monitoring data Monitoring data Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article Consultancy report

20 - 100ha

0 - 0.5m 0.5 - 2m

Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak Saline Saline Brak Brak Brak

Salt flats Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Riparian wetlands Riparian wetlands Pan (Non perennial) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Floodplain vlei - Restio marsh Riparian wetlands - dam, marshy Riparian wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Non perennial) Impoundment (Dam) Marshland Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Marshy depression Riparian wetlands/ pans Pan (Perennial) Floodplain wetland Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Floodplain wetland

10 - 20ha 10 - 20ha

0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m 0.5 - 2m

>100ha

Alkaline (>8)

1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak Saline

Neutral (6 - 8)

Hypersaline Brak

10 - 20ha

0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m

>100ha >100ha 1 -10 ha

1 -10 ha >100ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha

>100ha

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak

Alkaline (>8)

Hypersaline

Hypersaline

Appendix 5 Highland Home bottom Highland Home Upper Hohenort Detention Dam Honing Rug Hoogvertoon Houdenbek Dam Houdenbek Dam A Houdenbek Dam B Hout Bay River Riparian Wetland Hout Bay River Estuary Ida's Valley Dam Idas Valley Dam - Lower - Stellenbosch Idas Valley Dam - Upper - Stellenbosch Idas Valley off-channel dams Jackson Dam Jakkalsfontein Private Reserve Wetlands Jakkalsvlei Jakkalsvlei Pan Joosfontein A Joosfontein B Joostenbergkloof Dam Kaaimans River Estuary Kaaimans River Riparian wetlands Molen Kammanassie Dam Karatara Lake (or Karriewater) Karbonaatjies Dam Karbonkelberg, Hout Bay, wetlands Kars River riparian wetlands Keerom Dam Kenilworth Racecourse Kervelsvlei Keurbooms River Estuary Keysers River floodplain wetland Keysers River reed marsh Keysers River Riparian Wetland Keysers River salt marshes Keysers River salt pans Keysers River sedge marsh Khayelitsha Pool Khayelitsha Wetlands Kiekoesvlei Kiphoek saltpans Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens Kirstenhof Wetland Klaasjagers Estuary

39 39 392 3 8 23 39 39 2, 133, 355 12, 19, 20 246 397 397 267 278 149 2, 13, 23, 39, 71, 300, 367 450 39 39 23 12, 13, 140 231 13, 23 195 39 281 123 396 2, 8, 41, 177, 185 329 12, 19, 20, 21, 23, 140, 152, 298, 300, 322 282 225 2 282 225, 282 225, 282 8 102, 105 8, 39 39 207 392 8

Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Floodplain vlei/ Restio marsh Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Riparian Wetlands Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetlands Estuary (Closed) Estuary (Closed) - pan Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Permanently open) Riparian wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Seep/sponge wetlands Floodplain vlei Impoundment (Dam) Wetland Wetland - Peat Estuary (Permanently open) Floodplain wetland Marsh - reed Riparian Wetland Salt mashes Salt pans Marsh - Sedgemarsh Wetland - pool Wetland Pan (Non perennial) Salt pan Marshy area Riparian wetland (Typha-dominated) Estuary

Monitoring data Monitoring data Consultancy report Thesis Scientific article Database Monitoring data Monitoring data Wetlands Datasheets Report Institutional report Institutional report Institutional report Institutional report Consultancy report Wetlands Datasheets Report Consultancy report Monitoring data Monitoring data Database Report Wetlands Datasheets Report Scientific article Monitoring data Consultancy report Report Consultancy report Thesis Wetlands Datasheets Report Consultancy report Consultancy report Thesis Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Scientific article Published literature Scientific article Monitoring data Institutional report Consultancy report Scientific article

1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline Brak

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak

0.5 - 2m

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Fresh Brak Fresh

>2m >2m

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

0 - 0.5m

20 - 100ha >100ha

1 -10 ha 10 - 20ha 1 -10 ha

10 - 20ha 20 - 100ha

0 - 0.5m

10 - 20ha 1 -10 ha

>100ha

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline Saline

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Acid (<6)

Brak

>2m

1 -10 ha <1ha 20 - 100ha 0 - 0.5m 20 - 100ha >100ha

>2m

Saline

1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) 20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha <1ha

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak Hypersaline

Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Appendix 5 Klapmuts Dam Klavervlei Kleigat Pan Klein Brak Estuary Klein Hamburg Pan Klein River Estuary Kleinmond River Estuary Kleinplaas Dam - Jonkershoek river Kleinplaas Dam - Lewis Gay Dam intermediate wetlands Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown (downstream openwater/Phragmites australis wetland) Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown (marginal wetlands) Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown (upstream wetlands) Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown (wetland below wall) Klein Rondevlei Kleynkloof Private Nature Reserve Dam Klipberg Dam Klipdrifsfontein Estuary Kliphoek Kluitjieskraal Wetland Knipes Hope Dam Knollefontein

