The Buddha: • The Buddha also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagata. • Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in Nepal. • His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler. • His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up by stepmother Gautami. • Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son named Rahula. • After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a wanderer. • Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great Renunication) and wandered for 6 years. • Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree. • Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first sermon is called ‘Dharmachakrapracartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’. • Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district of UP) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic. Buddhist Councils: • First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (king was Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas‐Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka. • Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was Kalasoka).Followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahasanghikas. • Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka) In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language. • Fourth council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was Kanishka, Vice‐Chairman was Ashwaghosha). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana and Hinayana sects. Buddist Literature: In Pali language. Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries. Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons. Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion Jainism • Jainism founded by Rishabha. • There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath (Emblem: Bull). • The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of Banaras. • The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was born in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC. • His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan. • His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi Prince Chetak of Vaishali. • Mahavira was related to Bimbisara. • Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple. • At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic. • In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya). • From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy. • At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.
• Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more, Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it. Social and Cultural Uprising Brahmo Samaj: • Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828. • Criticized Sati Pratha, casteism and advocated widow remarriage. • He was opposed to Sanskrit system of education, because he thought it would keep the country in darkness. • Other important leaders were Devendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) and Keshap Chandra Sen. Arya Samaj: • Founded by Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar) in 1875. • His motto was ‘Go back to the vedas’ & ‘India for the Indians’. He disregarded Puranas, idol worship, casteism and untouchability. He advocated widow remarriage. • Dayanand’s views were published in his famous work, Satyarth Prakash. He also wrote Veda Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya. Ramakrishna Mission: • Founded by Vivekanand (earlier, Narendranath Dutta) (1863 – 1902) in 1897, 11 years after the death of his guru Ram Krishna Paramhans. • Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion at Chicago in 1893. • Irish woman Margaret Nobel (Known as sister Nivedita) popularized it. Young Bengal Movement: • Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809‐31). He was a teacher in Hindu College in Calcutta. • He urged the students to live and die for truth. He also supported women’s education and their rights. Veda Samaj: • Veda Samaj called Brahmo Samaj of South. Started by Sridharalu Naidu. • He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Tamil and Telegu. Dharma Sabha: • Initiated by Radhakant Deb in 1830. • Was opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy, but played an active role in promoting western education even to girls. Lokahitawadi: • Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Advocated western education and a rational outlook. He advocated female education for the upliftment of women. • As a votary of national self‐reliance, he attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing handspun khadi cloth.
Servants of India Society: • Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915. • It did notable work in providing famine relief and in improving the condition of the tribal. Radhaswami Movement: • Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly known as Shiv Dayal Saheb or Swami Maharaj. • The sect preached belief in one supreme being, the Guru’s supreme position and a simple social life for the believers (the Satsangis). Theosophical Society: • Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture. • Madam H P Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in US in 1875. Later, Col.M.S. Olcott of the US Army joined her. • In 1882, it was shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu). • Annie Besant was elected its president in 1907. She founded the Central Hindu College in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.