Prepared by : Danda Pani Chapagain Pramod Niraula Gopal Karki Mukesh Maharjan Ujjwal Bhushal Prem Bhat Bijaya Sharma
Submitted to: Dr. Pramod Aryal (lecturer of Animal Biotechnology, SANN College, Gaihridhara)
The design and construction of new proteins or enzymes with novel or desired functions by modifying amino acid sequences by using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology(RDT). Protein engineering is the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research currently taking place into the understanding of protein folding and protein recognition for protein design principles.
The major assumptions of the method are: (1) mutation does not significantly change the structure of the folded state (2) the target groups do not make new interactions with new partners during the course of reaction energy
DESIGNING BETTER PROTEIN
Biochemical Thermodynamics
Structure
Folding
Methods of protein engineering : ¾ Site Directed Mutagenesis (rational design) ¾ Random Mutagenesis (direct evolution) ¾ DNA Shuffling ¾ Fusion proteins ¾ Glycosylation ¾ PEGylation
Detailed knowledge of the structure and function of the protein is used to make desired changes. This has the advantage of being generally inexpensive and easy, since site‐directed mutagenesis techniques are well‐developed. For the rational design we should have detailed knowledge of gene sequence and protein structure . However, there is a major drawback in that detailed structural knowledge of a protein is often unavailable, and even when it is available, it can be extremely difficult to predict the effects of various mutations.
• Computational protein design algorithms seek to identify amino acid sequences that have low energies for target structures.
1) To alter a single amino acid residue by mutating the codon that encodes for that amino acid. ATG GCC GGA GAC GAG ACT ACT AAA ATG GCC GGA GTC GAG ACT ACT AAA translates to….. Met ‐ Ala ‐ Gly ‐ Asp ‐ Glu ‐ Thr ‐ Thr ‐Lys Met ‐ Ala ‐ Gly ‐ Val ‐ Glu ‐ Thr ‐ Thr ‐Lys
Application
Medicine
Example: • Effectiveness of Ribonuclease (RNase) used in anti tumor therapy can be improved by this site directed mutagenesis.
Asn
Leu Cys Cys Lys+
Dimerization After Protein Engineering By site directed mutagenesis
Leu
Arg Arg
Cys cys
Gln
Engineered Dimeric human pancreatic RNase Lys+
Native Monomeric Human Pancreatic RNase
2) To create a new restriction site for manipulation of DNA without introducing an amino acid change. AAT TCG CAT TCT ATG GGT ACC Asn‐ Ser ‐ His ‐ Ser ‐ Met ‐ Gly ‐Thr NcoI AAT TCG CAT T(CC ATG G)GT ACC Asn‐ Ser ‐ His ‐ Ser ‐ Met ‐ Gly –Thr New restriction site, no change in amino acid sequence. TCT = Ser, TCC = Ser
• Possible without knowledge about sequence/structure • Generation of mutant libraries • efficient screening
Random mutagenesis is applied selection regime is used (for protein) variants
Further rounds of mutation and selection are then applied produces superior results to rational design
Error prone PCR: • based on the principle that Taq polymerase is capable of annealing incompatible base‐pairs to each other during amplification under imperfect PCR conditions.
• Error prone PCR:
Error prone PCR: • • • • • • • • • • • • •
7 mM MgCl2 add H2O to 100 μl 1 μl Taq 2 μM Primer as 2 μM Primer s 100 ng Template 0,2 mM dATP 0,2 mM dGTP 1 mM dCTP 1 mM dTTP 0,5 mM MnCl2 20 mM Tris (pH 8.4) 50 mM KCl
4°C 72°C 10 min 72°C 3 min 58°C 45 s 30 x 94°C 95°C 3 min
restriction
In vitro homologous recombination of pools of selected genes by random fragmentation and polymerase chain reaction reassembly To mimic the natural design process and speed it up by directed selection in vitro toward a simple specific goal. For example: protein engineering
What do we need? • applied to sequences > 1Kb • Presence of homologous regions separating regions of Diversity • Scaffold‐like protein structures may be particularly Suitable for shuffling
Phylogenetic tree of 4 cephalosporinase genes
% sequence similarity
Chimeric DNA sequences
Alpha interferons (IFN‐s) are members of the diverse helical‐bundle superfamily of cytokine genes. •
The human IFN‐s (Hu‐IFN‐s) are encoded by a family of over 20 tandemly duplicated nonallelic genes that share 85–98% sequence identity at the amino acid level.
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These proteins have potent antiviral and antiproliferative activities that have clinical utility as anticancer and antiviral therapeutics. Although the utility of chimeric IFNs derived from this gene family has been recognized, only a small fraction of the 1026 possible chimeras have been explored either in natural human evolution or by the methods of modern molecular biology; and only one natural IFN‐ subtype, Hu‐IFN‐2, has been used in clinical studies.
•
The most active engineered IFN‐, IFN alfacon‐1, is a consensus of 13 wild‐type Hu‐IFN‐ genes that is currently used in hepatitis C therapy.
• A novel protein engineered by fusing the protein coding sequence of one gene to the protein coding sequence of a different gene.
Can be used to direct toxins to a target site. (IL‐2 + Diptheria toxin) aa 2nd ‐133 human IL‐2 + 1st ‐389 aa of diptheria toxin targets IL‐2 receptors on CTCLs to kill them Denileukin diftitox (Ontak) ‐ FDA approved for cancer 30% patients have 50% reduction in tumor burden
CTCL = cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma
Ontak
IL‐2 + diptheria toxin fusion protein
Ontak binds to surface of lymphoma cells via IL‐2 receptor Once internalized, diptheria toxin kills cell.
•Add/remove glycosylation sites •Change biochemical feature/activity of the protein •Improve stability
Altering Glycosylation Sites :
• Use site‐directed mutagenesis to introduce new glycosylation sites. • Erythropoietin as an example ¾ direct relationship between carbohydrate content (sialic acid) and its serum half life and biological activity in vivo ¾
Inverse relationship with receptor binding (i.e., more glycosylation means poorer binding)
• Hypothesis was: the more glycosylation ‐‐> longer half life ‐‐> more activity ‐‐> reduced binding affinity • Hyperglycosylated EPO (Aranesp) • ¾ ¾ ¾
In vivo no loss of drug function increased serum half‐life (3‐fold longer) reduced frequency of administration
• FDA approved 1/30/03 for anemia
• Similarly, PEGylation (monomethoxypolyethylene glycol ) is also in use to improve the protein stability and activity. • Protein drugs have: ¾ relatively short half‐lives ¾ wide tissue distribution ¾ potential for immunogenicity
• It is used to design the novel protein that has the enhanced activity. • Protein engineering is the combination of science, mathematics and management. • It can be applied in the fields like‐ medicine, industries,agriculture etc… • Since it is very tough task, many researches is still done.
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Fresht,A. Structure and Mechanism in protein science,w.h. freeman and company, New York.
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Chawala,H.S. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, IInd edition, Oxford and IBH publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd.,New Dehli.
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http://www.w3.org
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http://nar.oxfordjournals.org
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http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
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http://www.upei.ca