39 2, 23, 63, 300 39 12, 13, 19, 21, 71, 73, 140, 148 39 12, 13, 19, 21, 23, 71, 81, 97, 143, 147, 148, 159, 202, 218, 268, 323, 352 21, 23, 27, 30, 71, 148, 185, 207, 300, 393 246 278 8, 278, 345, 397

Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Non perennial) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Pan (Non perennial)

Monitoring data Thesis Monitoring data Report Monitoring data

1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha >100ha 1 -10 ha

Estuary (Temporarily closed/open)

Report

>100ha

Estuary (usually open) Impoundment (Dam) Wetlands around Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam)

Scientific article Institutional report Consultancy report Scientific article

>100ha

278

Riparian wetlands

Consultancy report

278 278 2 3 166 396 12, 19 39 23, 432 39 8

Wetlands around Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetlands Wetlands around Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Temporary) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Floodplain Wetland Impoundment (Dam)

Consultancy report Consultancy report Thesis Thesis Wetlands Datasheets Consultancy report Report Monitoring data Database Monitoring data Scientific article

Estuary (Permanently open)

Report

Artificial wetland Artificial water body - ponds Pan Pan Pan Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Artificial water body Impoundment (Farm dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Floodplain pan Floodplain pan/ Restio marsh Floodplain pan Riparian wetlands

Database Consultancy report Scientific article Scientific article Database Institutional report Report Institutional report Consultancy report Consultancy report Report Report Thesis Thesis Thesis Wetlands Datasheets Scientific article

Knysna Estuary

12, 13, 19, 21, 23, 75, 82, 97, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 156, 171, 207, 249, 161, 262, 164, 300, 346, 352, 441, 444

Knysna Estuary Sewage Works Koeberg Private Nature Reserve infiltration ponds Koekiespan Koekiespan (2nd site) Koenskraal Pan Kogelberg Dam Korinte Vet Korrentepoort Dam - Riversdale Kraaifontein Waste Water Treatment Works Kreupelboom Krom Estuary Krom Estuary (Oos)?? Kruispad 1 Kruispad 2 Kruispad 3 Kruisrivier wetlands Kuilenburg

23 289 8 8 23 245 13, 87 397 366 372 12 19 3 3 3 385 8

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

>2m

Acid (<6)

Brak

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Acid (<6) Alkaline (>8)

Brak

10 - 20ha

Alkaline (>8)

Hypersaline

20 - 100ha

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Alkaline (>8)

Hypersaline

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Hypersaline Hypersaline

20 - 100ha

0 - 0.5m

Saline

>2m

1 -10 ha

>100ha

>100ha >100ha

>2m

>2m >2m

Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8)

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline Brak

Neutral (6 - 8)

Fresh Brak

>100ha

20 - 100ha

0 - 0.5m

Appendix 5 Kuils River Wetlands Kwaggaskloof Dam Kwarte La Rochelle Lake Michelle - salt pan/marsh Lake Michelle - Lake (Shallow) Lake near Cecilia's Drift, Paarl Lakens Valley Dam - Ceres Lamloch swamps Landdroskop wetlands Landskroon Dam

2, 388, 436 396 396 3 372 373 83 397 27 384 39

Thesis Consultancy report Consultancy report Thesis Consultancy report Consultancy report Scientific article Institutional report Scientific article Wetlands Datasheets Monitoring data

20 - 100ha

Langebaan Lagoon

11, 13, 21, 23, 45, 71, 72, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 99, 104, 122, 143, 147, 148, 158, 173, 196, 198, 199, 202, Embayment - Lagoon 203, 205, 207, 224, 239, 274, 300, 301, 313, 338, 347, 352, 356, 361, 365

Report

>100ha

Langevlei Langfontein Dam Langpan Langpan

2, 250, 372 39 3 39

Vlei and riparian wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Salt pan Pan (Perennial)

Thesis Monitoring data Thesis Monitoring data

1 -10 ha <1ha

Langvlei - Wilderness

3, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23, 112, 121, 126, 140, 144, 159, 207, 220, 306

Coastal lake

Report

396 13, 23 350 350

Riparian wetland Impoundment (Dam) Floodplain riparian wetland Floodplain riparian wetland

350 350 350 350 350 267, 278, 345, 397 39 2, 372, 397 351 2 12, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71, 94, 148, 345 267 12, 19 231 23 8, 83, 36, 397 12, 19 39

Le Chasseur Leeu Gamka Dam Leeuriver wetlands - Floodplain wetland (Site D) Leeuriver wetlands - Floodplain wetland (Site E) Leeuriver wetlands - Floodplain wetland upstream of weir (Site G) Leeuriver wetlands - Merging with river channel (Site F) Leeuriver wetlands - Seepage wetland (Site B) Leeuriver wetlands - Shallow Pools (Site A) Leeuriver wetlands - Site C below orchards Lewis Gay Dam Little Meadows Little Princess Vlei Loch Venus Lotus River Lourens River Estuary Lourens River: Land-en-Zeezicht Maalgate Estuary Maalgate Riparian Wetlands Macassar Waste Water Treatment Works Malkopsvlei (Black Bass Lake - Betty's Bay) Matjies Estuary Matjieskuil

Riparian wetlands - floodplain wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetland Salt pan Salt marsh/pans Lake (Shallow) Lake (small, slightly acid and eutrophic) Impoundment (Dam) Swamps Riparian wetlands Impoundment (Dam)

0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8)

0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8)

>100ha >100ha

20 - 100ha

>2m >2m

1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha

Saline Brak

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Alkaline (>8)

Fresh Saline

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Fresh Brak Saline Hypersaline

>100ha

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Consultancy report Report Thesis Thesis

>100ha >100ha 20 - 100ha >100ha

>2m 0.5 - 2m 0.5 - 2m

Neutral (6 - 8) Acid (<6)

Floodplain wetland

Thesis

>100ha

0.5 - 2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Riparian wetland Seepage wetland Riparian shallow pools Riparian wetland Impoundment (Dam) Wetland Artificial water body - vlei Wetland (Perennial) Riparian wetlands Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Riparian wetlands Artificial water body Black-water Lake (Acidic) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Pan (Non perennial)

Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Consultancy report Monitoring data Consultancy report Consultancy report Thesis Report Institutional report Report Wetlands Datasheets Database Scientific article Report Monitoring data

20 - 100ha >100ha 20 - 100ha >100ha 1 -10 ha >100ha 1 -10 ha

0.5 - 2m 0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m 0.5 - 2m >2m

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Acid (<6) Alkaline (>8) Acid (<6)

0.5 - 2m

Acid (<6)

0.5 - 2m

Alkaline (>8)

20 - 100ha

Saline

>100ha 1 -10 ha

>2m

Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Appendix 5 Matrusfontein Meerlust Dam Melkbos Pan Melkbos Pan 1 Memel Dams Middelberg-wes Middelskilpadvlei A Middelskilpadvlei B Middelskilpadvlei C Middelvlei Wetland System Milnerton Ditch Misverstand Dam Mocke River Wetland Modder River Mouth Modder River Riparian Wetlands Moddervlei Moddervlei - In Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary Molen Riparian Wetlands Moordkuil Vlei Moordkuil Dam Morester Dam Mosquito Kolk West Pan Mossel Bay Sewage Works Mossgas Dams Nanties Reservoir - Paarl Naudes Dam Nethercourt Noetsie Estuary Nooeinsfontein Noord Agter Paarl Irrigation Dam Noordhoek Dam Noordhoek Ditch Noordhoek Pick & Pay Reedbeds Noordhoek Salt Pans Noordhoek Tidal lagoon Noordhoek Wetlands Nuweberg Dam Nuwejaars River - Brakpan area Nuwejaars River - riparian wetlands Nuwejaars River Riparian Wetlands Odessa

207 39 3, 8, 64, 66, 194, 429 3 39 8 39 39 39 43 2 250, 447 285 23 8 8, 189, 207 95, 286, 340 231 39 39 39 8 23, 300 23 397 39 396 12, 19 359, 372, 380, 437 23, 39 23 2 351, 372 2, 8, 71, 248 351, 398 59, 60, 413 245, 348 207 123 190 3

Wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Pan (small) Salt pan Impoundment (Dam)

Olifants River Estuary

12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 45, 71, 97, 106, 143, 147, 148, 202, Estuary (Permanently open) 300, 318

Report

Olifants River Estuary - riparian wetlands

123

Report

Pan (Non perennial) Pan (Non perennial) Pan (Non perennial) Wetlands Ditch Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetland Estuary Riparian wetland Riparian wetlands Wetland (Seasonal) Riparian wetlands Pan (Non perennial) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Pan Artificial water body Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetland Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Floodplain wetland Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Ditch Wetland (Reedbed) Salt pan Lagoon (tidal) Wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetlands Floodplain vlei Riparian wetlands Floodplain vlei

Riparian wetland

Institutional report Monitoring data Thesis Thesis Monitoring data Scientific article Monitoring data Monitoring data Monitoring data Thesis Thesis Wetlands Datasheets Consultancy report Database Scientific article Scientific article Thesis Wetlands Datasheets Monitoring data Monitoring data Monitoring data Scientific article Database Database Institutional report Monitoring data Consultancy report Report Consultancy report Database Database Thesis Consultancy report Thesis Consultancy report Published literature Institutional report Institutional report Report Thesis Thesis

20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha 1 -10 ha

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

10 - 20ha 10 - 20ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha

20 - 100ha 1 -10 ha

0 - 0.5m >2m

>100ha >100ha 1 -10 ha >100ha 20 - 100ha

10 - 20ha 1 -10 ha >100ha

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline Brak Saline

Alkaline (>8)

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak Brak

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline Brak Fresh Brak

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

>2m

20 - 100ha 0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8)

1 -10 ha >100ha

0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8)

20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha

>2m

Acid (<6)

Neutral (6 - 8) >100ha

Saline Brak Saline Brak

>2m

Saline Hypersaline

Appendix 5 Olifantskraal marsh Olyfenboomen Dam Onrus River Estuary Orange St Reservoir Ou Soutpan Oudebosch Oudtshoorn Sewage Works Oukloof Dam - Prince Albert Over Hex A Dam Over Hex B Dam Overberg area - O01 farmdam Overberg area - O02 farmdam Overberg area - O03 farmdam Overberg area - O04 farmdam Overberg area - O05 farmdam Overberg area - O06 farmdam Overberg area - O07 farmdam Overberg area - O08 farmdam Overberg area - O09 farmdam Overberg area - O10 farmdam Overberg area - O11 farmdam Overberg area - O12 farmdam Overberg area - O13 farmdam Overberg area - O14 farmdam Overberg area - O15 farmdam Overberg area - O16 farmdam Overberg area - O17 farmdam Overberg area - O18 farmdam Overberg area - O19 farmdam Overberg area - O20 farmdam Overberg area - O21 farmdam Overberg area - O22 farmdam Overberg area - O23 farmdam Overberg area - O24 farmdam Overberg area - O25 farmdam Overberg area - O26 farmdam Overberg area - O27 farmdam Overberg area - O28 farmdam Overberg area - O29 farmdam Overberg area - O30 farmdam Overberg area - O31 farmdam Overstrand Municipality erf 1895 dam Paarden Eiland Vlei (Zoarvlei) Paardevlei Dam Paarl Bird Sanctuary

207 39 12, 20, 22, 164, 211 2 3 420 23, 63 397 39 39 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 1, 4 166 71, 302, 304, 321, 372, 446 23, 71, 136, 300, 374 23, 300

Marsh wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Impoundment (Dam) Floodplain vlei Artificial water body Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Coastal floodplain/marsh Impoundment (Dam) Artificial water body

Institutional report Monitoring data Report Thesis Thesis WCWF Map Input Database Institutional report Monitoring data Monitoring data Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Wetlands Datasheets Scientific article Database Database

1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha 10 - 20ha

Alkaline (>8) >2m 0 - 0.5m

20 - 100ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha 1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha <1ha 1 -10 ha <1ha 1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha <1ha

>2m

10 - 20ha

0.5 - 2m >2m

Brak Saline Brak

Alkaline (>8)

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak Fresh

Neutral (6 - 8)

Fresh

Appendix 5 Paarl Sewage Works Padkuilsvlei Padvlei Paleisheuwel dam Palloti Wetland Palmiet fontein Palmiet River Dam

39, 63, 207 95 95 207 253, 255 3 267

Artificial water body Wetland (Seasonal) Wetland (Seasonal) Impoundment (Farm Dam) Riparian wetland Pan (Temporary) Impoundment (Dam)

Monitoring data Thesis Thesis Institutional report Wetlands Datasheets Thesis Institutional report

20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha

Palmiet River Estuary

12, 13, 19, 23, 51, 54, 71, 79, 148, 245, 275, 364, 393, 399

Estuary (Permanently open)

Report

>100ha

Papenkuils Papkuilsvlei Parkwood Vlei Parkwood Wetlands Pearly Beach Pelican Park artificial wetlands Pelican Park dune slack core wetlands Pelican Park marginal disturbed wetlands Phesantekraal Farm Dam Piesang River Estuary Pietersfontein Dam Piketberg dam - P2d Pinelands (the Crossing) Platdrif Platteklip River Riparian Wetlands Plettenberg Bay Sewage Works Pollsmoor Dam Poortjeskloof Dam Porterville Municipal Dam Potberg Pan (Lower)

368, 369, 396 2, 227, 351 23 434 8, 287 288 288 288 334 12, 19, 20, 140, 298 396, 397 402 8 8 284 140, 207 267, 392 13, 396, 397 397 23

Floodplain palustrine wetland Wetland (Seasonal) Vlei

>100ha

Riparian wetlands Artificial water body Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Pan

Consultancy report Thesis Database WCWF Map Input Scientific article Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Report Consultancy report Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article Consultancy report Institutional report Institutional report Report Institutional report Database

20 - 100ha

>2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Princess Vlei

2, 5, 10, 71, 83, 95, 159, 167, 168, 204, 241, 269, 372, 397

Coastal lake

Thesis

20 - 100ha

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Pringle Bay Restio marsh Proposed Brooklands dam site Proposed Da Gama Park Dam site Proposed Hangklip Dam Proposed Malmesbury Golf Esate: Seepage area in wheatfields Proposed Malmesbury Golf Estate: artificial channel 1 Proposed Malmesbury Golf Estate: artificial channel 2 Proposed Malmesbury Golf Estate: Seasonal wetland Protea Wetland Protea/Kirstenbosch Wetland - wetland Protea/Kirstenbosch Wetland - springs, ponds Purgatory

