Referencing Style Guides

In this document, you will find information on how to reference using the three principal styles: o Harvard, o MLA (Modern Languages Association) o APA (American Psychological Association),

Academic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of others. In most cases, this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or quotation. There are two aspects to learn:  in-text references, and end of paper.

 a list of references cited, given at the your thesis, dissertation, report,

Clearly, you will use one style in your work. Check with your course co-ordinator for the preferred style.

References

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Harvard Style – citing print and non-print sources Harvard Referencing - A Brief Guide presentation.

presents an overview in a short Breeze

List of references At the end of your essay, place a list of the references you have cited in the text. Arrange this in alphabetical order of authors' surnames, and chronologically for each author, where more than one work by that author is cited. The author's surname is placed first, followed by initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given. If the list contains more than one item published by the same author in the same year, add lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them. For example "1983a". See the following examples.

Type of item followed by example Book, 1 author Cole, GHA 1991, Thermal power cycles, Edward Arnold, London. Book, 2 authors Douglas, M & Watson, C 1984, Networking, Macmillan, London. Book, anonymous The eliciting of frank answers 1955, Engineering Publications, Florida. 2 or more books in one year by same author List in alphabetical order by title. King, P 1984a, Power in Australia, UQP, St. Lucia. ------- 1984b, Solar power, Macmillan, Melbourne. Edited book Long, PE (ed.) 1991, A collection of current views on nuclear safety, Penguin, Harmondsworth. Book, edition Morton, JS 1984, Wind power: an overview, 2nd edn, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. Chapter in an edited book North, D 1980, 'Energy use at home', in S Scott & N Peel (eds.), Energy conservation, Academic Press, London. Article cited in a book Oppenheim, PL 1981, 'Power politics', Journal of Power Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 19-26, quoted in Strong, K 1985, Advances in power engineering, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 70. Corporate author

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Department of Energy 1980, Projections of energy needs, HMSO, London.

Journal article Jones, BE & Jones, SR 1987, 'Powerful questions', Journal of Power Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp.10-8. Journal article, 4 authors Gibberd, R, Snow, PT, Rice, PG & Patel, NB 1991, 'Nuclear power at what price?', The Bulletin, vol. 113, June 4, pp. 51-5. Journal article, no author ATSIC News 2002, 'Aboriginal identity and the loss of certainty', vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 50-2. Newspaper article Popham, B 1987, 'Saving the future', Weekend Australian Magazine, 7-8 Feb., p. 10. Newspaper article no author All of the details are provided in the in-text citation and there is no need for an entry in the reference list. Conference paper Trump, A 1986, 'Power play', Proceedings of the third annual conference, International Society of Power Engineers, Houston Texas, pp. 40-51. Microform Herbert, WG 1987, The Australian beef industry: an overview, Australian Livestock Council, Canberra, microfiche. Motion pictures, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs The following details should be provided in a reference list - title, date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording. Any special credits and other information that might be useful can be noted after the citation. Fahrenheit 9/11 2004, DVD, Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, Culver City, Calif. Written, produced and directed by Michael Moore. Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992, video recording, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney. Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. Sunday too far away 1975, motion picture, South Australian Film Corporation, Adelaide. Distributed by Rainbow Products Ltd, Sydney, and starring Jack Thompson, Reg Lye and Max Cullen. What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television program, ABC Television, Sydney, 8 August. The search for meaning 1998, radio program, ABC Radio, Sydney, 24 March. Legislation The titles of pieces of legislation should be cited exactly. Neither spelling or capitalisation should be altered to suit the referencing style. Articles (a, an or the) should not be omitted.

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Legislation is only included in a list of references if it is important to the understanding of the work (preferably in a separate list under the subheading 'Legislation'). Even if viewed electronically, legislation is generally referenced as if in print (unless only available electronically). For Acts include - Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction) Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) For Bills include - Name of Bill Year (Legislative Body)

(no italics)

