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PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE DEFINITION Infrastructure:
Refers to the long-lived physical structures, facilities and supporting operating systems that provide essential services to consumers and facilitate the flow of goods, information and factors of production between buyers and sellers. Capital projects that are pervasive inputs into production: that is, projects that provide services used at any one time by a large number of different firms and individuals to facilitate production. Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function.
Public Infrastructure:
An investment where the government has the primary role in, and responsibility for, deciding on whether and how the infrastructure is provided in the interests of the broader community and on the source of the revenue streams to pay for the infrastructure over its life. Infrastructure that is owned by the public (represented by the government) or is for public use. It is generally distinguishable from private or generic infrastructure in terms of policy, financing, purpose. Public infrastructure provides the basic foundation for economic activity and its social benefits far exceed what any individual would be willing to pay for its services.
Roles in Development:
Economic development depends primarily on locational advantage, whether it is between cities, states, or countries. Firms seek areas that offer greater opportunities for economic profit. Public infrastructure can enhance these opportunities either by increasing productivity or by reducing factor costs; that is, by augmenting the efficiency of private inputs employed by firms or by providing an attractive environment within which households are willing to accept lower wages in order to reside. Public infrastructures provide services that are part of the consumption bundles of individuals in an economy. Public infrastructures serve as an input to production, therefore augmenting productivity and output. The economy needs reliable infrastructure to connect supply chains and efficiently move goods and services across borders. Infrastructure connects households across metropolitan areas to higher quality opportunities for employment, healthcare and education. Clean energy and public transit can reduce greenhouse gases. This same economic logic applies to broadband networks, water systems and energy production and distribution.
Who Provides, Who Benefits:
PROVIDES: Infrastructure capital may be provided privately or publicly. Traditionally, however, much infrastructure capital has been provided by the public sector. Public infrastructure is an investment where the government has the primary role in
Public infrastructure extends beyond infrastructure that is owned or directly funded by the public sector. For example, this definition would capture infrastructure assets and services owned and operated by the private sector, but where the government has created the overarching policy and regulatory framework, or possibly retains a contingent liability for the infrastructure assets and continued service provision. The traditional economic rationale for government intervention is that socially beneficial infrastructure assets and/or services would be underprovided by the private sector. Potential underprovision arises where services exhibit public good characteristics (notably non-excludability for infrastructure such as most road networks), network effects and positive externalities, or where a facility has natural monopoly characteristics such that a private provider would have the ability and incentive to raise prices and/or restrict output below socially desirable levels. BENEFITS: Infrastructure is provided in the interests of the broader community Infrastructure capital enhances private sector production.
How it is planned, budgeted, implemented and operated:
Infrastructure takes a long time and a lot of money to design and build. Projects are generally built to support a fixed maximum use or population and have a finite lifespan. This results in a challenge for public and private sector planners to accurately predict population density and infrastructure usage on a forward-looking basis, to ensure that they build systems to support populations 10-30+ years in the future. Large infrastructure projects are generally public-private partnerships to some extent, as their duration and capital requirements often require government sponsorship. These projects also tend to involve public property or public goods such as water, power, and transportation networks. It would be extremely difficult for companies to build large infrastructure without government sponsorship. The infrastructure and construction industry is constantly innovating from a technology perspective. Testing, systems integration, and program management software is another category of technology that is very important to infrastructure and construction. Tools such as building information modeling (BIM) allow more efficient planning, design, and model-based testing that help builders optimize space and decrease mistakes. There are a number of constraints that affect infrastructure and large-structure construction companies. These constraints are focused on public planners and the companies that develop projects in partnership with government customers. A clear understanding of future population and demographic patterns will result in better and more efficient use of public resources. While government sponsorship is positive and in many cases necessary, it is accompanied by the challenges implicit in working under government oversight. In some cases this is limited to the regulatory burden of government cost-accounting and management systems. Highly visible public projects have famously become political and even campaign issues as projects are funded via taxes or bond issuances. This can result in increased oversight and regulatory pressure.