3 278 278 400

Restio marsh Seepage wetlands Impoundment (Dam)

Thesis Consultancy report Consultancy report Published literature

>100ha

>2m

284

Seepage

Consultancy report

284 284 284 251 291 292 419

Artificial water body Artificial water body Wetland (Seasonal) Riparian wetland (permanent) Wetland (Seasonal) Spring wetlands, ponds

Consultancy report Consultancy report Consultancy report Wetlands Datasheets Wetlands Datasheets Wetlands Datasheets WCWF Map Input

1 -10 ha <1ha <1ha

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0.5 - 2m

Marsh - Coastal lake Artificial water body Dune slack wetlands Wetlands Impoundment (Farm Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam)

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline

0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

>2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Hypersaline

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

>100ha 20 - 100ha

0.5 - 2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak Brak

1 -10 ha

Appendix 5 Quagga Plaat Raapenberg Bird Sanctuary Rachmere Radyn Dam Ratel River 1 Ratel River 2 Ratel River Estuary Ratel River Estuary - riparian wetlands Ratel River I Ratel River II Ratel River wetland Rawson Dam Retention dam/vlei on UWC campus Rhenosterkop Pan Rietfontein

8 23, 137, 207, 254, 256, 300 3 23, 39, 300 3 3 8, 12, 19, 41, 71 123 8 8 427 278 266 8, 39, 207 3

Rietvlei

2, 12, 19, 21, 23, 39, 45, 71, 74, 100, 103, 159, 197, 200, 226, Riparian wetland - vlei 300, 302, 305, 319, 320, 332, 337, 366, 372, 375, 390

Thesis

>100ha

Rietvlei/Milnerton sewage works Rietvlei/Paardeneiland (Zoarvlei) vleis Riverlands Nature Reserve Riversdale Riviersonderend River Riparian wetlands Robberg Vlei Rocher Pan Rocklands Dam Rockview Dam Romar Dam Rondeberg Rondebosch Common Rondeheuvel Rondepan Ronderug

207 202 438 8 123, 396, 425 328 3, 23, 39, 71, 134, 135, 202, 215, 300 23, 39 245 39 8 433 396 39 3

>100ha >100ha

Riparian wetland Pan (Perennial) Pan (Temporary)

Institutional report Scientific article WCWF Map Input Scientific article Report Wetlands Datasheets Thesis Database Institutional report Monitoring data Scientific article WCWF Map Input Consultancy report Monitoring data Thesis

Rondevlei - Cape Peninsula

2, 10, 23, 40, 44, 45, 69, 71, 83, 95, 137, 141, 159, 163, 165, 168, 207, 263, 269, 286, 300, 342, 343, 354, 363, 372, 377, 378, 379, 381, 442, 448

Coastal vlei

Thesis

Rondevlei - Wilderness

3, 11, 14, 17, 23, 65, 112, 121, 126, 140, 144, 159, 207, 220, 306

Coastal lake

Roode Els Berg Dam Rooiels River Estuary Rooipan Rooipan Rooirivier floodplain wetland

13, 396, 397 12, 19, 20, 71, 148, 208, 345 8 39 231

Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Pan (Non perennial) Pan (Non perennial) Floodplain wetland

Riparian wetland Floodplain vlei Impoundment (Farm Dam) Coastal lake Floodplain vlei/ Restio marsh Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Floodplain wetland

Riparian wetland Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Retention Dam) Pan (Shallow, perennial) Pan (Temporary)

Artificial water body Vlei (Seasonal)

Floodplain wetland Wetland (Perennial, Reed-dominated) Pan (Temporary) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam)

Scientific article Scientific article Thesis Database Thesis Thesis Scientific article Report Scientific article Scientific article WCWF Map Input Consultancy report Institutional report Scientific article Thesis

10 - 20ha

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline Brak Brak

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline Brak

0 - 0.5m

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline Saline

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

0 - 0.5m

20 - 100ha 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

10 - 20ha

Acid (<6) >100ha 10 - 20ha 20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak Brak

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak Brak

0 - 0.5m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Hypersaline Brak

20 - 100ha

0.5 - 2m

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Report

>100ha

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Report Report Scientific article Monitoring data Wetlands Datasheets

20 - 100ha 1 -10 ha

>2m >2m

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Hypersaline Hypersaline Fresh

1 -10 ha

>100ha 10 - 20ha

1 -10 ha 10 - 20ha

0.5 - 2m

Appendix 5 Rooisand deflation surface Rooiwal Rozenburg Ruigtevlei - Villiersdorp Ruigtevlei - Wilderness Salmonsdam Sand Estuary Schaapkop Riparian Wetlands Scherpenheuvel Schusterbrandvlei Schusters River Estuary Sederhoutkop Sedgefield Estuary Seekoegat Dam (Potgieter Dam) SHAWCO wetland

27 3 207 410 195, 207 8 12, 345 231 396 229 12 8 140, 148 23 236

Wetland Pan (Semi-permanent) Impoundment (Farm Dam)

Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Impoundment (Dam) Wetland

Scientific article Thesis Institutional report WCWF Map Input Scientific article Scientific article Report Wetlands Datasheets Consultancy report Wetlands Datasheets Report Scientific article Institutional report Database Wetlands Datasheets

Silvermine - Pool at the 4th hole on the Clovelly golf-course 376

Riparian Pool

Consultancy report

Silvermine Dam Silvermine Dam Inflow Silvermine River (Lower) Riparian Wetlands Silvermine River Estuary Silvermine River Riparian Wetlands Silvermine vlei Silvermine wetlands of Flood Management Scheme SilverOaks, Erf 1367, Brackenfell wetlands Silversteen Estate: Juncus marsh lands Silversteen Estate: Typha capensis marshes Silwerstroom Spring Sir Lowry's Pass Estuary Sirkelsvlei Skuifraam Dam (Berg River Dam) Skulpadsvlei Skulpadsvlei 1 Skulpadsvlei 2 Skulpadsvlei A Skulpadsvlei B Slagboom Dam Slangfontein Dam Slent Farm Dam Sneeuberg Hut Stream Soet Kraal

267, 345, 376, 397 8 8 12, 19, 20, 162, 247, 345, 376 2 2, 267 376 283 290 290 228 12, 19, 20, 267, 316, 345 3, 44, 83, 159 370, 371, 447 159 3 3 39 39 39 23 23 8 404

Impoundment (Dam) Wetland Riparian wetland Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Riparian Wetland Vlei Artificial water body - riparian wetland Riparian wetlands Marshlands - Juncus Marshes - Typha capensis Seep Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Lake (small acid, humic) - Restio marsh Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Temporary) Pan (Temporary) Pan (Temporary) Pan (Non perennial) Pan (Non perennial) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Farm dam)

Institutional report Scientific article Scientific article Report Thesis Thesis Consultancy report Other Other Other Wetlands Datasheets Report Thesis Institutional report Report Thesis Thesis Monitoring data Monitoring data Monitoring data Database Database Scientific article WCWF Map Input

Soetendalsvlei

3, 8, 13, 23, 39, 71, 159, 178, 187, 192, 194, 207, 216, 232

Coastal lake

Scientific article

Soetendalsvlei Ditch Soetwater

8 3, 257

Ditch Pan (Semi-permanent)

Scientific article Thesis

Vlei Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Riparian wetlands Riparian wetland Riparian wetlands Estuary (Temporarily open/closed)

0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

Acid (<6)

Brak

Acid (<6)

Fresh

Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak

1 -10 ha 20 - 100ha

>100ha 1 -10 ha

0 - 0.5m

1 -10 ha

Acid (<6) Acid (<6) Neutral (6 - 8)

1 -10 ha <1ha 1 -10 ha

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Acid (<6) Alkaline (>8)

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0.5 - 2m

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Fresh Brak Saline

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak Brak Brak Brak Fresh

Acid (<6)

Brak

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

0 - 0.5m

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak Brak

10 - 20ha 1 -10 ha 10 - 20ha

>100ha

Brak Brak Brak

Appendix 5 Sonstraal Dam Sonstraal Dam - Durbanville Sout River Dam Sout River Estuary Sout River Estuary (Oos) Sout River Estuary (Wes) Sout River Estuary (Wes) Soutpan Soutpan 2 Soutpan, Elim Soutpanne - Yzerfontein Soutpansvlakte A (West) Soutpansvlakte B (East) Spaanschemat River Spaanschemat River b Springfield 1 Springfield 2 Springfield Dam Springfield saltpan Springfontein Dam Steenboksvlakte Dam Steenbras River Dam Steenbras River Estuary Sterkwater dam Stettyn Dam Stettynskloof Dam Stockwell dam Stompdrif Stompdrift Dam Stompdrift Dam - De Rust Stompdrift Dam - Lower Reaches Stormsvlei A Stormsvlei B Strandfontein b Strandfontein Sewage Works Suikerbosrand/Rietvlei Dams Sun Valley Sun Valley b Sun Valley Wetland Suurdam Suurdam Suurvlakte Suurvlakte (2nd site) Swart Riparian Wetlands Swartkop se Dam

246 397 39 13 12, 19, 20, 140, 209 12, 110 110 3, 194, 207 23 71 412 39 39 2 2 3 3 39 39 23, 300 39 13, 23, 168, 230, 267, 269, 300, 312, 397 12, 19, 316, 345 39 39 397 39 13 23 397 23 396 396 2 2, 23, 39, 45, 63, 71, 200, 202, 300, 442 23 2 2 417 44 349 8 8 231 23, 39

Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Permanently open) Estuary (Permanently open) Estuary (Canalized) Estuary (canalized) Salt pan Salt pan Salt pan Salt pan Pan (Non perennial) Pan (Non perennial) Riparian Wetland Riparian Wetland Pan (Temporary) Pan (Semi-permanent) Impoundment (Dam) Salt pans Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Permanently open) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetland Floodplain wetland Artificial water body Artificial water body Impoundment (Farm Dam)

Artificial wetland Black-water lake (Acidic)

Riparian wetlands Impoundment (Farm Dam)

Institutional report Institutional report Monitoring data Report Report Report Scientific article Thesis Database Scientific article WCWF Map Input Monitoring data Monitoring data Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Monitoring data Monitoring data Database Monitoring data Report Report Monitoring data Monitoring data Institutional report Monitoring data Report Database Institutional report Database Consultancy report Consultancy report Thesis Thesis Database Thesis Thesis WCWF Map Input Thesis Thesis Scientific article Scientific article Wetlands Datasheets Database

1 -10 ha 20 - 100ha

>2m

1 -10 ha

0.5 - 2m

>100ha

0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8)

Hypersaline

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline Brak Brak Saline

20 - 100ha 10 - 20ha

Saline Hypersaline 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Acid (<6) Acid (<6) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

1 -10 ha >100ha 10 - 20ha >100ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha 20 - 100ha 10 - 20ha >100ha >100ha

>2m >2m

>2m

Alkaline (>8) Acid (<6) Acid (<6) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak Brak Hypersaline Hypersaline Saline Fresh Brak Brak Saline

>2m >2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Acid (<6) Acid (<6) Acid (<6) Acid (<6)

Brak Brak

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

>100ha >100ha 20 - 100ha

0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m <1ha

>100ha

0.5 - 2m

Appendix 5 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 50, 52, 97, 112, 114, 124, 125, 138, 140, 144, 159, 207, 212, 217, 243, 258, 259, 273, 200, 306, 333, 339, 394, 444

Estuarine coastal lake

Report

The Lake Theewaterskloof Dam Touws River Estuary Tweefontein Tweevlei Uilkraals River Estuary Uintjieskuil riparian wetland - contour52-53 Uintjieskuil riparian wetland - contour52toR317 Uintjieskuil riparian wetland -downstream of road to confluence with Nuewjaars

351 13, 23, 267, 300, 396 11, 13, 23, 112, 138, 140, 144, 300, 306 391 39 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 71, 148, 238, 415 279 279

Salt pan Impoundment (Dam) Estuary (Temporarily closed/open) Coastal vlei Pan (Non perennial) Estuary (Permanently open) Riparian wetland Riparian wetland

Consultancy report Report Report Consultancy report Monitoring data Report Consultancy report Consultancy report

279

Riparian wetland

Consultancy report

Uintjieskuil upper Berzelia wetlands -above contour53 Uitkoms II Dam Ultra Soutpan Valkenberg Wetland Valskuil Dam Van Wyksvlei Vankervels vlei Varkensvlei Verkeerdevlei

279 39 71 252 207 123 403 8 23, 39

Riparian wetland Impoundment (Dam) Pan Riparian wetland Impoundment (Farm Dam) Salt flats Vlei Vlei Impoundment (Farm Dam)

Consultancy report Monitoring data Scientific article Wetlands Datasheets Institutional report Report WCWF Map Input Scientific article Database

Verlorenvlei

3, 11, 13, 21, 23, 39, 45, 63, 68, 71, 97, 98, 99, 111, 122, 148, Estuarine coastal lake and reedswamp system 159, 172, 202, 207, 213, 271, 300, 310, 311,344, 358, 367, 450

Thesis

>100ha

Vermont Salt Pan Verrekyker Victoria Dam Vispan Vlei Dam Vleiland/Vryheid Vlottenburg Dam Voelvlei - Buffels Voelvlei - Elim Voelvlei Dam - Klein Berg River Vogel Valley Vredenburg Dam Vrolijkheid Dam Vyeboom Wadrif Salt pan Wadrif Wetland Wagen Drift Wagenbooms River

8, 23, 39, 300 8 168, 267, 269 194 39 207 39 3, 23, 61, 71, 237, 300, 407 8, 39, 71, 159, 187, 189, 194, 207 13, 23, 83, 87, 267, 300, 353, 397, 447 3 39 39 396 13, 23, 39, 71, 202, 367, 450 450 3 3, 8

Scientific article Scientific article Scientific article Institutional report Monitoring data Institutional report Monitoring data Thesis Scientific article Report Thesis Monitoring data Monitoring data Consultancy report Report Consultancy report Thesis Thesis

Swartvlei

Salt pan - Non perennial Impoundment (Dam) Pan Impoundment (Dam) Riparian wetlands Impoundment (Dam) Vlei - Pan (seasonal) Coastal lake Impoundment (Dam) Pan (Temporary) Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Floodplain wetland Salt pan Salt pan Floodplain vlei Floodplain vlei

>100ha

>2m

>100ha 10 - 20ha

>2m

10 - 20ha >100ha

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline Brak

0.5 - 2m

1 -10 ha

Neutral (6 - 8)

Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak

Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8)

Saline Brak

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

10 - 20ha

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Acid (<6)

Hypersaline Brak

20 - 100ha 20 - 100ha 1 -10 ha >100ha >100ha >100ha

Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline Fresh

Alkaline (>8)

Brak

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak

Alkaline (>8)

Hypersaline

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak

1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha

0.5 - 2m

>100ha 0.5 - 2m

0 - 0.5m 0.5 - 2m >2m 0 - 0.5m

1 -10 ha 1 -10 ha >100ha >100ha 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Brak Brak Brak

Appendix 5 Wamakersvlei Waylands Wellington Waste Water Works Wemmershoek Dam Wemmershoek vlei Wesfleur WWTW artificial ponds Wesfleur WWTW southern infiltration ponds Wesselsgat wetlands Westbank detention pond Westlake Stream and wetlands Wetland on Erf 4663, Betty's Bay Wetlands SW of Mierkraal Wetvlei White Water Dam (Dirk Uys) Wiesdrif Wiesdrif Farm pan Wilderness Lakes Wildevoëlvlei - Cape Peninsula Wind Heuvel Wit River wetlands Witsand Aquifer Recharge Witsands Beach Wetland Wittedrif Woodhead Dam - Table Mountain Worcester Municipal Dam Wysersdrift Yzerfontein Soutpan

39, 194 214 23, 39, 207, 300 13, 23, 267, 397, 447 431 289 289 383 359 2, 23, 151, 282, 334, 372, 393 277 207 95 8 3, 8 207 12, 14, 17, 19, 21, 45, 98, 122, 175, 220, 239 2, 12, 13, 19, 20, 23, 58, 71, 101, 159, 248, 267, 300, 307, 331, 351, 398, 440 8 382 8 416 405 168, 267, 269 397 396 8, 265

Zandvlei

2, 3, 6, 7, 13, 21, 23, 39, 67, 71, 94, 116, 17, 118, 127, 128, 145, 159, 160, 161, 167, 168, 267, 269, 272, 282, 300, 323, 326, 341, 357, 372, 442

Zeekoeigat

2, 5, 10, 13, 45, 71, 83, 95, 113, 159, 167, 168, 189, 210, 240, 241, 242, 269, 309, 345, 372, 377, 378, 379, 381, 397, 408

Zeekoeivlei Zoutpan1 Zoutpan2 Zuurvlakte 1 Zuurvlakte 2 Zuurvlakte 3 Zwartrug 1 Zwartrug 2

345 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Vlei - pan Seepage - Hillslope, seasonal Artificial water body Impoundment (Dam) Artificial water body Artificial water body Riparian wetlands Artificial water body Riparian Wetland Wetland Wetland - Ephemeral Wetland (Seasonal) Impoundment (Dam) Floodplain vlei/ Restio marsh Riparian pan-like depression Coastal lake

Monitoring data Wetlands Datasheets Database Report WCWF Map Input Consultancy report Consultancy report Wetlands Datasheets Consultancy report Thesis Consultancy report Institutional report Thesis Scientific article Thesis Institutional report Report

Estuarine lake (Temporarily open/closed)

Thesis

Impoundment (Dam) Impoundment (Dam) Floodplain wetland Salt pan

Scientific article Wetlands Datasheets Scientific article WCWF Map Input WCWF Map Input Scientific article Institutional report Consultancy report Scientific article

Estuarine lake (Seasonally closed)

Thesis

Riparian wetlands

20 - 100ha >100ha 20 - 100ha >100ha

Alkaline (>8) 0 - 0.5m >2m

Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Hypersaline Brak Saline

10 - 20ha

0 - 0.5m

1 -10 ha

0.5 - 2m

Alkaline (>8)

Fresh

0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Brak Brak

20 - 100ha >100ha

>2m

Alkaline (>8)

Saline

20 - 100ha

0.5 - 2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

1 -10 ha

0 - 0.5m

>100ha

Fresh

Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8)

Brak Fresh Brak

Acid (<6) >100ha Alkaline (>8)

Saline

>100ha

0.5 - 2m

Neutral (6 - 8)

Saline

>100ha

>2m 0.5 - 2m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m 0 - 0.5m

Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8) Alkaline (>8) Neutral (6 - 8)

Hypersaline Brak Brak Brak Brak Brak Brak

WCWF Map Input Coastal lake Pan (Semi-permanent) Lake Pan (Temporary) Pan (Temporary) Pan (Temporary) Pan (Temporary) Pan (Temporary)

107

Institutional report Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis Thesis