Rameez Air And Water

A Mini Project Report on

Environmental Pollution Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the P.G of

Master of Business Administration By SK.RAMEEZ ILAHI Regd.no:097X1E0046

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. NAGESWARA RAO M.B.A Dept

DEPARTMET OF Master of Business Administration

SRI VEERAVENKATA SATYANARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ONGOLE

_______________________________________________________________________ _

SRI VEERAVENKATA SATYANARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE Kurnool Road,Ongole - 523002 :: Andhra Pradesh, India Approved by A.I.C.T.E and Affiliated to Acharya Nagarjuna University

Environmental Pollution Every year in the U.S. factories release over 3 million tons of toxic chemicals into the land, air and water. This hazardous waste causes us to lose over 15 million acres of land every year, it leads to respiratory complications and other health problems and it makes our rivers and lakes too polluted for us to swim in and drink. But factories are only part of the problem of pollution. Pollution is caused by industrial and commercial waste, agriculture practices, everyday human activities and most notably, modes of transportation. No matter where you go and what you do, there are remnants of pollution.

What is pollution? Pollution is the introduction of a contaminant into the environment. It is created mostly by human actions, but can also be a result of natural disasters. Pollution has a detrimental effect on any living organism in an environment, making it virtually impossible to sustain life.

Modern forms include:• • •

•

Thermal pollution, which is the discharge of heated water and is an aspect of water pollution Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise and barking dogs Light pollution, which includes light trespass and over illumination, lighting such as floodlighting on sports fields, can be a source of noise pollution Visual pollution, which includes the presence of overhead power lines, billboard scarred landforms and the open storage of junk.

Pollutants are known to be a factor in many illnesses and diseases including cancer, immune diseases, allergies and asthma. While the general public have become more aware of the potential harm posed by the more traditional forms of pollution, awareness of the consequences of the more modern additions is less well known.

The amount of pollution that has entered our environment has been greatly increased by human activity and can have a negative impact on human quality of life and the health of the environment. Water pollution can seriously degrade our waterways which causes a loss of biodiversity, health of the waterway and also causes visual pollution. Council works with the local community, other government agencies and the private sector in an effort to reduce pollution. A change in practices and environmental laws particularly over the last two decades has greatly increased our chances of combating pollution. However, it remains the responsibility of government, business and individuals alike if long-term gains are to be achieved.

Environmental pollution :There are a number of different types of pollution that have a large cumulative impact on our local environment. The Environmental Health Unit conducts a number of programs to ensure local businesses, including market gardeners, builders and developers, carry out their business in accordance with best practice principles and legislative requirements. These include audits of septic tanks, monitoring of building sites and education programs. Western Sydney, including Liverpool, is particularly affected by air pollution due to patterns of air circulation and certain landforms in the greater Sydney region. We know from measurements taken by the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, that air quality in Liverpool has remained fairly constant. Motor vehicles, small industry and food businesses are some of the main contributors to poor air quality. The number of vehicles and small businesses has increased in line with the growth in the population of Liverpool. With economic growth also comes an increasing demand for industry and agriculture, which can both greatly, impact on air quality Arson and brushfires also contribute significantly to poor air quality across the Sydney region. Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions also impact air quality. Greenhouse gas emissions act like a blanket surrounding the earth, trapping the sun's heat in the atmosphere, warming the planet. This naturally occurring effect is known as the greenhouse effect. This can change the Earth's climate. Predicted climate changes include hotter weather, more brushfires and storms, loss of some plants and animals, rising sea levels and loss of biodiversity.

Pollution:There are a number of different types of pollution that have a large cumulative impact on our local environment. Traditional forms of pollution have included: • •

Air pollution Water pollution

Air :Air Pollution is the accumulation of hazardous substances into the atmosphere that danger human life and other living matter.