Anti-terrorism Bill 2004 (House of Representatives) Unpublished theses, papers and abstracts Present the title of the document in roman type and in quotation marks. The other details will vary according to the nature of the document. Langdon, WB 1996, 'Data structures and genetic programming', PhD thesis, University College, London. Bouchert-Bert, L 2002, 'When humans entered the northern forests: an archaeological and palaeoenvironmental perspective', MA dissertation, University of Calgary. Pomfret, R 2001, 'Economic diversification of the new independent central Asian countries', paper to be presented at the International Conference on Economic Diversification of Small States, Brunei, 12-13 November. Muhingo, E & Boniface, R 2003, 'Involving men to increase family planning acceptance', abstract presented at the Reproductive Health Response in Conflict Consortium Conference, Brussels, Belgium, 7-8 October. Unpublished manuscripts If it is difficult to provide details about the location of a manuscript, be systematic. Abramiuk, M 2002, 'A preliminary report on classic Maya ground stone tool exchange in and around the southern Maya mountains of Belize', in possession of the author. Adams, DE 1917, 'My journey to Khartoum', in posession of MA Adams, Adelaide. Joyce, TA 1931, 'Report of the British Museum expedition to British Honduras, 1931', in possession of the Central Archives of the British Museum. Hudson, DE 1909-18, 'Diary', Hudson Papers, Fisher Library, University of Sydney. Benton, TH 1847, 'Letter to Charles Fremont, 22 June', John Charles Fremont Papers, Southwest Museum Library, Los Angeles. Course materials and readings Study notes should be listed in the same manner as a book. Spiteri, D 2003, ALE 4305 School Experience: Observations and Tutorials, University of Malta, Malta. When the author's name is unknown. ACC 5003 NIA advanced financial accounting: study book 2004, University of Malta, Malta. For articles and chapters from books of readings, include both a reference to the original article and a reference to the book of readings.

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Kuebler, SA 2004, 'OSHA's enforcement strategy', Occupational Health & Safety, vol. 73, no. 12, pp. 12-3, in Eddington, I (ed.), MGT 8015 Corporate occupational health and safety: selected readings, 2005, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Reading 4.1, pp. 71-2. Hancock, L 2002, 'Australian federalism, politics and health', in H Gardner & S Barraclough (eds.), Health policy in Australia, 2nd edn., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, in Eddington, I (ed.), MGT 8015 Corporate occupational health and safety: selected readings, 2005, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Reading 1.2, pp. 28-35.

How to cite references within the text of an assignment These are also called in-text references. When you use another's ideas you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Always give the surname of the author and the date of publication. If you are referring to the general theme of the book, page numbers are unnecessary. Where you are quoting or referring to figures or data, page numbers must be included. Examples follow:Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny 1988, p. 223). Kozeny (1988, p. 223) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little. Carlson (1981) obtained results which... A recent study (Carlson 1990) ... When volumes, sections, or equations are needed (Jessor 1989, vol. 2, p. 23) (Jessor 1989, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 20-41) (Jessor 1989, sec. 2) (Jessor 1989, eq. 3) Two or three authors (Jones & Hackett 1991) Jones and Hackett (1991) theorized that... (Boyd, Smith & Eberle 1985) Boyd, Smith and Eberle (1985) found... Note: The ampersand is used when the authors' names are in brackets. More than three authors Use the first author only followed by 'et al.' For example, a work by Carter, Morton, Duncan-Kemp and Redding becomes: Carter et al. (1989) discussed library search methods. A range of search methods (Carter et al. 1989) were discussed. Note: Names of all the authors must be given in the list of references. Multiple citations of the same author Arrange in chronological order, and use suffixes to distinguish works published in the same year. Brown (1980, 1983a, 1983b) theorized ...

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Brown (1983a, p. 21; 1983b, p. 85) theorized ... Two authors, same surname Initials are included to distinguish. The theory was propounded by AE Smith (1981), but has been refuted since (Smith, BR 1985). More than one work cited (Larsen 1971; Haddon 1969) Personal communications Personal communications can include things such as letters, memos, emails, facsimiles, interviews, informal conversations, telephone calls and lecture presentations. Initials are included. Full details of the date (day, month and year) should be provided in the text. (Ayers, RN 1991, pers. comm., 2 July). MK Larsen (1983, pers. comm., 1 May) said... On 20 July 2006, Ms A Brown confirmed ... Note: Personal communications are not included in the list of references at the end. Encyclopaedias and dictionaries (if no author is evident) The concise Oxford dictionary of current English (1990) defines it as ... (The Cambridge encyclopaedia of the English language 1995) Note: There is then no need for an entry in the reference list. Editors (ed. Kaufmann 1974) ... edited by Kaufmann (1974) Unknown or uncertain dates No publication date - Donovan (n.d.) revealed ... Approximate publication date - Harris (c. 1751) said ... Doubtful publication date - Hawkins (1886?) Unpublished work - (Crowley, unpub.) Crowley (unpub.) argues that... Not yet in the process of being published - Tomasi (forthcoming) Currently in the process of being published - Nisbet (in press) Anonymous On travelling to London (1683) reveals this to be false. This was not so in seventeenth-century England (On travelling to London 1683) ... as reported in ATSIC News (2002) This is a common misconception (ATSIC News 2002) Note: Do not use 'Anonymous' or 'Anon'.

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No personal author, sponsored by corporate body (FES 2006) A publication of the Malta Union of Teachers, Malta (1988) is ... Note: Abbreviations such as FES may be used in textual references. The abbreviation should then be used for all in-text citations of that body and the reference list should provide a cross-reference: FES - see Foundation for Educational Services. Newspapers If authors are given, use the principles already stated. If there is no author, provide all the details in the in-text citation. Examples: (The Times 24-25 Jan. 2001, p. 19) ... in the Malta Independent (24 January 2000, p. 12). (MATSEC Review 18 January 2005, introduction) Note: There is no need for an entry in the reference list. If a work contains frequent references to newspaper material, it may be best to abbreviate the newspaper titles. TT, for example, could replace The Times. The abbreviation, like the full title, is italicised. Citations from secondary sources Brown (cited in Smith 1995) reported ... (Brown, cited in Smith 1995) Note: In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the citing: Smith, J 1995, ... Details of the work of the author being cited - in this example, Brown - can be included if useful or of interest. The Bible Psalm 23:6-8 Motion pictures, videos, DVDs, television and radio programmes In-text references should contain the title (in italics) and date of production. Strictly ballroom (1992) (Understanding the GNP 1982) Legislation The titles of pieces of legislation should be cited exactly. Neither spelling or capitalisation should be altered to suit the referencing style. Articles (a, an or the) should not be omitted. Legislation is only included in a list of references if it is important to the understanding of the work (preferably in a separate list under the subheading 'Legislation'). Most Acts and Ordinances have a short, formal title that can be used for citation purposes. First references should always cite this short, formal title in italics (exactly and in full) and subsequent references can be shown in roman script (not italics) with the date omitted. ... the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 ...

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... the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act ... There are two ways of clarifying jurisdiction. For works referred to infrequently, make it obvious in the text. Malta's Equal Opportunity Act 1995 prohibits ... Otherwise, place information in parentheses and in roman script after the date. ... the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) ... ... the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ... Acts of the parliaments of other nations should be presented in roman script. ... The Sale of Foods Act 2000 (UK) ... Bills are presented in roman type because they are, in effect, 'unpublished' at that stage. ... the Regulation of Genetic Material Bill 2000 ... Direct quotations Brief quotations (about 30 words or less) can be included in text. Use single quotations marks. Stewart (1982, p. 6) said: 'Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet'. 'Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet' (Stewart 1982, p. 6). Lengthy quotations are given in separate paragraphs which are usually indented from the text margin and set in smaller type. No quotation marks are used. Citations are as above.

Harvard Style - referencing online sources Why reference? Information obtained from any source, including the Internet, is covered by copyright law. You must acknowledge any source that you refer to in your assignment, both within the text of your assignment, and at the end of it (by including a list of references). Referencing your sources also enables the reader to view your sources and follow your essay. This guide will show you how to cite electronic sources, such as journal and newspaper articles from the Internet or from an electronic database, electronic mail, Web pages, online images, electronic books and CD-ROMs. Harvard Referencing - A Brief Guide presents an overview in a short Breeze presentation.

How to create a list of references At the end of your assignment, create a list of the references you have cited in the text. Arrange this in alphabetical order of authors' surnames. The author's surname is placed first, followed by initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given. Where an item doesn't have an author arrange it by its title. The following examples show you how to include reference sources in your List of References.

Journal articles

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Journal article on the WWW Author Year, 'Article title', Journal Title, volume, issue, viewed Day Month Year, . Example: Griffith, AI 1995, 'Coordinating family and school: mothering for schooling', Education Policy Analysis Archives, vol. 3, no. 1, viewed 12 February 1997, . Full-text journal article in electronic database Author Year, 'Article title', Journal Title, volume, issue, paging if given or indication of length, viewed Day Month Year, Name of database service, Name of database, item number (if given). Example: Rasid, ZM & Parish, TS 1998, 'The effects of two types of relaxation training on students' levels of anxiety', Adolescence, vol. 33, no. 129, p. 99, viewed 23 September 1998, EBSCOhost database Academic Search Premier, item: AN589758. Databases Title, Producer, Vendor, frequency of updating. Example: AGRIS database, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, SilverPlatter (vendor), annual updating.

Newspaper articles Newspaper article in electronic database Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title, Day Month, page number (if given), viewed Day Month Year, Name of database, item number (if given). Example: Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal's fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives', The Washington Post, 25 February, p. A03, viewed 8 March 2001, Electric Library Australasia. Newspaper article on the WWW Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title, Day Month, page number (if given), viewed Day Month Year, . Example: Cleary, P & Lewis, S 2001, 'It's the end of a long boom', The Australian Financial Review, 8 March, viewed 8 March 2001, .

Electronic mail Discussion list message Author Year of posting, 'Subject/title of posting', description of posting, discussion list Owner, viewed Day Month, . Example:

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Wilson, D <[email protected]> 2003, 'Using the Web to your advantage', discussion group, National Computer Network, viewed 28 January 2003, . Personal email In-text references to emails are dealt with in the same way as in-text references to other types of personal communication and in general, it is not necessary to provide further details. If there are occasions where readers will be keen to pursue the subject, the email address can be provided in the reference list. Please note: Email addresses should never be cited without the permission of the owner of the address. Sender's name followed by year of posting, email, Day and Month of posting, <email address>. Example: Davis, A 2002, email, 24 April, .

World Wide Web Web document Author/editor or compiler Year of the most recent version, Title, version number (if applicable), description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, . Examples: Anderson, J (Minister for Transport and Regional Services) 2000, CASA approves avgas contamination test, media release, 23 January, Department of Transport and Regional Services,Canberra, viewed 7 February 2000, . AWB Limited 2006a, AWB and the single desk, AWB Limited, Melbourne, Victoria, viewed 1 June 2006, . ------- 2006b, Inquiry into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Program - statement from the Board of AWB Limited, AWB Limited, Melbourne, Victoria, viewed 1 June 2006, . Web document (no author) Title Year, version number (if applicable), description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, . Example: Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational leadership by Columbia University 1993-2000(initial workshop draft) 1994, draft workshop report, Institute for Learning technologies,Columbia University, viewed 16 May 1995, . Web document (no publication date)

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Author n.d., Title, version number (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, . Example: Sherman, C n.d., The invisible web, Free Pint Limited, UK, viewed 27 November 2000, . Web site Author (the person or organisation responsible for the site) Year (that the site was created or last revised), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year,. Example: The Body Shop Australia 2003, The Body Shop Australia, Mulgrave, Victoria, viewed 31 January 2003, . Online images Title of image (or a description) Year, description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, . Example: The lunar interior 1999, PlanetScapes, US, viewed 31 January 2003, . Electronic books Author Year (of creation or last revision), Title, edition/version (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source (publisher, place), viewed Day Month Year,. Example: ebrary McClain, M & Roth JD 1999, Schaum's quick guide to writing great essays , McGrawHill, New York, viewed 17 January 2005, . Example: free book Fitzgerald, FS 1920, This side of paradise, Scribner, New York, viewed 18 January 2005, . Chapter in an electronic book. Author Year (of creation or last revision), 'Chapter title', in book editor(s) (ed.), Book title, name and place of the sponsor of the source (publisher, place), viewed Day Month Year, . Example: Gould, SJ 2000, 'More things in Heaven and Earth', in H Rose & S Rose (eds.), Alas, poor Darwin: arguments against evolutionary psychology , Harmony Books, New York, viewed 17 January 2005, . CD-ROMs

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The bibliographic details are the same as those required for films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs (outlined in the companion guide Harvard Style Referencing print & non-print sources). Title Year (of recording), format, publisher, place of recording. Any special credits and other information that might be useful can be noted after the citation. Example: Australia through time 1994, CD-ROM, Random ROM in assoc. with the ABC, Sydney.

How to cite references within the text of an assignment These are also called in-text references. When you use another’s ideas within the text of your assignment you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Follow the same order for citing online sources in text, as you do for citing printed sources, eg. surname of the author followed by the year of publication. Journal article To cite a journal within the text of an assignment, use only the name of the author(s), followed by the year of publication. Example: Griffith (1995) Web site To cite a Web site within the text of an assignment, use the name of the person or organisation responsible for the site (author) and the date of the site's creation or most recent update. Example: The Bodyshop (2003) Web addresses can be given directly in the text using angle brackets(< >) to isolate them from any sentence punctuation. Example: Details are available from the department's Web site . Web document (author known) To cite a document from a Web site within the text of an assignment, editor or compiler and the date on which the document was created or last revised. Examples: Klintworth (2000) International Narcotics Control Board (1999) As with Web sites, the full address of a document within a Web site can be provided in the text. It is sufficient, however, to provide only the address of the Web site. Example: Details are available from the Attorney-Generals Department . Web document (no author)

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To cite a document from a Web site within the text of an assignment, where the author is unknown, give the title of the document followed by the date of creation or most recent revision. Example: Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational leadership by Columbia University 1993-2000(initial workshop draft) (1994). Electronic books To cite an electronic book within the text of an assignment, follow the examples listed in the other guide (Harvard Style - Referencing print & non-print sources) for print books. Examples: According to Fitzgerald (1999) ... ... these conclusions have since been questioned (Sheridan, Smith & Brown 2001) CD-ROMs In-text references should contain the title (in italics) and date of the CD-ROM. Examples: Australia through time (1994) (Australia through time 1994)

Helpful Hints • • • • •

You must specify the date on which you accessed the item, since Web documents can change or disappear at any time. If a Web document includes both a date of creation and a date it was last updated, use only the date it was last updated. If you find a document on the Web which is a series of linked pages, use the information from the main or "home" page. If you have trouble identifying the title, look at the top of the Web page above FILE on your browser. The date a Web document was created is usually listed right at the bottom of the document.

Additional online guides to citing Internet and electronic sources using the Harvard Style Bournemouth University Library 2002, Guide to citing Internet sources, online guide, Bournemouth University, UK, viewed 8 April 2003, . Note: Citation formats suggested here are based on: Li, X & Crane, NB 1995, Electronic style: a guide to citing electronic information, 2nd edn, Mecklermedia, Westport.

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MLA Style Guide to Referencing Using the MLA Style (including electronic resources) Introduction The following formats and examples are models for in-text references and for use in a reference bibliography. These formats are based on Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Fifth Edition (1999). A number of formats and examples are also taken from MLA Style Electronic Formats website by Dr. Mary Ellen Guffey.

In-Text References When you use another’s ideas you should immediately acknowledge your sources. The author’s last name and a page reference are enough to link to the book or article from which you borrowed material, as listed in your final bibliography of works cited. When the author’s name has been mentioned in the text, only a page number is required in parenthesis. Examples Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny 223) Kozeny found soil layers below the well tip contributed little water (223) Part of a multi-volume book (Jessor 2: 23) Corporate author (National Research Council 15) Two or more different works cited (Kaku 42; McRae 101-33) Multiple Citations of the Same Author An in text reference to one of two or more works by the same author has a comma after the author’s last name and a brief title, such as the first word(s), followed by the page number. (Frye, Double Vision 85) Secondary source of idea (qtd. in Holesworthy 19) Citing entire print or nonprint work If you wish to cite an entire work – whether a print source; a nonprint source such as film, television program, or performance; or an electronic publication that has no pagination or other type of reference markers – it is usually preferable to include in the

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text, rather than in a parenthetical reference, the name of the person (eg. author, editor, director, performer) that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list. Example Kuroswa's Rashomon was one of the first Japanese films to attract a Western audience. Electronic resources Because electronic documents often have no pagination or other type of reference markers, the MLA Handbook recommends that author page references in parentheses be avoided. More preferable are direct references in the text to the name of the author or sponsoring organisation. Example William J. Mitchell's City of Bits discusses architecture and urban life in the context of the digital telecommunications revolution. Electronic source with no pagination (Gardiner, screens 2-3) Direct Quotations Brief quotations (of three lines or fewer) should be included in text. Use double quotations marks. Example "Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet" (Stewart 6) Quotes of more than three lines should start on the following line and be blocked and indented one inch from the margin. Quotations marks should not be used here. Example At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realised the horror of their actions: The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (186)

List of References At the end of your essay, place a list of references that have been cited in the text. Arrange this in alphabetical order of authors' surnames, or by title, (if no author). The author’s name is followed by the underlined title, then the publication information. Author’s name. Title. Publication information. Use a hanging indent for each entry. Indent the second and succeeding lines five spaces. If given, use the author's full name rather than initials. Every important word of the title is capitalised.

Type Of Item and examples 15

Book 1 author Berkman, Robert. Find It Fast: How to Uncover Expert Information on any Subject. Harper Perennial, 1994. Book 2 authors Moir, Anne, and David Jessel. Brain Sex: The Real Difference between Men and Women. London: Mandarin, 1991. (Reverse only the name of the first author) 2 Books by same author Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: four Essays. Princeton UP, 1957. ---. The Double Vision: Language and Meaning in Religion. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1991. Book anonymous The Eliciting of Frank Answers. Florida: Engineering Publications, 1955. Edited book & edition Newcomb, Horace, ed. Television: The Critical View. 5th ed. New York: OxfordUP, 1994. Chapter in an edited book Fiske, John. “Madonna.” Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers. 3rd ed. Ed.David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Boston:Bedford, 1993. 158-177. Book corporate author National Research Council. China and Global Change: Opportunities for Collaboration. Washington: Natl. Acad., 1992. Anthology or compilation Feldman, Paula R., ed. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. Work in an anthology More, Hannah. “The Black Slave Trade: A Poem.” British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Ed. Paula R. Feldman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.472-82. Conference proceedings Freed, Barbara F., ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc. of Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning Conference, Oct.1989, U of Pennsylvania. Lexington: Heath, 1991. Journal article McKenna, Bernard. “How Engineers Write: An Empirical Study of Engineering Report Writing.” Applied Linguistics 18 (1997): 189–211. Journal article 2 authors White, Sabina, and Andrew Winzelberg. “Laughter and Stress.” Humor 5 (1992): 34355. (Reverse only the name of the first author) Newspaper article

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Goldberg, Vicki. “Photographing a Mexico Where Silence Reigned.” New York Times 23 Mar. 1997, late ed., sec. 2: 39+ (Please note that the year of publication for a journal is shown in parentheses but a newspaper is not.) Videos Learning to Live. Prod. Martin Freeth. Videocassette. Fine Films Inc., 1964. Musical composition Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony No. 8 in F, Op. 93 New York: Dover, 1989.

List of Electronic References Although MLA Style does not require the insertion of the word "Retrieved" or the word "Accessed" before the access date, you may wish to include one of these words to distinguish a retrieval date from a publication date. MLA Style recommends that Web addresses (URLs) and email addresses be enclosed by angle brackets. If you cannot find some of the required information, cite what is available. Journal article on the WWW Author. “Article title.” Journal Title Volume.Issue or other identifying number (Year of publication in parentheses): paging. Access date . Example Koehn, Daryl. “The Ethics of Handwriting Analysis in Pre Employment Screening.” The Online Journal of Ethics 1.1 (1995). Accessed 2 June 2001 . Full text journal article in electronic database Author. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume. Issue or other identifying number (Year of publication in parentheses): paging. Name of Database. Name of the Service. The Library. Date of access URL of the service’s homepage in angle brackets (if known). Example Rasid, Zulkifli, and Thomas Parish. “The Effects of Two Types of Relaxation Training on Students’ Levels of Anxiety.” Adolescence 33.129 (1998): 99-101. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. USQ Library. Accessed 7 Apr. 2004 Newspaper article online Author. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title Date, edition, section: page (if given). Database Name (if applicable). Access date . Example Pianin, Eric. “As Coal’s Fortunes Climb, Mountains Tremble in W.Va.” The Washington Post 25 Feb. 2001, A: 3. Electric Library Australasia. Accessed 8 Mar. 2001 .

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Discussion list message Author. “Subject of Message.” Date. Online Posting. Discussion List. Access date . Example Sandwen, Janice. “GSA’s Airline City-Pair Contracts.” 8 May 2000. Online posting. Travel. Accessed 11 Aug.2001 . Personal e-mail message Sender (sender’s email address). “Subject of Message.” E-mail to recipient (recipient’s e-mail address). Message date. Example Omar, Bill W. ([email protected]). “Excellent Web Sites for Job Seekers.” E-mail to Mary Ellen Guffey ([email protected]). 10 Apr. 2001. Electronic book Author. Book Title. Editor, or translator. (if relevant) Publication information for printed source (if available). Date of electronic publication (if given). Name of any Institution or organisation associated with the Web site. Access date . Example Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Henry Churchyard. 1996. Accessed 10 Sep. 1998 . Web Document Name of author or creator, if available. “Title of Topic or Article” (if given). Title of Page (if named). Name of any institution or organisation associated with the site. Latest update (if given). Access date . Example “Privacy Protection in Other Countries.” Media Awareness Network. Updated Nov. 1999. Accessed 2 May 2001 .

APA Style Centre the word "REFERENCES" at the top of the page, but do NOT underline it or place it in quotation marks. A reference list cites works that are publicly available. This section is always placed on a separate page, and the page number is omitted. Works cited in the text of your experiment must appear in the reference list and conversely each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Since reference lists are intended for the use of the reader, they must be accurate and complete. A reference consists of the following broad subsections: AUTHOR, DATE OF PUBLICATION, TITLE and PUBLICATION DATA.

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GENERAL CONVENTIONS

Indentation Note that the first line of the reference is indented five spaces; the remaining lines in each reference are placed at the margin.

Spacing All lines within a reference should be double-spaced.

Punctuation and Underlining Use full stops to separate the FOUR major subdivisions of a reference: author, date of publication, title, and publication data.

Author Arrange the entries of the reference list in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author (inverted order). In the case of multiple authors, use inverted order for all names, separating each name from the preceding name with a comma. Use the comma and an ampersand (&) before the final name, even if there are just two authors: Brown, J.R., & Smith, D.F.

Date of Publication Place the date of publication in parentheses immediately after the author section.

Article title (not underlined) chapter (not underlined), book title (underlined)

Publication data For journals - author(s), date of publication, journal name in full and underlined, volume number, inclusive pages.

For books - author(s), date of publication, title, edition (if any), city of publication, publishers name. BOOK REFERENCES Rules for separating the FOUR subsections with full stops apply. The title of the book is underlined and the edition is placed in brackets. Capitalize any proper names in the title, the first word in the title, and also do the same for the first word in the subtitle, if there is one. Leave all the other words in the title small case.

Basic Book Reference with single Author The entry begins with the author's last name, followed by the initial(s). Date of publication follows, in parentheses. The title is underlined, and only the first word is capitalized. Place of publication comes next, then the publisher. Use a colon after the place of publication. Each of the main parts of the reference is followed by a full stop and two spaces.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books.

Book Reference with Multiple Authors If there are two to six authors, cite all of them. More than six authors requires citation of the last name of the first author followed by et al. Et al. is the Latin for et alteri meaning "and others".

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Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Roeder, K. et al. (1967). Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Book References where the Authors have the same Name When ordering several works by the SAME first author, repeat the author's name and proceed according to alphabetical rules by using the second author. "Brown" precedes "Browning" according to the rule that "nothing precedes something". Several references to the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first:

Brown, R. (1958). Words and things. New York: Free Press, Macmillan. Brown, R. (1965). Social psychology. New York: Free Press, Macmillan. If the publication date is the same, then the entries should appear alphabetically by title (excluding "A" or "The"):

Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Wiley. Neisser, U. (1967). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley.

Listing Specific Editions (also note "Jr" in name) Note the edition information in parentheses immediately after the title; for example, "5th ed." or "rev. ed." Do not use a full stop between the title and the parenthetical information; close the entire title, including the edition information, with a full stop.

Brockett, O. (1987). History of the Theatre. (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An Introduction to organizational behavior. (3rd ed.). New York: McGrawHill.

Multivolume Works The publication dates are inclusive for all volumes. The volume numbers are shown in parentheses, immediately following the book title. Do not use a full stop between the title and the parenthetical information; close the entire title, including the volume information, with a full stop. In text, the parenthetical date citation should correspond to the publication dates: (Wilson & Fraser, 1977-1978).

Brown, L. (Ed.). (1993). The new shorter Oxford English dictionary: On historical principles (Vols. 1-2). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

One Book in a Series The series title should be included immediately following the book title and should

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not be underlined. Close with a full stop.

Cousins, M. (1984). Michel Foucault.. Theoretical traditions in the social sciences. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Edited Book Here the editors of for a text are listed. An edited volume contains chapters written by different authors. a) The editors names are in the same order as authors' names (last name first and then initials), followed by the designation (Ed) or (Eds.) in parentheses. b) The book's title is underlined as usual. c) The place of publication is followed by a colon.

Higgins, J. (Ed.). (1988). Psychology. New York: Norton. Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Early language development. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Edited Book: Citing an Article in an Anthology You may wish to refer only to a particular chapter. Note the following details: a) The chapter is not underlined. b) The editors names are in the same order as authors' names (last name first and then initials), followed by the designation (Eds.) in parentheses. c) The book's title is underlined as usual. d) The place of publication is followed by a colon.

Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness. (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Book with no author or editor Place the title in the author position and underline. Alphabetize books with no author or editor by the first significant word in the title (Merriam in this case).

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Encyclppaedia For major reference works with a large editorial board, you may list the name of the lead editor, followed by "et al."

Sadie, S. (ED.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians. (6th ed., Vols. 1-20) London: Macmillan.

Entry in an Encyclopaedia. Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britiannica. (Vol. 26, pp. 501-608). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source (e.g., for a study by Seidenberg and McClelland cited in Coltheart et al.)

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Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

Book, revised edition Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Book, Corporate Authorship (government agency or private agency) as publisher The first example is a government agency; the second, a private one. Alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name. When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas. New South Wales. June 1990. (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

A Translated Work After the underlined title, which ends with a full stop, place the following in parentheses: the initials of the translator followed by his last name and a comma, then the abbreviation "Trans." Place of publication and publisher come next as usual, but no punctuation after the publisher. Finally, the note "Original work published", followed by the date, is placed in parentheses. Each portion of the reference should be separated by a full stop and two spaces as usual.

Freud, S. (1970) An outline of psychoanalysis. (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1940). PERIODICALS: JOURNAL ARTICLES, MAGAZINE ARTICLES AND ABSTRACTS The name of the journal article is not underlined; the name of the journal itself and its volume number are underlined. Use commas within the subdivisions (e.g., between date and volume number in a journal entry). Capitalization: Capitalize the initial letter in all major words of journal titles: e.g., Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. Capitalize the initial letter of only the first word of the article itself. Make exceptions according to common sense by capitalizing proper names, German nouns, first word of a title within a title, and the first word after a colon or a dash. Double Spacing: The lines of a references should be double spaced (not shown in the following examples).

Journal article, one author Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness. American Psychologist, 48, 574-576.

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Journal article, two authors Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practive and Research, 45. (2), 10-36.

Journals with Continuous Pagination Journals with continuous pagination are really normal entries and require no special modification. By contrast, journals with non-continuous pagination require the issue number in parentheses following the volume number (see non-continuous pagination).

Passons, W. (1967). Predictive validities of the ACT, SAT, and high school grades for first semester GPA and freshman courses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 1143-1144.

Journals with Non-Continuous Pagination As with the previous reference, pagination begins anew with each issue of this journal, it is necessary to include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number. Note that there is a comma between the issue number and the page numbers, but no comma between the underlined volume number and the issue number.

Parker, D.E. (1980). The vestibular apparatus. Scientific American, 243. (5), 118-135.

Articles in Monthly Periodicals Because this a newsletter that appears monthly, the month is included after the year of publication and both are enclosed together in parentheses. Because this is a newsletter, rather than a journal, no volume or issue number is listed, and the abbreviation "pp." is used to introduce the page numbers.

Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May) "Aerobic writing": a writing practice model. Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

Articles in Weekly Periodicals A weekly magazine shows the month and day of publication followed by the year in parentheses. As with the monthly, because it is a magazine, no volume number is given and the abbreviation "p." is used to introduce the page numbers.

Kauffmann, S. (1993, October 18). On films: class consciousness. The New Republic, p.30.

Magazine article Give the date shown on the publication -- month for monthlies or month and day for weeklies. Also give the volume number.

Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.

Abstract as Original Source If the title of the periodical does not include the word abstracts, place Abstract in brackets between the abstract title and the full stop. (Note that it is generally preferable to read and cite the original document.)

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Woolf, N. J., Young, S. L., Fanselow, M. S., & Butcher, L. L. (1991). MAP-2 expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of rodent cortex and hippocampus is altered by Pavlovian conditioning. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 480. REFERENCE NOTES Should you wish to cite material that is not widely and easily available; for example, reports of limited circulation, unpublished works, personal communications, pages presented at meetings, symposia and works in progress, only do so if it is absolutely essential. These are not to be placed in the reference list but on a separate page called "reference notes" which precedes the reference list. The notes, unlike the entries of the reference list, are numbered. 1. Barnes, J. (1970 July 18). Personal communication. 2. Harris, J., & Baker, H.T. (1989 May) Evaluation of the tail biting behaviour of aardvarks. Paper presented at the meeting of the Ontario Psychological Association, Toronto. The citation in your text is as follows: Barnes, (Note 1) ... HOW TO REFER TO OUTSIDE SOURCES IN THE TEXT OF THE EXPERIMENT Give credit through referencing to ideas that are the property of other writers. This procedure shows how your ideas fit into a larger framework and also shows how your reader may find further information about the theory and methods you discuss. It is not necessary to document ideas that you are certain constitute common knowledge; i.e., Pavlovian conditioning. If in doubt about this, you should document. Most of your documentation will occur in the 'introduction' and 'discussion' sections of your paper.

How to Word Citations in a Research Paper The authors cited are named in the text, followed by the date of publication:

Schmidt and Hanover (1983) found that... You may also say for example: A recent study (Schmidt & Hanover, 1982) shows that... Note that when the author's names appear outside of the parentheses, the conjunction "and" is used, but when they are inside the parentheses, the ampersand (&) is employed. If there are two authors, always list both names whenever you cite their work in the text. If there are three or more authors, list all names the first time you refer to the work: Goldstein, Shrewbury, and Duncan (1980) found.... Thereafter, you should in subsequent references to the same work, list only the first author, followed by 'et al' and the year of publication: Goldstein et al. (1980) found... "Et Al." is the Latin for "et alterie" and means "and others". 24

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