CATEGORY
EXAMPLE THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, San Francisco, California
Transport Infrastructure Bridges, roads, bicycle paths, sidewalks, airports and rail services. The four-year project to span the Golden Gate strait and connect San Francisco to Marin County culminated in what was the world's longest (4,200 feet) and tallest suspension bridge when this Bay Area landmark opened in 1937. The Golden Gate would keep those records until the 1960s.
HOOVER DAM, Nevada/Arizona, United States
Wet Infrastructure Water supply, water treatment, water resource management, flood management and coastal restoration infrastructure. Hoover Dam is one of the most iconic dams around the world stretching between the American states of Nevada and Arizona. It's a concrete gravity-arch dam that was constructed with the purpose to control flood, provide irrigation water, produce hydroelectric power, store water, and for recreation. One of the biggest preparations done for the construction of Hoover Dam was the diversion of the Colorado River away from the site.
MUPPANDAL WIND FARM, India
Energy Infrastructure Grids, power stations, wind turbines and solar panels. The third largest wind farm is situated, it’s in Tamil Nadu, India – The Muppandal Windfarm. There are about 3000 turbines set up in the farm which produces 1500 MW of clean energy. The wind farm has helped to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and will eventually lead to a reduction in emission of greenhouse gases.
33 THOMAS STREET, New York
Information Infrastructure Basic communication and network services.
33 Thomas Street, also known as the ‘Long Lines Building’, is a heavilyfortified Brutalist skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York. It was constructed between 1969 and 1974 to serve as a major telecommunications hub for the New York Telephone Company, a subsidiary of AT&T. It’s a 550-foot-tall (170 m).
PALACE OF WESTMINSTER, United Kingdom
Government Institutions of government such as a parliament, courts and regulatory bodies that provide social, economic and environmental stability. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England. It is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
BAUHAUS DESSAU, Dessau, Germany
Institutions Critical institutions in areas such as education, culture, health, social services and finance. The architectural project was commissioned and funded by the city of Dessau. The campus features an asymmetric pinwheel plan. The Bauhaus Dessau's most striking features are its glass curtain walls, which wrap around corners and provide views of the building's interiors, and it’s supporting structure.
CENTRAL PARK, New York, United States
Public Space Parks, beaches, gardens, historical sites, nature reserves and other public spaces.
Located at the center of Manhattan in New York City, this famous urban park was opened in 1857. Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States with 35 million visitors each year. It spans over 800 acre with many beautiful features like Belvedere Castle, the Central Park Reservoir, Bethesda Fountain and many more.
DEER ISLAND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, Boston Waste Infrastructure generation, collection, management of trash/garbage, disposal and treatment of wastewater, characteristics, disposal, handling of hazardous waste
Deer Island is the second largest sewage treatment plant in the United States.[2] The plant is a key part of the program to protect Boston Harbor from pollution from sewer systems in eastern Massachusetts, mandated by a 1984 federal court ruling by Judge Paul G. Garrity, in a case brought under the Clean Water Act.
APPENDIX https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/confs/2014/pdf/poole-toohey-harris.pdf http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p43541/pdf/article0522.pdf https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12990/1/MPRA_paper_12990.pdf https://graylinegroup.com/infrastructure-construction-industry/ https://simplicable.com/new/public-infrastructure https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/infrastructure.asp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_infrastructure http://greencleanguide.com/the-five-largest-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-the-world/ https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/030216/worlds-top-10-telecommunicationscompanies.asp https://interestingengineering.com/12-of-the-worlds-most-fascinating-dams https://interestingengineering.com/search?q=best+infrastructure https://interestingengineering.com/the-11-biggest-wind-farms-and-wind-power-constructionsthat-reduce-carbon-footprint https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/history/bauhaus-dessau.html https://10mosttoday.com/10-most-famous-urban-parks-in-the-world/\ http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160618-the-worlds-ten-most-striking-government-buildings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_Thomas_Street
AR 427B (2335) PLANNING 4 AR.C.D. VALDIVIA RSW NO.: PR-02 RSW TITLE:
“INFRASTRUCTURE: PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL FRAMEWORK FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT” DATE ISSUED: 11 FEBRUARY 2019 DATE DUE: 15 FEBRUARY 2019 DATE SUBMITTED: 15 FEBRUARY 2019
DACANAY, DENISE CHRISTINE B. BS ARCH 4 / 2160166
Refers to the long-lived physical structures, facilities and supporting operating systems that provide essential services to consumers and facilitate the flow of goods, information and factors of production between buyers and sellers. Capital projects that are pervasive inputs into production: that is, projects that provide services used at any one time by a large number of different firms and individuals to facilitate production. Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function.
Public Infrastructure:
An investment where the government has the primary role in, and responsibility for, deciding on whether and how the infrastructure is provided in the interests of the broader community and on the source of the revenue streams to pay for the infrastructure over its life. Infrastructure that is owned by the public (represented by the government) or is for public use. It is generally distinguishable from private or generic infrastructure in terms of policy, financing, purpose. Public infrastructure provides the basic foundation for economic activity and its social benefits far exceed what any individual would be willing to pay for its services.
Roles in Development:
Economic development depends primarily on locational advantage, whether it is between cities, states, or countries. Firms seek areas that offer greater opportunities for economic profit. Public infrastructure can enhance these opportunities either by increasing productivity or by reducing factor costs; that is, by augmenting the efficiency of private inputs employed by firms or by providing an attractive environment within which households are willing to accept lower wages in order to reside. Public infrastructures provide services that are part of the consumption bundles of individuals in an economy. Public infrastructures serve as an input to production, therefore augmenting productivity and output. The economy needs reliable infrastructure to connect supply chains and efficiently move goods and services across borders. Infrastructure connects households across metropolitan areas to higher quality opportunities for employment, healthcare and education. Clean energy and public transit can reduce greenhouse gases. This same economic logic applies to broadband networks, water systems and energy production and distribution.
Who Provides, Who Benefits:
PROVIDES: Infrastructure capital may be provided privately or publicly. Traditionally, however, much infrastructure capital has been provided by the public sector. Public infrastructure is an investment where the government has the primary role in
Public infrastructure extends beyond infrastructure that is owned or directly funded by the public sector. For example, this definition would capture infrastructure assets and services owned and operated by the private sector, but where the government has created the overarching policy and regulatory framework, or possibly retains a contingent liability for the infrastructure assets and continued service provision. The traditional economic rationale for government intervention is that socially beneficial infrastructure assets and/or services would be underprovided by the private sector. Potential underprovision arises where services exhibit public good characteristics (notably non-excludability for infrastructure such as most road networks), network effects and positive externalities, or where a facility has natural monopoly characteristics such that a private provider would have the ability and incentive to raise prices and/or restrict output below socially desirable levels. BENEFITS: Infrastructure is provided in the interests of the broader community Infrastructure capital enhances private sector production.
How it is planned, budgeted, implemented and operated:
Infrastructure takes a long time and a lot of money to design and build. Projects are generally built to support a fixed maximum use or population and have a finite lifespan. This results in a challenge for public and private sector planners to accurately predict population density and infrastructure usage on a forward-looking basis, to ensure that they build systems to support populations 10-30+ years in the future. Large infrastructure projects are generally public-private partnerships to some extent, as their duration and capital requirements often require government sponsorship. These projects also tend to involve public property or public goods such as water, power, and transportation networks. It would be extremely difficult for companies to build large infrastructure without government sponsorship. The infrastructure and construction industry is constantly innovating from a technology perspective. Testing, systems integration, and program management software is another category of technology that is very important to infrastructure and construction. Tools such as building information modeling (BIM) allow more efficient planning, design, and model-based testing that help builders optimize space and decrease mistakes. There are a number of constraints that affect infrastructure and large-structure construction companies. These constraints are focused on public planners and the companies that develop projects in partnership with government customers. A clear understanding of future population and demographic patterns will result in better and more efficient use of public resources. While government sponsorship is positive and in many cases necessary, it is accompanied by the challenges implicit in working under government oversight. In some cases this is limited to the regulatory burden of government cost-accounting and management systems. Highly visible public projects have famously become political and even campaign issues as projects are funded via taxes or bond issuances. This can result in increased oversight and regulatory pressure.
CATEGORY
EXAMPLE THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, San Francisco, California
Transport Infrastructure Bridges, roads, bicycle paths, sidewalks, airports and rail services. The four-year project to span the Golden Gate strait and connect San Francisco to Marin County culminated in what was the world's longest (4,200 feet) and tallest suspension bridge when this Bay Area landmark opened in 1937. The Golden Gate would keep those records until the 1960s.
HOOVER DAM, Nevada/Arizona, United States
Wet Infrastructure Water supply, water treatment, water resource management, flood management and coastal restoration infrastructure. Hoover Dam is one of the most iconic dams around the world stretching between the American states of Nevada and Arizona. It's a concrete gravity-arch dam that was constructed with the purpose to control flood, provide irrigation water, produce hydroelectric power, store water, and for recreation. One of the biggest preparations done for the construction of Hoover Dam was the diversion of the Colorado River away from the site.
MUPPANDAL WIND FARM, India
Energy Infrastructure Grids, power stations, wind turbines and solar panels. The third largest wind farm is situated, it’s in Tamil Nadu, India – The Muppandal Windfarm. There are about 3000 turbines set up in the farm which produces 1500 MW of clean energy. The wind farm has helped to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and will eventually lead to a reduction in emission of greenhouse gases.
33 THOMAS STREET, New York
Information Infrastructure Basic communication and network services.
33 Thomas Street, also known as the ‘Long Lines Building’, is a heavilyfortified Brutalist skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York. It was constructed between 1969 and 1974 to serve as a major telecommunications hub for the New York Telephone Company, a subsidiary of AT&T. It’s a 550-foot-tall (170 m).
PALACE OF WESTMINSTER, United Kingdom
Government Institutions of government such as a parliament, courts and regulatory bodies that provide social, economic and environmental stability. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England. It is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
BAUHAUS DESSAU, Dessau, Germany
Institutions Critical institutions in areas such as education, culture, health, social services and finance. The architectural project was commissioned and funded by the city of Dessau. The campus features an asymmetric pinwheel plan. The Bauhaus Dessau's most striking features are its glass curtain walls, which wrap around corners and provide views of the building's interiors, and it’s supporting structure.
CENTRAL PARK, New York, United States
Public Space Parks, beaches, gardens, historical sites, nature reserves and other public spaces.
Located at the center of Manhattan in New York City, this famous urban park was opened in 1857. Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States with 35 million visitors each year. It spans over 800 acre with many beautiful features like Belvedere Castle, the Central Park Reservoir, Bethesda Fountain and many more.
DEER ISLAND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, Boston Waste Infrastructure generation, collection, management of trash/garbage, disposal and treatment of wastewater, characteristics, disposal, handling of hazardous waste
Deer Island is the second largest sewage treatment plant in the United States.[2] The plant is a key part of the program to protect Boston Harbor from pollution from sewer systems in eastern Massachusetts, mandated by a 1984 federal court ruling by Judge Paul G. Garrity, in a case brought under the Clean Water Act.
APPENDIX https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/confs/2014/pdf/poole-toohey-harris.pdf http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p43541/pdf/article0522.pdf https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12990/1/MPRA_paper_12990.pdf https://graylinegroup.com/infrastructure-construction-industry/ https://simplicable.com/new/public-infrastructure https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/infrastructure.asp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_infrastructure http://greencleanguide.com/the-five-largest-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-the-world/ https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/030216/worlds-top-10-telecommunicationscompanies.asp https://interestingengineering.com/12-of-the-worlds-most-fascinating-dams https://interestingengineering.com/search?q=best+infrastructure https://interestingengineering.com/the-11-biggest-wind-farms-and-wind-power-constructionsthat-reduce-carbon-footprint https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/history/bauhaus-dessau.html https://10mosttoday.com/10-most-famous-urban-parks-in-the-world/\ http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160618-the-worlds-ten-most-striking-government-buildings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_Thomas_Street
AR 427B (2335) PLANNING 4 AR.C.D. VALDIVIA RSW NO.: PR-02 RSW TITLE:
“INFRASTRUCTURE: PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL FRAMEWORK FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT” DATE ISSUED: 11 FEBRUARY 2019 DATE DUE: 15 FEBRUARY 2019 DATE SUBMITTED: 15 FEBRUARY 2019
DACANAY, DENISE CHRISTINE B. BS ARCH 4 / 2160166
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