What are the sources of Air pollution? Some of the main contributors to air pollution are: • • • • •

Automobile emissions Tobacco smoke Combustion of coal Acid rain Noise pollution from cars and construction

Facts about Air Pollution:Here are a few facts about air pollution: • • • • •

Almost 232 million different types of vehicles are driven by U.S. citizens every day, adding greenhouse gases into the air U.S. vehicle emissions contribute 45% to global warming The average adult consumes 3,000 gallons of polluted air every day Vehicle exhaust contributes to 60% of carbon monoxide emissions in the U.S. and up to 95% in large cities Every year 335,000 Americans die of lung cancer, which is a direct result of air pollution

How to Prevent Air Pollution:The number one way to prevent air pollution is to walk or bike more and drive less. This will prevent fossil fuels from polluting the air. Here are some other ways to prevent air pollution: • • • • • • • • •

Don’t smoke Keep your car maintenance up-to-date If you have to drive, do your errands at one time Don’t buy products that come in aerosol spray cans Avoid using lighter fluid when barbecuing outside When you drive accelerate slowly and use cruise control Always replace your car’s air filter Don’t use harsh chemical cleaners that can emit fumes Inspect your gas appliances and heaters regularly

Water pollution :Water pollution is largely caused by human activity and has had a major impact on our local waterways and their ability to be healthy and function naturally. Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, biological and physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it. Some of the main contributors to water pollution are: • • • • • • • • • • • •

Factories Refineries Waste treatment facilities Mining Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers Human sewage Oil spills Failing septic systems Soap from washing your car Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars Household chemicals Animal waste

Facts about Water Pollution:Here are a few facts about water pollution: • • • • • •

Over two-thirds of U.S. estuaries and bays are severely degraded because of nitrogen and phosphorous pollution Every year almost 25% of U.S. beaches are closed at least once because of water pollution Over 73 different kinds of pesticides have been found in the groundwater that we eventually use to drink 1.2 trillion gallons of sewage, stormwater and industrial waste are discharged into U.S. waters every year 40% of U.S. rivers are too polluted for aquatic life to survive Americans use over 2.2 billion pounds of pesticides every year, which eventually washes into our rivers and lakes .

How to Prevent Water Pollution:The best way to prevent water pollution is to not throw trash and other harmful chemicals into our water supplies. Here are a few more ways you can prevent water pollution:          

Wash your car far away from any stormwater drains Don’t throw trash, chemicals or solvents into sewer drains Inspect your septic system every 3-5 years Avoid using pesticides and fertilizers that can run off into water systems Sweep your driveway instead of hosing it down Always pump your waste-holding tanks on your boat Use non-toxic cleaning materials Clean up oil and other liquid spills with kitty litter and sweet them up Don’t wash paint brushes in the sink Point source pollution is any pollution that originates from a single location. It is often associated with intensive production activities including farming, manufacturing and service sectors such as sewage treatment plants, on-site sewage management systems, industrial activities and discharges from urban storm water drains.





Point sources are largely regulated through the Protection of the Environment Operations Act, 1997. The Act permits Council and the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation to regulate various polluting issues, including issuing clean up or prevention notices. Nonetheless, point sources can discharge a variety of pollutants to aquatic environments and have the potential to cause severe long-term impacts. Diffuse sources are generated mainly by run-off after rain, which collects pollutants from across a wide area. Diffuse sources in urban areas include roads, industrial and commercial premises, parks, gardens and households. Storm water typically contains litter, nutrients, bacteria, pathogens pesticides, heavy metals, sediment, oils, grease and other pollutants. In rural areas diffuse sources include agricultural activities, such as cropping, irrigation, livestock grazing and intensive livestock industries as well as unsealed roads. Rural run-off can increase the levels of sediment, nutrients, pesticides and chemicals in waterways.

The ability of these pollutant sources to cause a decline in water quality depends on the amount of vegetation cover, intensity of land use and the loss of vegetation along creek banks. All of these factors effect the ability of our waterways to cope with increased nutrients, sediment and changes in flows which causes changes to the health of the waterways through decline in water quality, native plant and animals. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater. All water pollution affects organisms and plants that live in these bodies of water and in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations but also to the natural biological communities. It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful constituents. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, "death">"death2"> and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily."death2"/> An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. "creaking"> Some 90% of Chinas cities suffer from some degree of water pollution,"". Chinadaily.com.cn. 2005-0607. and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water."". The New York Times. August 26, 2007.

In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In

the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bay and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted .United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC. October 2007. Fact Sheet No. EPA 841-F-07-003.Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, like serving as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality.