Protozoal Infection

NAME OF DISEASE

AETIOLOGY&FEAT URES

Amebiasis(ant hroponosis)(20 )

E. histolytica, Biological forms are-cyst, trophozoite. Vegetative forms are-tissue form(important role ) , lumen form

EPIDEMIOLOGYSOURCE(S),MODE(RO UTE,) OF TRANSMISSIN(RT),SEN SITIVE PATIENT,VECTORS Enter the organism of a healthy person withvegetables, water,food. Excreted into the external environment from the organism of infected persons in - the feces.

Cysts of E.histolytica remain alive in the external environmentseveral months.Sman. R.T-fecal_oral.

Way(s) of transmissionalimentary. Factor(s) of transmission in Amebiasis—food, water, vegetable,fruits, household utensis

PATHOGENESIS

CLIN INC

Pathogen(s) of Amebiasis: protozoa. In the

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human body the vegetative form of E.histolytica usually parasitizes-large intestine. In the

large intestine-the digestive tract of the human body are the major pathologic (anatomic,morphol ogical) changes in amebiasis localized. E. hystolitica may parasitize in- the tissues of the colon wall,liver,lungs,brai n,kidneys,pancreas. Part(s) of the gastrointestinal tract may be affected in amebiasis-the terminal ileum,the cecum,the ppendix,ascending colon, terminal ileum, cecum,transverse colon, descending colon, rectum. More frequently-cecum, ascending colon.

Morphological changes in case of amebiasiabscesses in different

abd in t of i low

mild &d

Toxoplasmosis (zoonosis)(21)

Toxoplasma gondii. Biological form(s) of T.gondiibradyzoites, sporozoites, cyst&bradyzoites(respo nsible forchronic infection), oocysts, tachyzoites, sporozoites.Tissue form(s)bradyzoites. Epidemiological form(s)- acquired, congenital

S-wild

animals,domestic animals, human,cat. Intermediate hosthuman, cattle,domestic animals, wild animals,birds, rodents. Definitive host-cat.R.Tvertical,alimentary transplacental. Factor(s) of transmission-fruits, meat,, pork,water,veal, mutton,-poultry products, vegetables. T.gondii

inside of tissue cyst may remain viable for many years

organs,ulcerative process in the colon wall, local necrosis in the colon wall.There is hematogenous dissemination occur in amebiasis. The pathological process in cutaneous amebiasis develop mainly-perianal region, buttock region,perineum(ge nitalia). Relapses of amebiasis occurfrequently. Chronic amebiasis may persist for- many months & years. Reproductive phasessexual,asexual. Sexual reproductionin the organism of cat. Asexual reproduction-in the human organism.In the cattle organism. organ(s) of the body T. gondii may infect-limph nodes,Liver, Brain, lung, eye, reproductive organs, heart muscles,skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, eye, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract,Kidney,bone morrow

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Malarial plasmodium(2 2) Ronald Rossdiscovered the most important means of transmission of malaria .

4 speciesVivax(widest distributionthroug hout the world is),malariae (most chronic malaria), ovale(least incidence), falciparum(sever est malaria). In India most of P.malariaeKarnataka. Not

persistent tissue phase in malaria caused byP.falciparum P.malariae

Reservoir of infection in malaria is-man.

S&Definitive host – man. When gametocytes are formed malarial patient becomes as a source of infection. Malaria may be transmitted by Mosquitos. Forms of malarial parasites are infective to man- sporozoites. infective to mosquitogametocyte

Infective agents of malarial parasites in the human body of mosquitoes are concentrated insalivary glands. The following species of malarial parasites have a tissue(exerythrociti c) phase of developmentP.vivax, P.ovale, P.falciparum, P.malaria. Erythrocitic phase of development in P.vivax, P.ovale,P.falciparum ,P.malaria.In the female anopheles mosquitoAll species of malarial plasmodia have a sexual cycle of development. Asexual cycle human. True regarding malaria parasites- P.vivax develops most easily in the youngest erythrocytes, P.falciparum affects all stages of the red cells,P.malaria develops most easily in older erythrocytes.Durat ion of erythrocytic cycle is 48 hours in malaria,caused

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by-P.vivax,P.ovale, P.falciparum, 72 hours in malaria caused byP.malariae. Kind of immunity- repeated infection may occur, nonsterile immunity,does not produce long immunity, repeated infection may occur.